RESUMO
Biomass waste generation concerns regulatory authorities to develop novel methods to sustain biotransformation processes. Particularly, lactic acid (LA) is a bulk commodity chemical used in diverse industries and holds a growing global market demand. Recently, lignocellulosic waste biomass is preferred for LA bio-production because of its non-edible and inexpensive nature. However, the information about new pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic feedstock, and novel strains capable to produce LA through fermentation is limited. Therefore, this review highlights the advancement of pretreatments methods of lignocellulosic biomass and biotransformation. Herein, we first briefly explored the main sources of lignocellulosic waste biomass, then we explored their latest advances in pretreatment processes particularly supercritical fluid extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. Approaches for bioconversion were also analyzed, such as consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), separate hydrolysis fermentation (SHF), among other alternatives. Also, new trends and approaches were documented, such as metagenomics to find novel strains of microorganisms and the use of recombinant strategies for the creation of new strains. Finally, we developed a holistic and sustainable perspective based on novel microbial ecology tools such as next-gen sequencing, bioinformatics, and metagenomics. All these shed light on the needs to culture powerful microbial isolates, co-cultures, and mixed consortia to improve fermentation processes with the aim of optimizing cultures and feedstock pretreatments.
Assuntos
Ácido Láctico , Lignina , Biomassa , Fermentação , Hidrólise , Lignina/metabolismoRESUMO
Pork production has expanded in the world in recent years. This growth has caused a significant increase in waste from this industry, especially of wastewater. Although there has been an increase in wastewater treatment, there is a lack of useful technologies for the treatment of wastewater from the pork industry. Swine farms generate high amounts of organic pollution, with large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus with final destination into water bodies. Sadly, little attention has been devoted to animal wastes, which are currently treated in simple systems, such as stabilization ponds or just discharged to the environment without previous treatment. This uncontrolled release of swine wastewater is a major cause of eutrophication processes. Among the possible treatments, phyco-remediation seems to be a sustainable and environmentally friendly option of removing compounds from wastewater such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and some metal ions. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of treating swine wastewater using different microalgae species. Nevertheless, the practicability of applying this procedure at pilot-scale has not been explored before as an integrated process. This work presents an overview of the technological applications of microalgae for the treatment of wastewater from swine farms and the by-products (pigments, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins) and services of commercial interest (biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioelectricity, biogas) generated during this process. Furthermore, the environmental benefits while applying microalgae technologies are discussed.
Assuntos
Microalgas , Águas Residuárias , Animais , Biocombustíveis , Biomassa , Nitrogênio , Fósforo , SuínosRESUMO
In this study, the supercritical CO2-based extraction approach was used from the green technologies to extract Oregano oil (Origanum vulgare L.). A Taguchi experimental design was applied to evaluate the effect of pressure, temperature and ethanol as co-solvent. High yield of oregano oil (13.40%) was obtained at 40 °C, 100 bar and 8 g min-1 of co-solvent flow. Fatty acids profile include α-linolenic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic that contribute to 70.9-76.8% of total fatty acids. Volatile compounds including carvacrol (29.99%), heneicosane (8.21%), nonacosane (11.78%), docosane (7.18%), borneol (4.35%) and thymol (4.51%) were the main compounds identified. Antimicrobial activity assays showed that extracts obtained at 40 °C were highly efficient against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. Highest antioxidant activities on DPPH and FRAP assays were reached under 8 g min-1 of co-solvent flow (6.08 and 6.89 µmol TE g-1 extract, respectively). On the other hand, antioxidant activity (35.76 µmol TE g-1) on ABTS assay was improved at 40 °C, 100 bar, and 4 g min-1 of co-solvent flow.
Assuntos
Origanum , Antioxidantes , Dióxido de Carbono , Escherichia coli , Extratos Vegetais , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
Arthrospira platensis was used to obtain functional extracts through supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO2). Pressure (P), temperature (T), co-solvent (CX), static extraction (SX), dispersant (Di) and dynamic extraction (DX) were evaluated as process parameters through a Plackett-Burman design. The maximum extract yield obtained was 7.48 ± 0.15% w/w. The maximum contents of bioactive metabolites in extracts were 0.69 ± 0.09 µg/g of riboflavin, 5.49 ± 0.10 µg/g of α-tocopherol, 524.46 ± 0.10 µg/g of ß-carotene, 1.44 ± 0.10 µg/g of lutein and 32.11 ± 0.12 mg/g of fatty acids with 39.38% of palmitic acid, 20.63% of linoleic acid and 30.27% of γ-linolenic acid. A. platensis extracts had an antioxidant activity of 76.47 ± 0.71 µg GAE/g by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, 0.52 ± 0.02, 0.40 ± 0.01 and 1.47 ± 0.02 µmol TE/g by DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays, respectively. These extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Overall, co-solvent was the most significant factor for all measured effects (p < 0.05). Arthrospira platensis represents a sustainable source of bioactive compounds through SFE using the following extraction parameters P: 450 bar, CX: 11 g/min, SX: 15 min, DX: 25 min, T: 60 °C and Di: 35 g.
Assuntos
Fatores Biológicos/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Spirulina/química , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores Biológicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/química , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Ácido Linoleico/química , Ácido Linoleico/farmacologia , Luteína/química , Luteína/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Pressão , Riboflavina/química , Riboflavina/farmacologia , Solventes/química , Temperatura , alfa-Tocoferol/química , alfa-Tocoferol/farmacologia , beta Caroteno/química , beta Caroteno/farmacologiaRESUMO
Bioactivity and functional properties of cyanobacterial extract mostly depends on process of extraction, temperature and solvent used (polar or non-polar). To evaluate these parameters a design of experiment (DOE; using a 2k design) was performed with Arthrospira platensis. Extraction process was optimized through microwave-assisted extraction considering solvent ratio, temperature and time of extraction with polar (PS) and non-polar (NPS). Maximum extract yield obtained was 4.32±0.25% and 5.26±0.11% (w/w) respectively for PS and NPS. Maximum content of bioactive metabolites in PS extracts were thiamine (846.57±14.12µg/g), riboflavin (101.09±1.63µg/g), C-phycocyanin (2.28±0.10µg/g) and A-phycocyanin (4.11±0.03µg/g), while for NPS extracts were α-tocopherol (37.86±0.78µg/g), ß-carotene (123.64±1.45µg/g) and 19.44±0.21mg/g of fatty acids. A. platensis PS extracts showed high antimicrobial activity and PS extracts had antioxidant activity of 0.79±0.12µmolTE/g for FRAP assay, while for NPS extracts 1.03±0.08µmol α-TE/g for FRAP assay.
Assuntos
Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Micro-Ondas , Spirulina/química , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Ficocianina/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Solventes/química , Spirulina/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Spirulina/metabolismo , beta Caroteno/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a sustainable technique used for the extraction of lipophilic metabolites such as pigments and fatty acids. Arnica plant is considered a potential candidate material with high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, in this study, a locally available Heterotheca inuloides, also known as Mexican arnica, was analyzed for the extraction of high-value compounds. Based on different pressure (P), temperature (T), and co-solvent (CoS), four treatments (T) were prepared. A maximum 7.13% yield was recovered from T2 (T = 60 °C, P = 10 MPa, CoS = 8 g/min), followed by 6.69% from T4 (T = 60 °C, P = 30 MPa, CoS = 4 g/min). Some bioactive sesquiterpenoids such as 7-hydroxycadalene, caryophyllene and δ-cadinene were identified in the extracts by GC/MS. The fatty acid profile revealed that the main components were palmitic acid (C16:0), followed by linoleic acid (C18:2ω6c), α-linolenic acid (C18:3ω3) and stearic acid (C18:0) differing in percent yield per treatment. Antibacterial activities were determined by the agar diffusion method, indicating that all the treatments exerted strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, C. albicans, and E. coli strains. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was also measured by three in vitro assays, DPPH, TEAC and FRAP, using Trolox as a standard. Results showed high antioxidant capacity enabling pharmaceutical applications of Mexican arnica.
Assuntos
Arnica/química , Ácidos Graxos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Graxos/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sesquiterpenos/química , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Breast cancer gastrointestinal and soft tissue metastases are extremely rare. We present the case of a woman with perianal metastases from a primary lobular breast carcinoma 11 years after mastectomy and local radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Canal Anal , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Lobular/patologia , Neoplasias Intestinais/secundário , Canal Anal/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Carcinoma Lobular/radioterapia , Carcinoma Lobular/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade NeoplásicaRESUMO
We undertook an association analysis between the ile50val, glu375ala, cys406arg, and ser761pro polymorphisms of the IL-4Ralpha gene and atopic asthma, total IgE levels and IL-4 serum levels in a population from western Mexico. We found that the ser761pro polymorphism was monomorphic for ser761, while there was no association between any of the other polymorphisms and the three phenotypes analysed.
Assuntos
Asma/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Receptores de Interleucina-4/genética , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Asma/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Interleucina-4/sangue , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Stomas and pregnancy is an uncommon event and the literature in this regard is scarce, this poses significant concern on its management. Among the etiology we found the ulcerative colitis, trauma, and rectovaginal fistula, etc. The management should include a perinatologist and a specialist in colon and rectum. We should be familiarized with the potential complication as the intestinal obstruction, stoma prolapse, narrowing of the stoma and bleeding. The route delivery should be vaginal and the c-section is reserved for obstetric indications. The patient must receive education regarding stoma complications, and how to copy to live with a stoma.
Assuntos
Colostomia , Resultado da Gravidez , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
Neuroblastoma cells are used as a model system to study neuronal differentiation. Here we describe the induction of morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma Neuro 2a (N2a) cells by treatments with either chemical inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases or lithium, which inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors cause a rapid cell cycle block as well as the extension of multiple neurites per cell. These multipolar differentiated cells then undergo a massive death. However, lithium promotes a delayed mitotic arrest and the extension of one or two long neurites per cell. This differentiation is maximal after 48 hours of lithium treatment and the differentiated cells remain viable for long periods of time. Neuronal differentiation in lithium-treated cells is preceded by the accumulation of beta-catenin, a protein which is efficiently proteolyzed when it is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase-3. Both neuronal differentiation and beta-catenin accumulation are observed in lithium-treated cells either in the absence or in the presence of supraphysiological concentrations of inositol. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by lithium triggers the differentiation of neuroblastoma N2a cells.
Assuntos
Lítio/farmacologia , Neuroblastoma , Transativadores , Animais , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase , Quinases da Glicogênio Sintase , Camundongos , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Neuritos/fisiologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/enzimologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Fosforilação , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/química , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/enzimologia , beta CateninaRESUMO
En la delegación Jalisco 1992, se efectuó un análisis de la calidad de atención brindada por médicos familiares, no familiares, cirujanos maxilofaciales y estomatólogos en los tres niveles de atención a la salud. Se tomó en cuenta la evaluación curricular según el nivel de atención a la salud, antiguedad del personal, calificación otorgada por el jefe inmediato superior, y el promedio de incidencias -retardos, pases de salida, incapacidades, faltas y licencias-. Se concluye que el médico del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social casi no incrementa su curriculum, dedica poco tiempo a la docencia y toda vía menos a la investigación; su nivel cognoscitivo no es satisfactorio; la calificación curricular indica que el médico de primer nivel de atención participa escasamente como docente y rara vez hace investigación o publica. Se sugiere como mecanismo de elevación de la calidad de atención aumentar el valor de las actividades docentes y de investigación e incluye la dirección de tesis de pregrado
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Currículo/tendências , Medicina de Família e Comunidade , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/organização & administração , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Desempenho Profissional/tendênciasRESUMO
In order to establish differences among television watching habits, surveys were conducted in a group of 80 children; 40 from rural areas and another 40 from the urban area, who were attending elementary school at the time. The children were randomly selected; their responses were compared to a national and local listing of television programs, excluding those which were contradictory. Both groups of children spent the same amount of time at school (P = Not significant) while the urban group spent an average of 3.5 hours watching television and the rural group spent 2.3 hours (P = 0.001). Thirty percent of the children from the urban area watched TV with an adult while those from the rural zone were accompanied in 32% (P:NS). The number of television sets per home was significantly greater in the urban areas (P = 0.001). All of the children watched programs which were transmitted after 9 p.m. Both groups chose unneeded food commercials as their favorite programs (P = Not significant).
Assuntos
Atividades de Lazer , Televisão , Adolescente , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hábitos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Estudos Prospectivos , Distribuição Aleatória , População Rural , Fatores de Tempo , População UrbanaRESUMO
Se describen dos casos de poliarteritis nodosa del tipo clasico de Fink en dos ninos en edad escolar que presentaban sintomas generales, fiebre, mialgia y neuropatia periferica. Los hallazgos histopatologicos fueron los tipicos cambios arteriales descritos en esta enfermedad y los examenes del laboratorio estuvieron acordes a los informados en la literatura. Ambos pacientes presentaban elevacion de los titulos de antiestreptolisinas O, lo que sugiere que la infeccion estreptococica podria tener un papel importante en la genesis del problema. El tratamiento administrado fue prednisona en un paciente y prednisona asociada a ciclofosfamida en otro, con resultados satisfactorios. La sobrevida de los pacientes esta acorde a lo informado en la literatura sobre poliarteritis nodosa
Assuntos
Criança , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Poliarterite NodosaRESUMO
Se describe a dos ninas de 6 anos de edad con dermatomiositis infantil (tipo IV de Pearson). Ambas tenian debilidad muscular proximal y simetrica, eritema heliotropo y disfagia. Los niveles sericos de enzimas musculares se encontraron altos y la electromiografia demostro los cambios tipicos de esta entidad. La biopsia revelo necrosis y degeneracion muscular con infiltrado inflamatorio. Ambas fueron tratadas con fisioterapia y prednisona y a dos anos de iniciado el proceso, se encuentran en buenas condiciones y sin secuelas
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Feminino , Dermatomiosite , PrednisonaRESUMO
Se estudian 23 pacientes con polineuritis (PRN) aguda tipo Landry-Guillain-Barré-Strohl (LGBS) ingresados sucesivamente en el Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía. Se realizaron extensiones de sangre periférica obtenidas por punción venosa en el codo, coloreadas con MG. Giemsa. Se contaron 100 células mononucleares, clasificándolas en linfocitos grandes, linfocitos pequeños y monocitos. Se consideraron como linfocitos grandes aquellas células de más de 11 micras de diámetro, con escaso citoplasma intensamente azul claro y con un núcleo grande, redondo o ligeramente escotado con cromatina en granos finos y con problables nucléolos. Se clasificaron como monocitos de células grandes -casi siempre superiores a 16 micras- con una relación núcleo-citoplasma menor que las anteriores y con un núcleo arriñonado o en herradura con cromatina más laxa(AU)