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Background/purpose: Several studies have determined that relaxin stimulates differentiation and regulates the activity of mature osteoclasts, but little is known about its effect on the differentiation of mesenchymal cells towards the osteogenic lineage. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of relaxin on the proliferation and differentiation of the osteoblastic lineage of mesenchymal cells derived from human dental pulp (hDPSC). Materials and methods: In this in vitro study, hDPSC were characterized and treated with relaxin at different doses (10-80 ng/ml) and times (1-21 days). Morphology was assessed by microscopy, and proliferation was assessed using a resazurin assay. Osteoblastic differentiation was evaluated by Alizarin Red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) labeling, and changes in the expression of the osteoblastic differentiation genes RUNX2 and BMP2. Results: Relaxin treatment did not induce changes in the proliferation or viability of hDPSCs; however, larger cells and increased cytoplasmic prolongation were observed. Relaxin treatment (20 and 80 ng/ml) significantly increased calcified nodule formation on days 14 and 21. The cytochemical signals for ALP, RUNX2, and BMP2 gene expression were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by the relaxin treatment. Conclusion: Relaxin treatment does not induce changes in hDPSC proliferation but induces morphological changes, increases ALP detection, calcified nodule formation, and increases expression of RUNX2 and BMP2, suggesting the induction of osteoblastic differentiation of hDPSC.

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We propose a mathematical model based in ordinary differential equations between bacterial pathogen and Bacteriophages to describe the infection dynamics of these populations, for which we use a nonlinear function with an inhibitory effect. We study the stability of the model using the Lyapunov theory and the second additive compound matrix and perform a global sensitivity analysis to elucidate the most influential parameters in the model, besides we make a parameter estimation using growth data of Escherichia coli (E.coli) bacteria in presence of Coliphages (bacteriophages that infect E.coli) with different multiplicity of infection. We found a threshold that indicates whether the bacteriophage concentration will coexist with the bacterium (the coexistence equilibrium) or become extinct (phages extinction equilibrium), the first equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable while the other is globally asymptotically stable depending on the magnitude of this threshold. Beside we found that the dynamics of the model is particularly affected by infection rate of bacteria and Half-saturation phages density. Parameter estimation show that all multiplicities of infection are effective in eliminating infected bacteria but the smaller one leaves a higher number of bacteriophages at the end of this elimination.

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The antioxidant activity of nine lichen substances, including methylatrarate (1), methyl haematommate (2), lobaric acid (3), fumarprotocetraric acid (4), sphaerophorin (5), subsphaeric acid (6), diffractaic acid (7), barbatolic acid (8) and salazinic acid (9) has been determined through cyclic voltammetry. The compounds 1-4 presented slopes close to the Nernst constant of 0.059 V, indicating a 2H+/2e- relation between protons and electrons, as long as the compounds 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 present slopes between 0.037 V and 0.032 V, indicating a 1H+/2e- relation between protons and electrons. These results show a high free radical scavenging activity by means of the release of H+, suggesting an important antioxidant capacity of these molecules. Theoretical calculations of hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE), proton affinities (PA), and Proton Transfer (PT) mechanisms, at M06-2x/6-311+G(d,p) level complement the experimental results. Computations support that the best antioxidant activity is obtained for the molecules (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8), that have a carboxylic acid group close to a phenolic hydroxyl group, through hydrogen atomic transfer (HAT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanisms. Additional computations were performed for modelling binding affinity of the lichen substances with CYPs enzymes, mainly CYP1A2, CYP51, and CYP2C9*2 isoforms, showing strong affinity for all the compounds described in this study.

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Introducción. El alcohol ha sido asociado con más de 60 enfermedades diferentes y es el tercer factor de riesgo más común relacionado con muerte y discapacidad en el mundo. La enfermedad alcohólica hepática (EAH) es la causa más común de enfermedad hepática terminal (EHT) en los países occidentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la población adulta sometida a trasplante ortotópico hepático (TOH) indicado por EHT secundaria a EAH, en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (HPTU) de Medellín entre 2004 y 2015. Metodología. Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas electrónicas de todos los pacientes trasplantados en el HPTU entre los años 2004 y 2015, sometidos a TOH indicado por EHT secundaria a EAH. Se registraron las características demográficas, comorbilidades médicas y psiquiátricas, complicaciones tempranas y tardías, recaída en el consumo de alcohol posterior al TOH, supervivencia y causa de la muerte. Resultados. Se encontraron 59 pacientes trasplantados por cirrosis de origen alcohólico. El 91,5 % fueron de sexo masculino, el 82,6 % (38/46) tuvo un período abstinencia previo al TOH mayor o igual a 6 meses, y solamente el 10,2 % (6/59) de los pacientes estuvieron vinculados a un programa de adicciones. Se encontró comorbilidad psiquiátrica en el 30 % (18/59) con predomino de depresión. Se identificó recaída pesada en el consumo de alcohol postrasplante en 6 pacientes, este subgrupo se caracterizó por una alta mortalidad (66 %), pobre adherencia a la terapia inmunosupresora y alta frecuencia de depresión (83 %). En general, la cohorte tuvo una supervivencia a 5 y 10 años de 60,8 % y 28,1 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las características epidemiológicas de la población son compartidas con reportes previos en relación al predominio de sexo masculino y adultos en la sexta década de la vida. La recaída en el consumo pesado de alcohol no es la regla, sin embargo, se encuentra asociada con abandono del tratamiento inmunosupresor y muerte. En comparación con reportes de otros países, nuestras tasas de complicaciones y mortalidad a 5 años son superiores.

Introduction. Alcohol has been associated with more than 60 different diseases and is the third most common risk factor related to death and disability throughout the world. Alcoholic liver disease is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in Western countries. The main objective of this study was to characterize adult patients with orthotopic liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín between 2004 to 2015. Methodology. Observational retrospective study. We reviewed clinical records of all patients with orthotopic liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis at the HPTU between 2004 and 2015, and retrieved demographic data, comorbidities, complications, consumption relapse and survival. Results. We analyzed 59 patients, 91.5% were male, 82.6% had an abstinence period previous to liver transplant equal or greater to six months, 10.2% were part of an addiction program, and 30% had psychiatric morbidities, mainly depression. We identified 6 patients with heavy alcoholic relapse after transplantation, this subgroup was characterized by a high mortality (66%), poor adherence to immunosuppressive therapy and high rates of depression (83%). In general, this cohort had a 5- and 10-year survival of 60.8% and 20.1%, respectively. Conclusions. The epidemiological characteristics of the population are shared with previous reports regarding the predominance of males and adults in the sixth decade of life. Relapse into heavy alcohol consumption is not the rule, however, it is associated with discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment and death. In comparison with other reports, we have higher complications and mortality rates at 5 five years.

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INTRODUCTION: High-grade gliomas cause cognitive impairment in those who suffer from them. However, there is a lack of precise data describing the cognitive deficit that occurs in this population, which would allow to better focus neuropsychological evaluations and make better clinical decisions in favor of the patient's recovery and quality of life. For this purpose, a systematic review of the literature was carried out to search for studies on neurocognitive alterations in patients with malignant brain tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The systematic review was conducted under the criteria of the PRISMA guideline for reporting systematic review and meta-analysis reports, with a search of the PubMed database (MEDLINE). Descriptive and analytical observational studies between 2015 and 2020 were considered. RESULTS: 506 articles were identified, of which 16 met the inclusion criteria and were selected in the qualitative synthesis and described in the manuscript. CONCLUSIONS: High-grade gliomas cause significant alterations in cognitive domains such as language, attention, memory, empathy and executive functions. However, more studies focused on describing the neuropsychological alterations in this population are needed in order to make better clinical treatment and rehabilitation decisions.

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In 2004, octopamine was added to the list of drugs banned by the world anti-doping agency (WADA) and prohibited in any sport competition. This work aims to develop a new analytical method to detect octopamine in water and human urine samples. We proposed a pseudo-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pseudo-ELISA) by replacing traditional monoclonal antibodies with molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs). NanoMIPs were synthesised by a solid-phase approach using a persulfate initiated polymerisation in water. Their performance was analysed in pseudo competitive ELISA based on the competition between free octopamine and octopamine-HRP conjugated. The final assay was able to detect octopamine in water within the range 1 nmol·L-1-0.1 mol·L-1 with a detection limit of 0.047 ± 0.00231 µg·mL-1 and in human urine samples within the range 1 nmol·L-1-0.0001 mol·L-1 with a detection limit of 0.059 ± 0.00281 µg·mL-1. In all experiments, nanoMIPs presented high affinity to the target molecules and almost no cross-reactivity with analogues of octopamine such as pseudophedrine or l-Tyrosine. Only slight interference was observed from the human urine matrix. The high affinity and specificity of nanoMIPs and no need to maintain a cold chain logistics makes the nanoMIPs a competitive alternative to antibodies. Furthermore, this work is the first attempt to use nanoMIPs in pseudo-ELISA assays to detect octopamine.

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In this work, we studied carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) with two kinds of binders: mineral oil or ionic liquids (IL) derived from N-substituted octyl pyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide with the substituents H-, CH3-, CN- and CF3-. The work aims to study this series of IL and determine a possible effect of the substituent of the cation in the behavior of the IL as a binder of graphite for obtaining IL-CPEs. The electrochemical response and the electrical behavior were measured by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Surprisingly, the substituent does not affect the cyclic voltammetry response because in all the cases, high resistance and high capacitive currents were obtained. The best response in terms of conductivity is obtained by CPE. In the case of impedance measurements, the substituent does not cause differences, and in all the cases, the IL-CPEs show nearly the same responses. CPE shows lower capacitance and higher resistance for diffusion compared to the IL-CPEs due to his lower porosity. The high resistance showed by the IL-CPEs by cyclic voltammetry can be attributed to poorly intermolecular forces among graphite, water, electrolyte, and ILs as demonstrated by theoretical calculations.

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ABSTRACT This study presents a spatial analysis of species richness of soft-bottom bony and cartilaginous fish species in the Colombian Caribbean. The dataset consisted of 625 species distributed among 15651 georeferenced occurrences. The global richness completeness analysis suggests that the list is close to completion but that probably more species await being registered at greater depths. In spatial terms, our knowledge of fish richness remains incomplete as none of the spatial units, in which the general area was divided reached 100 % completeness and few reached 70 % or higher completeness probably due to the incidence of numerous rare species. The Guajira, Palomino, Tayrona and Golfo de Salamanca zones, displayed the highest observed and predicted richness. The Galerazamba, Arco (coralline archipelago) and Arboletes zones were predicted to have high species richness. In view of the results, marine protected areas need to be expanded to include soft-bottom habitats. Future research efforts should focus on the high species richness areas observed and predicted and surveys should include more extensively depth locations.

RESUMEN Este estudio presenta un análisis espacial de la riqueza de especies de peces óseos y cartilaginosos de fondos blandos del Caribe Colombiano. El conjunto de datos consiste de 625 especies distribuidas en 15651 registros georeferenciados. El análisis de completitud global de riqueza sugiere que la lista está próxima a estar completa pero que probablemente mas especies están pendientes de ser registradas a mayores profundidades. En términos espaciales el conocimiento de la riqueza de especies se mantiene incompleto ya que ninguna de las unidades espaciales en que el área general fue dividida, alcanzo el 100 % de completitud y pocas alcanzaron el 70 % o mas, probablemente debido a la influencia de muchas especies raras. Las zonas Guajira, Palomino, Tayrona y el Golfo de Salamanca mostraron la mayor riqueza observada y esperada. Para las zonas Galerazamba, Arco (archipiélago coralino) y Arboletes se predice alta riqueza de especies. En vista de los resultados, las áreas marinas protegidas deben expandirse para incluir hábitats de fondos blandos. Esfuerzos futuros de investigación deben enfocarse en las áreas de alta riqueza de especies tanto observada como esperada e incluir más extensamente localidades profundas.

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Resumen: Entender y predecir variaciones en el tamaño de los invertebrados megabentónicos sigue siendo un desafío importante en macroecología marina. Este estudio se realizó para identificar tendencias de cambio en la talla de la megafauna bentónica de fondos sedimentarios tropicales y conocer la influencia de variables que pueden determinar el tamaño de estos organismos, evaluando hipótesis y paradigmas ecológicos de mar profundo originados en zonas subtropicales y templadas. El área de estudio abarcó toda la plataforma continental del Caribe colombiano. Los ejemplares se recolectaron en 1998, 2001 y 2005 con red demersal semi-globo, entre 10 y 500 m de profundidad. Se seleccionaron las especies mejor representadas: Eudolium crosseanum, Cosmioconcha nitens, Nuculana acuta (moluscos), Astropecten alligator, Brissopsis atlantica, B. elongata (equinodermos), Anasimus latus, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus y Achelous spinicarpus (crustáceos). Para detectar tendencias significativas de cambio de tamaño, e inferir la influencia de variables bióticas y ambientales, se emplearon modelos aditivos generalizados, donde la talla fue la variable respuesta y las variables predictivas fueron: profundidad, temperatura, densidad intraespecífica e interespecífica, riqueza, latitud y longitud. Se midieron 7 000 ejemplares en total. Seis especies presentaron un incremento de la talla con el aumento de la profundidad y la disminución de la temperatura. Dichas especies abarcaron ámbitos batimétricos que superaron los 10 °C de diferencia entre zonas someras y profundas. Geográficamente se presentó una marcada disminución de tallas en el área de influencia de la desembocadura del río Magdalena, debida posiblemente a los fuertes cambios físicosquímicos que este río genera, principalmente porque es la zona con menos productividad primaria planctónica de toda el área de estudio. Hacia el norte de la desembocadura del río Magdalena se presentó un notorio aumento de tamaños entre los (74° - 71°W y 11° - 13°N), que puede deberse a la surgencia que se presenta en el norte del Caribe colombiano. La relación entre la densidad de individuos y la talla no fue clara. Sin embargo cinco especies mostraron una relación inversa con la densidad intraespecífica, y tres con la interespecífica. Temperatura y profundidad fueron las variables que mejor explicaron los cambios de talla detectados. La mayoría de especies presentaron un aumento de dimensiones corporales con la disminución de la temperatura en el perfil batimétrico. La tendencia al aumento de tallas con la profundidad es contraria a lo indicado por los modelos teóricos de talla óptima (pero acorde con algunos estudios más recientes), que predicen un decrecimiento del tamaño de los organismos con el incremento de la profundidad, debido a la disminución de nutrientes hacia zonas profundas del océano. Es posible que el aumento de tamaño sea una estrategia adaptativa para la maximización de la energía, como ocurre con muchos organismos en las porciones más frías de su ámbito de distribución. Futuros estudios en el Caribe deberían examinar variaciones en la talla de la megafauna bentónica en zonas más profundas (más de 500 m), donde la temperatura varía menos, razón por la cual otros factores pueden ser más importantes para determinar el tamaño de estos organismos.

Abstract: Understanding and predicting adaptations in body size of megabenthic invertebrates remains a major challenge in marine macroecology. This study was conducted in order to investigate size variations of benthic megafauna in the tropics and to identify the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that may produce changes to these organisms, testing unresolved hypothesis and paradigms of deep sea ecology from subtropical and temperate areas. The study area covered the continental shelf of the Colombian Caribbean. The samples were collected during 1998, 2001 and 2005, using semi-globe demersal net for a water depth of 10 to 500 m. The most common species were selected for further study: Eudolium crosseanum, Cosmioconcha nitens, Nuculana acuta (mollusks), Astropecten alligator, Brissopsis atlantica, B. elongata (equinoderms), Anasimus latus, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus and Achelous spinicarpus (crustaceans). Generalized Additive Models were used to detect significant changes in size and to infer the effects of biotic and environmental factors on organisms' size. The dependent variable was size and the predicting model variables were depth, temperature, intraspecific density, interspecific density, richness, latitude, and longitude. A total of 7 000 individuals were measured. Six species showed an increase in body size towards deeper and colder sites. These species inhabit shallow and deep environments that exceed a variation in temperature of 10 °C. There was a remarkable size reduction in areas affected by the Magdalena River, possibly due to major physicochemical changes caused by the river. This region has the lowest planktonic primary productivity within the study area. An increase in sizes was observed north of the Magdalena River (74° - 71°W & 11° - 13°N), which may be attributable to the coastal upwelling occurring in this part of Colombia. The relationship between the density of benthic organisms and size was not clear. However, five species showed an inverse relation with intraspecific density and three with interspecific density. Temperature and depth were the variables that best explained the variations in size. Most of the studied species showed an increase in body size when temperature dropped along the bathymetric range. The trend of increasing size in deeper zones is contrary to the prediction of the optimal size theoretical model (but consistent with recent studies), which indicates a reduction in organisms' size in the deep sea, due to food limitation with increasing depth. It is possible that this increase in size is an adaptation to maximize energy, which is frequently observed in the coldest habitats of several species. Future studies in Caribbean should examine variations in size of benthic megafauna towards deeper zones (more than 500 m), were temperature is less variable and then other factors can play a more important role determining the size of these organisms. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1002-1021. Epub 2017 September 01.

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Using Greenfield's theory of sociocultural change and human development as a point of departure, we carried out two experimental studies exploring the implications of decades of globalised social change in Mexico for children's development of cooperation and competition. In rural San Vicente, Baja California, the baseline was 1970 and the historical comparison took place 40 years later. In Veracruz, the baseline was 1985 and the historical comparison took place 20 years later. In Veracruz, children were tested in both rural and urban settings. We hypothesized that cooperative behavior would decrease in all three settings as a result of the sociocultural transformations of the past decades in Mexico. The Madsen Marble Pull Game was used to assess cooperative and competitive behavior. As predicted by Greenfield's theory of social change and human development, the Marble Pull procedure revealed a striking decrease over time in levels of cooperative behavior, with a corresponding rise in competitive behavior, in all three settings.

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Ecological studies on commercial important fish species are of great value to support resource management issues. This study calculated trophic levels of those Colombian Caribbean fish species whose diet has been locally described. Usable diet data of 119 species resulted in 164 trophic level estimates. An ordinary regression model relating trophic level and fish size was formulated. The regression slope was positive and significantly different from zero (p < 0.05) suggesting a scaling of trophic level with fish size. Both the list of trophic levels and the regression model should be of help in the formulation of trophic indicators and models of neotropical ecosystems.

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Ecological studies on commercial important fish species are of great value to support resource management issues. This study calculated trophic levels of those Colombian Caribbean fish species whose diet has been locally described. Usable diet data of 119 species resulted in 164 trophic level estimates. An ordinary regression model relating trophic level and fish size was formulated. The regression slope was positive and significantly different from zero (p<0.05) suggesting a scaling of trophic level with fish size. Both the list of trophic levels and the regression model should be of help in the formulation of trophic indicators and models of neotropical ecosystems. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1195-1203. Epub 2011 September 01.

Estudios ecológicos de especies de peces importantes comercialmente son de gran valor como insumos en temas de manejo. Aquí se presenta estimaciones del nivel trófico de aquellas especies de peces del Caribe colombiano cuya dieta ha sido descrita localmente. Información utilizable sobre 119 especies resulto en 164 estimaciones de nivel trófico. Se propone un modelo de regresión ordinaria entre el nivel trófico y el tamaño de los peces. La pendiente resultó positiva y significativamente diferente de cero (p<0.05) lo cual sugiere una relación moduladora entre el nivel trófico y el tamaño de los peces. Tanto la lista de niveles tróficos como el modelo de regresión, deben ser de ayuda en la formulación de indicadores tróficos y modelos de los ecosistemas neotropicales.

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The bases of humanitarian assistance, beyond a legal norm--which appears to be essential given the inalienable obligations that result for all participating bodies--are influenced by philosophical and political conceptualizations framed in an ethics of justice. Actors in the humanitarian field who adhere to the Rawlsian social contract model their actions based on a philosophy that assistance is a noble and desirable option that remains in the hands of those who offer aid, and who can freely choose to not offer such assistance. Peter Singer and Thomas Pogge propose nuances to the understanding of the duty of assistance. Not assisting would be bad, basically tantamount to killing. Assistance is no longer a caring act deserving of praise, but rather a moral obligation. The financial imperatives of associations, the growing complexity of activities and the development of an important element of communication lead to a professionalization of humanitarian medicine. A modern vision of humanitarian assistance requires an understanding of justice and solidarity and global outreach. We believe that ethics need to be embedded firmly in humanitarian actions that have clear political implications.

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Impact of two artificial reefs on diurnal artisanal fishing at gulf of Morrosquillo, Colombian Caribbean. Fishing activity in two artificial reefs (ARs) was monitored between August 2001 and August 2002 in the gulf of Morrosquillo, to investigate their possible impact on the fishery dynamics. We determined catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch composition, and found 19 species in Punta de Piedra and 36 in Tolú (16 species common to both). In Punta de Piedra, CPUE was 0.40 kg/hour/fisherman and estimated annual catch was 1 830 kg (Tolú values: 0.42 kg/hour/fisherman and 4 820 kg). No significant differences in CPUE were found between ARs and no seasonal pattern was evident. The differences in total composition and extracted biomass between ARs were mainly a consequence of greater effort exerted in Tolú, whereas the absence of trends and correlation with environmental factors of CPUE and species caught suggests that the ARs are near their carrying capacity. As expected, the ARs supported and improved CPUE and fishing success in comparison with reported values of natural habitats, traditional fishing grounds and some artificial habitats in the zone, owing to their greater volume, structural complexity and vertical profile. However, this increase could also be the result of biomass aggregation, not production. The potential negative impacts of ARs on the environment require experimental research. The deployment of non-extractive ARs and the controlled usage for fishery purposes could be a useful tool for resource enhancement and management in the area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 993-1007. Epub 2009 December 01.

Entre los meses de agosto de 2001 y agosto de 2002 se hizo el seguimiento de la actividad pesquera en dos arrecifes artificiales (AAs) instalados en el Golfo de Morrosquillo, con el fin de evaluar sus posibles impactos en la dinámica pesquera del área. Se determinó la captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE) y su composición, registrando un total de 19 especies en Punta de Piedra y 36 en Tolú con 16 especies en común. La CPUE fue de 0.40kg/hora/ pescador en Punta de Piedra y de 0.42kg/hora/pescador en Tolú, y la biomasa extraída total estimada fue de 1 830kg y 4 820kg en Punta de Piedra y Tolú respectivamente, para pescadores que trabajaron con línea de mano en horas diurnas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas de CPUE entre los AAs y no fue evidente ningún patrón estacional. Las diferencias en composición y biomasa extraída total entre los AAs fueron principalmente consecuencia del mayor esfuerzo ejercido en Tolú, mientras que la ausencia de tendencias y correlaciones de los factores abióticos con la CPUE y las especies capturadas, sugiere que los AAs están cerca de su capacidad de carga. Como era de esperarse, los AAs mantuvieron y mejoraron la CPUE en comparación con valores reportados en hábitats naturales, caladeros tradicionales de pesca y algunos hábitats artificiales del sector, debido a su mayor volumen, complejidad estructural y perfil vertical. Sin embargo, este incremento puede ser el resultado de la agregación de biomasa más que la producción en los AAs, lo cual tiene impactos negativos potenciales sobre el ambiente que necesitan ser evaluados con el desarrollo de investigaciones experimentales. La disposición de AAs no-extractivos y el uso controlado para propuestas pesqueras, puede ser una herramienta útil para el enriquecimiento y manejo de los recursos en el área.

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Fishing activity in two artificial reefs (ARs) was monitored between August 2001 and August 2002 in the gulf of Morrosquillo, to investigate their possible impact on the fishery dynamics. We determined catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch composition, and found 19 species in Punta de Piedra and 36 in Tolú (16 species common to both). In Punta de Piedra, CPUE was 0.40 kg/hour/fisherman and estimated annual catch was 1 830 kg (Tolú values: 0.42 kg/hour/fisherman and 4 820 kg). No significant differences in CPUE were found between ARs and no seasonal pattern was evident. The differences in total composition and extracted biomass between ARs were mainly a consequence of greater effort exerted in Tolú, whereas the absence of trends and correlation with environmental factors of CPUE and species caught suggests that the ARs are near their carrying capacity. As expected, the ARs supported and improved CPUE and fishing success in comparison with reported values of natural habitats, traditional fishing grounds and some artificial habitats in the zone, owing to their greater volume, structural complexity and vertical profile. However, this increase could also be the result of biomass aggregation, not production. The potential negative impacts of ARs on the environment require experimental research. The deployment of non-extractive ARs and the controlled usage for fishery purposes could be a useful tool for resource enhancement and management in the area.

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La Guajira is an exploited tropical upwelling ecosystem in the Colombian Caribbean coast. A trophic model of 27 functional groups was constructed using the ECOPATH 5.0 Beta software to integrate the available information on the ecosystem. The model allowed a comparison with other trophic flow models of upwelling ecosystems. Total system biomass (68 t/km2/year), net system production (1,248.5 t/km2/year), and total system throughput (3,275 t/km2/year) make La Guajira moderate when compared with other systems. The largest amount of energy throughput is achieved from trophic level I to II (68.93 %), although an important proportion of the total flow originates from detritus (32 %). The production/respiration ratio exceeds 1, suggesting that La Guajira is an immature ecosystem and is in development, as determined by its low ascendency (33.7 %) and high development capacity (66.3 %), similar to other upwellings that have values of ascendency between 20 % and 35 %. Although the basic input data were good and covered 1995 to 2000, appropriate information is still not available on some trophic groups such as biomass (for phytoplankton, invertebrates, catfishes and pelagic predator fishes), secondary production data (invertebrates, pelagic predator fishes, and small pelagic fishes), and seabird and mammal populations, which are top trophic levels and an essential part of upwelling ecosystems.

La Guajira es un ecosistema de surgencia explotado en la costa del Caribe colombiano. Con el propósito de integrar la información disponible sobre el sistema se construyó un modelo trófico de 27 grupos funcionales usando el programa Ecopath 5.0 Beta. Se obtuvo una base cuantitativa para compararlo con otros sistemas de surgencia. La Guajira presenta una biomasa total de 68 t/km2/año, la producción primaria neta del sistema es de 1 248.51 t/km2/año y las transferencias totales del sistema son de 3 275 t/km2/año, lo que indica un ecosistema con una surgencia moderada comparada con otros sitios. Las mayores transferencias de energía se dan del nivel trófico I-II (68.93 %), aunque existe una importante proporción de flujos al detritus (32 %). Los resultados en los atributos de madurez del sistema sugieren que La Guajira es un ecosistema inmaduro debido a que la relación P/R excede a 1 y está en desarrollo debido a la baja ascendencia (33.7 %) y alta capacidad de desarrollo (66.3 %) como ocurre con otras surgencias donde se presentan valores de ascendencia entre 20 % y 35 %. Aunque los datos básicos de entrada en el modelo fueron buenos, gracias a las investigaciones que se han elaborado entre 1995 y 2000, existen algunos grupos donde no se encuentra aún información adecuada; especialmente en los valores de biomasa del fitoplancton, invertebrados, bagres, peces depredadores pelágicos, así como estimaciones de producción en invertebrados, pecesdepredadores pelágicos y peces pequeños pelágicos. No existe una cuantificación de las poblaciones de mamíferos y aves en el área de estudio, los cuales constituyen depredadores superiores y hacen parte esencial en sistemas de surgencia.

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La Guajira is an exploited tropical upwelling ecosystem in the Colombian Caribbean coast. A trophic model of 27 functional groups was constructed using the ECOPATH 5.0 Beta software to integrate the available information on the ecosystem. The model allowed a comparison with other trophic flow models of upwelling ecosystems. Total system biomass (68 t/km2/year), net system production (1,248.5 t/km2/year), and total system throughput (3,275 t/km2/year) make La Guajira moderate when compared with other systems. The largest amount of energy throughput is achieved from trophic level I to II (68.93 %), although an important proportion of the total flow originates from detritus (32 %). The production/respiration ratio exceeds 1, suggesting that La Guajira is an immature ecosystem and is in development, as determined by its low ascendency (33.7 %) and high development capacity (66.3 %), similar to other upwellings that have values of ascendency between 20 % and 35 %. Although the basic input data were good and covered 1995 to 2000, appropriate information is still not available on some trophic groups such as biomass (for phytoplankton, invertebrates, catfishes and pelagic predator fishes), secondary production data (invertebrates, pelagic predator fishes, and small pelagic fishes), and seabird and mammal populations, which are top trophic levels and an essential part of upwelling ecosystems.

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RESUMO

Existen muchas preguntas relacionadas con el potencial maligno del carcinoma "in situ" de células transicionales de la vejiga, y su frecuencia es de tan sólo 3 a 10 por ciento de todos los cánceres uroteliales. El consenso de todos los urólogos es que los pacientes con un carcinoma "in situ" tienen un alto riesgo de 42 a 83 por ciento de desarrollar una enfermedad invasora sin tratamiento. El tratamiento de los pacientes con este diagnóstico presenta un gran dilema para el urólogo, ya que tradicionalmente la cistectomía radical fue el tratamiento de elección. Aunque la morbilidad y la mortalidad han disminuido notoriamente, se trata de una cirugía mutilante e incapacitante para el paciente. Las nuevas modalidades terapeúticas tienen como finalidad ofrecer al paciente una mejor calidad de vida, sin la necesidad de un tratamiento agresivo, preservando su vejiga y ofreciendo la misma supervivencia. Se expone la experiencia de los autores con el tratamiento del carcinoma "in situ", desde el diagnóstico y sus dificultades técnicas, hasta su tratamiento con BCG a dosis bajas. En la casuística de los autores representa una proporción de 2 por ciento de los tumores de células transicionales de la vejiga, que con tratamiento conservador en dos casos ofrece 100 por ciento de supervivencia a cinco años

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