RESUMO
Auditory and visual pathways may be affected as a consequence of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery because of their anatomical relationships with this structure. The purpose of this paper is to correlate the results of the auditory and visual evoked responses with the parameters of tractography of the visual pathway, and with the state of connectivity between respective thalamic nuclei and primary cortices in both systems after the surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone in drug-resistant epileptic patients. Tractography of visual pathway and anatomical connectivity of auditory and visual thalamus-cortical radiations were evaluated in a sample of eight patients. In general, there was a positive relationship of middle latency response (MLR) latency and length of resection, while a negative correlation was found between MLR latency and the anatomical connection strength and anatomical connection probability of the auditory radiations. In the visual pathway, significant differences between sides were found with respect to the number and length of tracts, which was lower in the operated one. Anatomical connectivity variables and perimetry (visual field defect index) were particularly correlated with the latency of P100 wave which was obtained by quadrant stimulation. These results demonstrate an indirect functional modification of the auditory pathway and a direct traumatic lesion of the visual pathway after anterior temporal lobectomy in patients with drug resistant epilepsy.
RESUMO
The purpose of this paper is to present a long- term electroclinical and employment follow up in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients in a comprehensive epilepsy surgery program. Forty adult patients with pharmacoresistant TLE underwent detailed presurgical evaluation. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and clinical follow up assessment for each patient were carried out. The occurrence of interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) and absolute spike frequency (ASF) were tabulated before and after 1, 6, 12, 24 and 72 months surgical treatment. Employment status pre- to post-surgery at the last evaluated period was also examined. Engel scores follow-up was described as follows: at 12 months 70% (28) class I, 10% (4) class II and 19% (8) class III-IV; at 24 months after surgery 55.2% (21) of the patients were class I, 28.9% (11) class II and 15.1% (6) class III-IV. After one- year follow up 23 (57.7%) patients were seizure and aura-free (Engel class IA). These figures changed to 47.3%, and 48.6% respectively two and five years following surgery whereas 50% maintained this condition in the last follow up period. A decline in the ASF was observed from the first year until the sixth year after surgery in relation to the preoperative EEG. The ASF one year after surgery allowed to distinguish "satisfactory" from "unsatisfactory" seizure relief outcome at the last follow up. An adequate social functioning in terms of education and employment in more than 50% of the patients was also found. Results revealed the feasibility of conducting a successful epilepsy surgery program with favorable long term electroclinical and psychosocial functioning outcomes in a developing country as well.
RESUMO
All common contributing factors to epilepsy such as trauma, malignancies and infections are accompanied by different levels of central nervous system inflammation that in turn have been associated with the occurrence of seizure. Emerging data from human brain tissue and experimental models of epilepsy support the proposed involvement of inflammation in epilepsy. Key mediators of this process include, among others: interleukin (IL) -1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, adhesion molecules and component of complement. Recent advances suggest the involvement of specific inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of seizures in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy, highlighting the potential for new therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the relationship between inflammatory mediators and epilepsy. We also describe experimental and clinical evidence of inflammation in epilepsy with special emphasis on clinical aspects once the epileptogenic focus has been resected. Further insight into the complex role of inflammation in epileptogenesis may provide new treatment options.
Assuntos
Epilepsia/etiologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/fisiologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Inflamação/complicaçõesRESUMO
PURPOSE: Bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) were transplanted into the perilesional area in five patients bearing sequels of stroke, to evaluate the safety of the procedure and tolerance to the transplanted cells. METHODS: Cells were obtained from bone marrow samples taken from the same patient and stereotactically implanted into the targets, determined using a combination of images, and trans-operative recording of multiunit activity. The cells were implanted in several points along tracts in the perilesional region. RESULTS: No important adverse events derived from surgery or transplant were observed during the one year follow-up period, or detected using a combination of tests and functional measurements applied pre- and post-surgically. In contrast, some improvements were observed regarding the neurological condition of the patients, but the small number of patients in the study does not allow any conclusive statement. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that BMSC can be safely transplanted into the brain of patients, with excellent tolerance and without complications, using the methods described here.
Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Transplante de Medula Óssea/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exame Neurológico/métodos , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/metabolismo , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologia , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único/métodos , Transplante Autólogo/métodosRESUMO
The main goal of the present study was to evaluate binding to serotonin in the neocortex surrounding the epileptic focus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Binding to 5-HT, 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(4), 5-HT(7) receptors and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) in T1-T2 gyri of 15 patients with MTLE and their correlations with clinical data, neuronal count and volume were determined. Autopsy material acquired from subjects without epilepsy (n=6) was used as control. The neocortex from MTLE patients demonstrated decreased cell count in layers III-IV (21%). No significant changes were detected on the neuronal volume. Autoradiography experiments showed the following results: reduced 5-HT and 5-HT(1A) binding in layers I-II (24% and 92%, respectively); enhanced 5-HT(4) binding in layers V-VI (32%); no significant changes in 5-HT(7) binding; reduced 5-HTT binding in all layers (I-II, 90.3%; III-IV, 90.3%, V-VI, 86.9%). Significant correlations were found between binding to 5-HT(4) and 5-HT(7) receptors and age of seizure onset, duration of epilepsy and duration of antiepileptic treatment. The present results support an impaired serotoninergic transmission in the neocortex surrounding the epileptic focus of patients with MTLE, a situation that could be involved in the initiation and propagation of seizure activity.
Assuntos
Autorradiografia , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/patologia , Neocórtex/metabolismo , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Adulto , Idade de Início , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neocórtex/efeitos dos fármacos , Neocórtex/patologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Mudanças Depois da Morte , Serotoninérgicos/farmacocinética , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Se reporta que la orientación espacial durante la microcirugía, constituye un elemento indispensable. Se demuestra esta aplicación de la cirugía estereotáxica en el Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica (CIREN) de mayo de 1994 a febrero de 1998, al describir la realización de 65 intervenciones microquirúrgicas en condiciones estereotáxicas, a 62 pacientes con tumores cerebrales intracraneales. El proceder se dividió en 3 etapas: adquisición de la imagen, tomografía axial computadorizada, planificación quirúrgica, con sistema de planeamiento STASSIS y procederes microquirúrgicos, que incluyeron los sistemas estereotáxicos: Leksell, Micromar y Estereoflex. Del total, 27 de estos pacientes presentaron tumores gliales, 33 no gliales y sólo 2 lesiones no neoplásicas de localización y tamaño variados. Se realizaron 30 resecciones totales. La morbilidad quirúrgica fue mínima y no hubo mortalidad quirúrgica. Las principales ventajas del método son: localización exacta de la craneotomía, fácil orientación espacial, facilidad para distinguir los límites entre el tumor y el tejido sano. Se verificó la aplicabilidad del Estereoflex a la microcirugía cerebral(AU)
It is reported that spatial guidance during microsurgery is an essential element. This application of stereotaxic surgery is shown at the International Center of Neurological Restoration (CIREN, in Spanish) from May, 1994, to February, 1998, on describing the performance of 65 microsurgical procedures under stereotaxic conditions among 62 patients with cerebral intracranial tumors. The procedure was divided into 3 stages: image adquisition, CAT, surgical planning , with STASSIS planning system, and microsurgical procedures that included the Leksell, Micromar and Esteroflex stereotaxic systems. 27 of the total of patients presented glial tumors; 33, non-glial; and only 2 non-neoplastic lesions of diverse localization and size. 30 total resections were made. Surgical morbidity was minimum and there was no surgical mortality. The main advantages of this method are: exact localization of the craniotomy, easy spatial guidance, and the opportunity to distinguish the limits between the tumor and the sound tissue. The possibility to apply Esteroflex to cerebral microsurgery was demonstrated(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Técnicas Estereotáxicas/efeitos adversos , Microcirurgia/métodos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodosRESUMO
Introducción. Son raros los tumores con una localización intraventricular supratentorial primaria. Resulta de mayor frecuencia la extensión intraventricular, entre los tumores que se comportan de este modo est el astrocitoma del hipot lamo y del nervio óptico, linfomas, subependimomas, craneofaringionmas y carcinomas metastasicos. Pacientes y metodos. Se realizó un estudio restrospectivo con las historias clínicas de 11 pacientes ingresados en el CIREN en el período comprendido de enero de 1996 a noviembre de 1999 con diagnóstico clínico de tumor intraventricular supratentorial. De los 11 enfermos, 8 correspondieron al sexo masculino y 3 al femenino. La edad osciló entre 15 meses y 51 años. La afectación ventricular fue la siguiente: cinco tumores afectaron el ventrículo lateral y seis al tercer ventrículo. Los procederes diagnóstico terap,utico de los casos estudiados, resecados total o parcialmente fueron los siguientes, cinco abordajes transcalloso, cuatro abordajes transcortical, una resección neuroendoscópica y una biopsia estereotoxica. Una vez resecado el tejido se procesó histológicamente, a 4 de ellos se les realizó tecnicas inmunohistoquímicas y a 3 estudio por microscopía electrónica para confirmar el diagnóstico. Resultados. El an lisis histológico fue el siguiente: 3 pacientes con diagnóstico de neurocitoma central, 3 con quiste coloide, 1 astrocitoma pilocítico, 1 tumor neuroectod,rmico primitico, 1 ependimoma, 1 meningioma (transicional) y una lesión inflamatoria crónica de causa no precisada. Es objetivo del presente trabajo comunicar nuestra experiencia, así como confirmar que las lesiones localizadas en los ventrículos laterales y en el tercero son raras si tenemos en cuenta que se trataron 109 lesiones tumorales del sistema Nervioso en nuestro centro en el tiempo referido anteriormente