RESUMO
Cotton production in the Mexicali valley is adversely affected by wilt and root rot disease associated with Fusarium species. In the present study, we sought to isolate and identify the Fusarium species in the rhizosphere of transgenic insect-resistant cotton plants grown in the Mexicali valley. Our analyses isolated four native fungi from the rhizosphere of cotton plants, namely, T-ICA01, T-ICA03, T-ICA04, and T-ICA08. These fungal isolates were categorized as belonging to Fusarium solani using their phenotypic characteristics and ITS region sequence data. Examination of the infection index showed that T-ICA03 and T-ICA04 caused systemic colonization (90%) of seeds followed by the occurrence of radicle and coleoptile decay. In contrast, T-ICA08 strain was less pathogenic against seed tissues (40%) in comparison to the other strains isolated. Our study showed that in transgenic insect-resistant cotton the disease "Fusarium wilt" is caused by the fungus, F. solani. Future studies are necessary to characterize the F. solani populations to determine whether phenological stages might influence the genetic diversity of the fungal populations present.
Assuntos
Cotilédone/microbiologia , DNA Fúngico/genética , Fusarium/genética , Gossypium/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , California , Resistência à Doença , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/patogenicidade , Gossypium/parasitologia , Filogenia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , RizosferaRESUMO
Latin America started its transplant activity early-as soon as the first transplants in the world took place. Its member states have created their laws of donation and transplantation also. The first laws for transplants in the region were created in Brazil in 1963. Subsequently, all states approved its regulatory framework for transplants. Until 2012, Nicaragua was the only country in the region that did not have a transplants law. In October 2013, Nicaragua adopted the "Law on Donation and Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells for Human Beings," which consummates the process that creates the legal framework for donation and transplantation in Latin America, a journey of 50 years' duration, from Brazil's law to Nicaragua's law. This achievement is the fundament for searching an exercise of transplantation in a ground of accessibility, equity, ethics, and transparency as part of comprehensive health care services in the region.
Assuntos
Transplante de Órgãos/história , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/história , Brasil , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , América Latina , Nicarágua , Transplante de Órgãos/ética , Transplante de Órgãos/legislação & jurisprudência , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/ética , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
When assessing the species richness of a taxonomic group in a specific area, the choice of sampling method is critical. In this study, the effectiveness of three methods for sampling syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) in tropical forests is compared: Malaise trapping, collecting adults with an entomological net, and collecting and rearing immatures. Surveys were made from 2008 to 2011 in six tropical forest sites in Costa Rica. The results revealed significant differences in the composition and richness of syrphid faunas obtained by each method. Collecting immatures was the most successful method based on numbers of species and individuals, whereas Malaise trapping was the least effective. This pattern of sampling effectiveness was independent of syrphid trophic or functional group and annual season. An advantage of collecting immatures over collecting adults is the quality and quantity of associated biological data obtained by the former method. However, complementarity between results of collecting adults and collecting immatures, showed that a combined sampling regime obtained the most complete inventory. Differences between these results and similar studies in more open Mediterranean habitats, suggest that for effective inventory, it is important to consider the effects of environmental characteristics on the catchability of syrphids as much as the costs and benefits of different sampling techniques.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Dípteros/fisiologia , Entomologia/métodos , Animais , Costa Rica , Dípteros/classificação , Densidade Demográfica , Árvores , Clima TropicalRESUMO
System organization is one of the principal elements for success of a country's donation and transplantation activities. Nicaragua still does not have a specific institution that organizes and coordinates donation and transplantation; it does not perform transplantations from brain dead donors. With the counsel of the Transplant Coordination Service of the Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain, we documented the current donation and transplant situation of Nicaragua, its health services and institutions, and their relevant demographic aspects. We analyzed some organizational models implemented around the world and in Latin America as well as the essential elements of "The Spanish Model", proposing an organizational model adapted to the Nicaraguan reality. For a small country with specialized services concentrated in the capital, Managua, we envisioned the creation of a two-tier system: First, a national cooordination of transplants who leads a group that is decentralized and subordinate to the hierarchy of the Ministry of Health, to organize and coordinate donation and transplantation activities. Second, a hospital coordinator who works with doctors in intensive care units and neurosurgical intensive care units to detect potential organ donors and communicate with the national coordinator of transplants, who directs the process. Nicaragua has the basic conditions for implementation of donation and transplantation from deceased donor, as well as institutions with the capacity to maintain their function as documented by this viable, functional organizational model.
Assuntos
Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodos , Transplante/métodos , Morte Encefálica , Hospitais , Humanos , Modelos Organizacionais , Modelos Teóricos , Nicarágua , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Espanha , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
Bilateral hypogastric artery ligation is a technique described in the antiquity to restrain the hemorrhage in the gynecological and obstetric surgery. There are few Gineco-obstetricians that dominate the technique, for what intended a training program, in which was to demonstrate their security and effectiveness. We carry out a program where were qualified 14 gineco-obstetricians, theoretical and surgically. Results were analyzed finding an acceptable security with 1.5% of complications and an effectiveness demonstrated when having to the program 92.9% of students that reached the competition. We intend to reply the course in other hospital units, in order to decrease the maternal mortality for hemorrhage obstetric or gynecological.
Assuntos
Competência Clínica , Ginecologia/educação , Artéria Ilíaca/cirurgia , Obstetrícia/educação , Feminino , Humanos , Ligadura/educação , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
We study the effectivity and tolerance of synthetic salmon calcitonin nasally administered (Miacalcic) in the treatment of established postmenopausic osteoporosis. During one year, two randomized groups of postmenopausic women diagnosed of osteoporosis were treated in an outpatient service either with 1 gr of calcium element per day during the whole study or with 100 daily I.U. of salmon synthetic calcitonin nasally administered in patterns of 14 days and the same period of rest, plus a supplement of 500 mgr of calcium element per day. Globally, 43 patients were assessed at the end of the study in the calcitonin plus calcium group and 45 in the group receiving only calcium. The main evaluation parameters were pain and presence of new fractures. At the beginning and at the end of the study, complementary tests of blood biochemistry were conducted, including alkalin phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus and uric acid, as well as calcium, hydroxiprolin and creatinini in the urine. The results showed a significant improvement of pain (p < 0.001) in the group treated with calcitonin, supported by a lower consumption of analgesics. The rate of vertebral fractures determined according to the Meunier's index, was also significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the group treated with calcitonin at the end of the study period. These results suggest that, compared to only calcium, nasally administered calcitonin precludes the formation of new vertebral fractures during one year of treatment and it is effective in terms of pain reduction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)