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The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the persistence and elimination of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) and their presence in the Mapocho River within the metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile. The use of advanced analytical techniques, based on liquid chromatography coupled to both low and high-resolution mass spectrometry, allowed a comprehensive overview on the presence of CECs in samples. Additionally, a preliminary assessment of the microbiological aspects aimed to determine the presence of indicator microorganisms of fecal contamination, such as Escherichia coli and total coliforms was conducted. Furthermore, a qualitative assessment of Antibiotic Resistant Genes (ARGs) was performed. No CECs were detected upstream to the MWWTPs. However, the results from various wastewater samples (influent, secondary, and tertiary effluents) revealed significant diversity, with 73 CECs detected alongside prevalent ARGs including sulI, sulfII, qnrB, and blaTEM. The presence of CECs and ARGs downstream of the MWWTP in the Mapocho River was mainly attributed to effluent discharge. On the other hand, typical values for a healthy river and a MWWTP with a final disinfection stage were found in terms of fecal contamination. Consequently, the imperative for developing tertiary or quaternary treatments capable of degrading CECs and ARGs to minimize environmental impact is underscored. These findings hold public health significance, offering insights into potential risks and influencing future legislative measures in Chile.
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We report two new cyanido-bridged Fe(II)-Ag(I) coordination polymers using different acetylpyridine isomers, {Fe(4acpy)2[Ag(CN)2]2} 1 and {Fe(3acpy)[Ag(CN)2]2} 2 (4acpy = 4-acetylpyridine; 3acpy = 3-acetylpyridine) displaying thermally and photoinduced spin crossover (SCO). In both cases, the acetylpyridine ligand directs the coordination polymer structure and the SCO of the materials. Using 4-acetylpyridine, a two-dimensional (2D) structure is observed in 1 made of layers stacked on each other by silver-ketone interactions leading to a complete SCO and reversible thermally and photoswitching of the magnetic and optical properties. Changing the acetyl group to a 3-position, a completely different structure is obtained for 2. The unexpected coordination of the carbonyl group to the Fe(II) centers induces a three-dimensional (3D) structure, leading to statistical disorder around the Fe(II) with three different coordination spheres, [N6], [N4O2], and [N5O]. This disorder gives rise to an incomplete thermally induced SCO with a poor photoswitchability. These results demonstrate that the choice of the acetyl position on the pyridine dictates the structural characteristics of the compounds with a direct impact on the SCO behavior. Remarkably, this work opens interesting perspectives for the future design of Fe-Ag cyanido coordination polymers with judiciously substituted pyridine ligands to tune the thermally and photoinduced SCO properties.
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Core-shell micro/nanomotors have garnered significant interest in biomedicine owing to their versatile task-performing capabilities. However, their effectiveness for photothermal therapy (PTT) still faces challenges because of their poor tumor accumulation, lower light-to-heat conversion, and due to the limited penetration of near-infrared (NIR) light. In this study, we present a novel core-shell micromotor that combines magnetic and photothermal properties. It is synthesized via the template-assisted electrodeposition of iron (Fe) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on a microtubular pore-shaped membrane. The resulting Fe-rGO micromotor consists of a core of oval-shaped zero-valent iron nanoparticles with large magnetization. At the same time, the outer layer has a uniform reduced graphene oxide (rGO) topography. Combined, these Fe-rGO core-shell micromotors respond to magnetic forces and near-infrared (NIR) light (1064 nm), achieving a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 78% at a concentration of 434 µg mL-1. They can also carry doxorubicin (DOX) and rapidly release it upon NIR irradiation. Additionally, preliminary results regarding the biocompatibility of these micromotors through in vitro tests on a 3D breast cancer model demonstrate low cytotoxicity and strong accumulation. These promising results suggest that such Fe-rGO core-shell micromotors could hold great potential for combined photothermal therapy.
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In light of the post-genomic era, epigenetics brings about an opportunity to better understand how the molecular machinery works and is led by a complex dynamic set of mechanisms, often intricate and complementary in many aspects. In particular, epigenetics links developmental biology and genetics, as well as many other areas of knowledge. The present work highlights substantial scopes and relevant discoveries related to the development of the term from its first notions. To our understanding, the concept of epigenetics needs to be revisited, as it is one of the most relevant and multifaceted terms in human knowledge. To redirect future novel experimental or theoretical efforts, it is crucial to compile all significant issues that could impact human and ecological benefit in the most precise and accurate manner. In this paper, the reader can find one of the widest compilations of the landmarks and epistemic considerations of the knowledge of epigenetics across the history of biology from the earliest epigenetic formulation to genetic determinism until the present. In the present work, we link the current body of knowledge and earlier pre-genomic concepts in order to propose a new definition of epigenetics that is faithful to its regulatory nature.
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Epigênese Genética , Epigenômica , Humanos , Epigenômica/métodos , Animais , Metilação de DNARESUMO
The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition and physico-chemical, techno-functional, and in vitro antioxidant properties of flours obtained from the peel and flesh of pitahaya (Hylocereus ocamponis) to determine their potential for use as ingredients for food enrichment. The chemical composition, including total betalains, mineral content, and polyphenolic profile, was determined. The techno-functional properties (water holding, oil holding, and swelling capacities) were also evaluated. For the antioxidant capacity, four different methodologies, namely ferrous ion-chelating ability assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay; 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability assay, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical assay, were used. Pitahaya-peel flour had higher values for protein (6.72 g/100 g), ash (11.63 g/100 g), and dietary fiber 56.56 g/100 g) than pitahaya-flesh flour, with values of 6.06, 3.63, and 8.22 g/100 g for protein, ash, and dietary fiber, respectively. In the same way, pitahaya peel showed a higher content of minerals, betalains, and polyphenolic compounds than pitahaya-flesh flour, with potassium (4.43 g/100 g), catechin (25.85 mg/g), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (11.66 mg/g) and myricetrin (12.10 mg/g) as principal compounds found in the peel. Again, pitahaya-peel flour showed better techno-functional and antioxidant properties than pitahaya-flesh flour. The results obtained suggest that the flours obtained from the peel and pulp of pitahaya (H. ocamponis) constitute a potential material to be utilized as an ingredient in the food industry due to the high content of bioactive compounds such as betalains, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, with notable antioxidant capacity.
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Antioxidantes , Cactaceae , Farinha , Frutas , Polifenóis , Cactaceae/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Frutas/química , Farinha/análise , Polifenóis/análise , Polifenóis/química , Betalaínas/química , Betalaínas/análise , Extratos Vegetais/químicaRESUMO
Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), has killed nearly one billion people during the last two centuries. Nowadays, TB remains a major global health problem ranked among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. One of the main challenges in developing new strategies to fight TB is focused on reducing the duration and complexity of drug regimens. Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main nonpsychoactive ingredient extracted from the Cannabis sativa L. plant, which has been shown to be biologically active against bacteria. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of CBD on M. tuberculosis intracellular infection. Materials and Methods: To assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CBD on mycobacterial strains, the MTT assay was performed on Mycobacterium smegmatis, and the Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) assay was conducted on MtbH37Rv. Additionally, the cytotoxic effect of CBD on THP-1 cells was assessed by MTT assay. Moreover, macrophages derived from the THP-1 cell were infected with MtbH37Rv (multiplicity of infection 1:10) to evaluate the intracellular activity of CBD by determining the CFU/mL. Results: Antimicrobial activity against M. smegmatis (MIC=100 µM) and MtbH37Rv (MIC=25 µM) cultures was exhibited by CBD. Furthermore, the effect of CBD was also evaluated on MtbH37Rv infected macrophage cells. Interestingly, a reduction in viable intracellular MtbH37Rv bacteria was observed after 24 h of treatment. Moreover, CBD exhibited a safe profile toward human THP-1 cells, since it showed no toxicity (CC50=1075 µM) at a concentration of antibacterial effect (selectivity index 43). Conclusion: These results extend the knowledge regarding the antimicrobial activity of CBD and demonstrate its ability to kill the human intracellular pathogen M. tuberculosis.
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Canabidiol , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Humanos , Canabidiol/farmacologia , Tuberculose/terapia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , MacrófagosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data on patients with COVID-19 referred to specialized weaning centers (SWCs) are sparse, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Our aim was to describe clinical features, epidemiology, and outcomes of subjects admitted to SWCs in Argentina. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multi-center, observational study between July 2020-December 2021 in 12 SWCs. We collected demographic characteristics, laboratory results, pulmonary function, and dependence on mechanical ventilation at admission, decannulation, weaning from mechanical ventilation, and status at discharge. A multiple logistic model was built to predict home discharge. RESULTS: We enrolled 568 tracheostomized adult subjects after the acute COVID-19 phase who were transferred to SWCs. Age was 62 [52-71], males 70%, Charlson comorbidity index was 2 [0-3], and length of stay in ICU was 42 [32-56] d. Of the 315 ventilator-dependent subjects, 72.4% were weaned, 427 (75.2%) were decannulated, and 366 subjects (64.5%) were discharged home. The mortality rate was 6.0%. In multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio 0.30 [95% CI 0.16-0.56], P < .001), Charlson comorbidity index (odds ratio 0.43 [95% CI 0.22-0.84], P < .01), mechanical ventilation duration in ICU (odds ratio 0.80 [95% CI 0.72-0.89], P < .001), renal failure (odds ratio 0.40 [95% CI 0.22-0.73], P = .003), and expiratory muscle weakness (odds ratio 0.35 [95% CI 0.19-0.62], P < .001) were independently associated with home discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Most subjects with COVID-19 transferred to SWCs were weaned, achieved decannulation, and were discharged to home. Age, high-comorbidity burden, prolonged mechanical ventilation in ICU, renal failure at admission, and expiratory muscle weakness were inversely associated with home discharge.
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COVID-19 , Insuficiência Renal , Humanos , Masculino , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Debilidade Muscular , Estudos Prospectivos , Respiração Artificial , Desmame do Respirador , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , IdosoRESUMO
El reposicionamiento labial es un procedimiento quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo que se utiliza para tratar una sonrisa gingival, la cual, es una afección en la que una cantidad significativa de la encía queda expuesta cuando una persona sonríe y puede deberse a una variedad de factores, como un exceso de tejido gingival, un labio superior corto o músculos hiperactivos del labio superior, entre otros. El alargamiento clínico de la corona, por otro lado, consiste en eliminar el exceso de tejido gingival y, si es necesario, el tejido óseo para exponer una mayor parte de la corona natural del diente. Se reporta un caso clínico de paciente femenino de 31 años que presentó una sonrisa gingival provocada por hipermovilidad de labio superior y un exceso de tejido gingival localizado. El plan de tratamiento involucró una combinación de reposicionamiento labial y alargamiento de corona. Los resultados estéticos fueron significativos, con la sonrisa del paciente más equilibrada y proporcionada. Se redujo la cantidad de tejido gingival expuesto cuando la paciente sonreía y la longitud de los dientes fue más visible, lo que dio como resultado una sonrisa de aspecto más natural, además de aumentar su aceptación al sonreír.
SUMMARY: Lip repositioning is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to treat a gummy smile, which is a condition in which a significant amount of the gum is exposed when a person smiles and may be due to a variety of factors, such as excess gum tissue, a short upper lip or overactive muscles of the upper lip, among others. Clinical crown lengthening, on the other hand, involves removing excess gingival tissue and, if necessary, bone tissue to expose more of the natural crown of the tooth. Clinical case: A clinical case of a 31-year-old female patient who presented a gummy smile caused by hypermobility of the upper lip and an excess of localized gingival tissue is reported. The treatment plan involved a combination of lip repositioning and crown lengthening. The aesthetic results were significant, with the patient's smile more balanced and displayed. The amount of the patient's exposed gum tissue when smiled was reduced and the length of the teeth was more visible, resulting in a more natural-looking smile, as well as increasing their acceptance of smiling.
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Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a nonenveloped virus of the Circoviridae family. This virus has been identified in pigs of different ages and pigs with several clinical manifestations of the disease or even in apparently healthy pigs. While PCV3 was first reported in 2015, several retrospective studies have reported the virus before that year. The earliest report indicates that PCV3 has been circulated in swine farms since 1996. In this study, we evaluated the presence of PCV3 in samples collected in Mexico in 2008, 2015, 2020, and 2021. This study assessed PCV3 DNA by qPCR and antibodies against CAP protein by indirect ELISA. The results showed that PCV3 (DNA and anti-CAP antibodies) was detected in the samples collected from 2008 to 2021. The highest prevalence was in 2008 (100%), and the lowest was in 2015 (negative). Genetic analysis of ORF2 showed that the virus identified belonged to genotype a, as most of the viruses identified thus far. PCV3 was detected in samples from piglets with respiratory signs and growth retardation, sows with reproductive failure, or asymptomatic piglets and sows. Pigs with respiratory signs, growth retardation, or reproductive failure had a higher prevalence of antibodies and qPCR-positive samples. In conclusion, this study showed that PCV3 has been circulating in Mexico since 2008 and that PCV3 DNA and antibodies were more prevalent in samples from pigs with clinical manifestations of diseases.
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Infecções por Circoviridae , Circovirus , Doenças dos Suínos , Animais , Suínos , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Circoviridae/veterinária , Circovirus/genética , México/epidemiologia , Anticorpos , DNA , Transtornos do Crescimento , FilogeniaRESUMO
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), has killed nearly one billion people in the last two centuries. Nowadays, TB remains a major global health problem, ranking among the thirteen leading causes of death worldwide. Human TB infection spans different levels of stages: incipient, subclinical, latent and active TB, all of them with varying symptoms, microbiological characteristics, immune responses and pathologies profiles. After infection, Mtb interacts with diverse cells of both innate and adaptive immune compartments, playing a crucial role in the modulation and development of the pathology. Underlying TB clinical manifestations, individual immunological profiles can be identified in patients with active TB according to the strength of their immune responses to Mtb infection, defining diverse endotypes. Those different endotypes are regulated by a complex interaction of the patient's cellular metabolism, genetic background, epigenetics, and gene transcriptional regulation. Here, we review immunological categorizations of TB patients based on the activation of different cellular populations (both myeloid and lymphocytic subsets) and humoral mediators (such as cytokines and lipid mediators). The analysis of the participating factors that operate during active Mtb infection shaping the immunological status or immune endotypes of TB patients could contribute to the development of Host Directed Therapy.
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Tuberculose Latente , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Humanos , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolismo , Tuberculose Latente/microbiologia , Citocinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is now the 2nd leading infectious killer after COVID-19 and the 13th leading cause of death worldwide. Moreover, TB is a lethal combination for HIV-patients. Th1 responses and particularly IFN-γ are crucial for immune protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Many gene variants for IFNG that confer susceptibility to TB have been described in multiple ethnic populations. Likewise, some epigenetic modifications have been evaluated, being CpG methylation the major epigenetic mark that makes chromatin inaccessible to transcription factors, thus avoiding the initiation of IFNG transcription. Methods: We evaluated both genetic and epigenetic changes involved in IFN-γ production and TB susceptibility in Argentine population. Amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) was performed for the IFN-γ +874 A/T polymorphism (rs2430561) genotyping in 199 healthy donors (HD) and 173 tuberculosis (TB) patients. IFN-γ levels from M. tuberculosis-stimulated PBMCs were measured by ELISA. The methylation status at the -53 CpG site of the IFNG promoter in individuals with latent infection (LTBI), TB and HD was determine by pyrosequencing. Results: Using a case-control study, we found that A allele and, consequently, AA genotype were overrepresented in patients with active disease. Moreover, HD carrying T allele (AT or TT genotype) evidenced an augmented IFN-γ secretion compared to TB patients. Codominance was the genetic model that best fits our results according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC). In addition, increased methylation levels at the -53 CpG site in the IFN-γ promoter were observed in whole blood of patients with active TB compared to LTBI individuals. Discussion: IFN-γ is regulated by genetic variants and epigenetic modifications during TB. Besides, AA genotype of the rs2430561 single nucleotide polymorphism could be considered as a potential TB susceptibility genetic biomarker in Argentina and the methylation of the -53 CpG site could result in a useful predictor of TB reactivation.
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COVID-19 , Interferon gama , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Humanos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Interferon gama/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Tuberculose/genéticaRESUMO
This article proposes a novel method for detecting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an underground channel using visible light communication (VLC) and machine learning (ML). We present mathematical models of COVID-19 Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) gene transfer in regular square constellations using a CSK/QAM-based VLC system. ML algorithms are used to classify the bands present in each electrophoresis sample according to whether the band corresponds to a positive, negative, or ladder sample during the search for the optimal model. Complexity studies reveal that the square constellation N=22i×22i,(i=3) yields a greater profit. Performance studies indicate that, for BER = 10-3, there are gains of -10 [dB], -3 [dB], 3 [dB], and 5 [dB] for N=22i×22i,(i=0,1,2,3), respectively. Based on a total of 630 COVID-19 samples, the best model is shown to be XGBoots, which demonstrated an accuracy of 96.03%, greater than that of the other models, and a recall of 99% for positive values.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Algoritmos , Comunicação , Luz , Aprendizado de MáquinaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on seroprevalence in a cohort of healthcare workers (HCW) at an ophthalmic medical center. METHODS: IgG antibodies against the N, S1, and S2 antigens of SARS-CoV-2 as well as their serum neutralizing activity were determined. RESULTS: In the present study, we observed that 98.4% of HCW were seropositive for S1/S2 proteins of SARS-CoV-2 due to the national vaccination program. Interestingly, 78.4% of the participants had anti-N protein antibodies, suggesting previous COVID-19 infection. We also evaluated the neutralizing antibodies and found that the mean value was high (90.7%). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that our HCWs cohort presented a robust hybrid humoral response owing to the massive national vaccination program and natural infections.
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COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Pandemias , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Vacinas contra COVID-19 , Pessoal de SaúdeRESUMO
Introducción: las heridas por proyectil de arma de fuego en la región craneofacial provocan daños funcionales devastadoras y deformidades estéticas, que se suman al trauma psicológico al momento del regreso a la vida cotidiana de un paciente. Por esta razón, la reconstrucción adecuada es esencial para una rehabilitación integral. La fijación externa es un método de reducción cerrada de fracturas que implica el uso de tornillos para manipular segmentos sueltos de hueso, que luego se fijan mediante conexiones externas. Es importante recalcar que las fracturas mandibulares causadas por proyectil de arma de fuego son un reto para este tipo de tratamiento. Objetivo: presentar el caso de un paciente con fractura mandibular por proyectil de arma de fuego tratado con fijadores externos y revisión de la literatura sobre este tipo de tratamiento. Caso clínico: paciente masculino de 19 años que presentó fractura de rama mandibular izquierda causado por proyectil de arma de fuego; la fractura se manejó mediante la colocación de fijación intermaxilar con arcos barra tipo Erich y fijación externa durante 3 meses. Como parte del resultado, el paciente presentó una correcta oclusión dentaria y mantiene sus movimientos mandibulares sin ninguna limitación. Esto demuestra que la reducción cerrada y fijación externa debe mantenerse en el arsenal terapéutico debido a sus adecuados resultados comprobados en la literatura y en este caso. Ahora bien, aunque la reducción abierta y fijación interna con material de osteosíntesis hace parte del manejo idóneo para todo tipo de fractura, todos los casos requieren ser individualizados.
Background: wounds from a frearm projectile in the craniofacial region cause devastating functional damage and aesthetic deformities, along with psychological trauma when returning to daily life. This is why proper reconstruction is essential for comprehensive rehabilitation. External fxation is a method of closed fracture reduction that involves the use of screws to manipulate loose segments of bone that are then fxed using external connections. Objective: to present the case of a patient with a mandibular fracture caused by a frearm projectile treated with external fixators and review the literature. Clinical case: a 19-year-old male patient who presented a fracture of the left mandibular ramus caused by a frearm projectile, the fracture was managed by placing intermaxillary fxation with Erich-type bar arches and external fixation for 3 months. The patient presented a correct dental occlusion and maintains his mandibular movements without any limitation. Conclusion: mandibular fractures caused by frearm projectiles are a challenge for treatment. Open reduction and internal fixation with osteosynthesis material is the ideal management for all types of fractures, however, all cases must be individualized, and it must be considered that closed reduction and external fxation must remain in our therapeutic arsenal due to their adequate results verifed in the literature and in our case.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Fixadores Externos , Fraturas Mandibulares , Terapêutica , Ferimentos por Arma de FogoRESUMO
We report the synthesis, structural characterization and SMM behaviour of a new mixed valence Co(II)/Co(III) dinuclear complex bearing the H2pmide ligand. Well defined molecule pairs are observed in the crystal structure, bound through H-bond interactions directed by aqua ligands. From DC magnetometry data, a spin-only Hamiltonian approach including an axial zero-field splitting term seems to be enough for reasonable modelling, with a sizeable D parameter close to 40 cm-1. The first order orbital contribution is extensively quenched due to strong distortion from octahedral symmetry of the Co(II) site. Quantum computation at the CASSCF level supports this interpretation. To model low temperature magnetization data, the H-bond intermolecular exchange interaction is required, with a magnitude close to -1 cm-1, well supported by broken-symmetry DFT computation. This exchange is highly anisotropic due to the existence of a well isolated Kramers doublet at the Co(II) site. AC magnetic susceptibility shows field-induced SMM behaviour with competing Orbach and Raman relaxation pathways as well as a quantum tunnelling process at the lowest probed temperatures. The Orbach thermal barrier agrees with the expected one from combined experimental and quantum computed DC magnetometry analysis.
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Foodborne diseases are extremely relevant and constitute an area of alert for public health authorities due to the high impact and number of people affected each year. The food industry has implemented microbiological control plans that ensure the quality and safety of its products; however, due to the high prevalence of foodborne diseases, the industry requires new microbiological control systems. One of the main causative agents of diseases transmitted by poultry meat is the bacterium Salmonella enterica. Disinfectants, antibiotics, and vaccines are used to control this pathogen. However, they have not been efficient in the total elimination of these bacteria, with numerous outbreaks caused by this bacterium observed today, in addition to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The search for new technologies to reduce microbial contamination in the poultry industry continues to be a necessity and the use of lytic bacteriophages is one of the new solutions. In this study, 20 bacteriophages were isolated for Salmonella spp. obtained from natural environments and cocktails composed of five of them were designed, where three belonged to the Siphoviridae family and two to the Microviridae family. This cocktail was tested on chicken meat infected with Salmonella Typhimurium at 10 °C, where it was found that this cocktail was capable of decreasing 1.4 logarithmic units at 48 h compared to the control.
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Alterations of myeloid cell populations have been reported in patients with tuberculosis (TB). In this work, we studied the relationship between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and monocytes subsets with the immunological responsiveness of TB patients. Individuals with active TB were classified as low responders (LR-TB) or high responders (HR-TB) according to their T cell responses against a cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb-Ag). Thus, LR-TB, individuals with severe disease, display a weaker immune response to Mtb compare to HR-TB, subjects with strong immunity against the bacteria. We observed that LR-TB presented higher percentages of CD16 positive monocytes as compared to HR-TB and healthy donors. Moreover, monocyte-like (M-MDSC) and polymorphonuclear-like (PMN-MDSC) MDSC were increased in patients and the proportion of M-MDSC inversely correlated with IFN-γ levels released after Mtb-Ag stimulation in HR-TB. We also found that LR-TB displayed the highest percentages of circulating M-MDSC. These results demonstrate that CD16 positive monocytes and M-MDSC frequencies could be used as another immunological classification parameter. Interestingly, in LR-TB, frequencies of CD16 positive monocytes and M-MDSC were restored after only three weeks of anti-TB treatment. Together, our findings show a link between the immunological status of TB patients and the levels of different circulating myeloid cell populations.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Células Supressoras Mieloides , Tuberculose , Humanos , Monócitos , Células MieloidesRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Covid-19 is a viral disease that has spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic. Dysgeusia and anosmia are some of its most frequent symptoms. The aim of the study was to determine the frequent signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19 patients. A cross-secional study from 370 patients with acute respiratory illness admitted by emergenc y services of a hospital in Acapulco. An institutional survey was applied to all patients as a data collection instrument, and a SARS-CoV-2 test, by RT-PCR processed by a certified laboratory. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA V13 program. The numerical variables without normality were reported in medians, 25th and 75th percentiles, and the Mann W ithney U test was performed for differences between groups. The categorical variables were presented in percentages and differences between groups with Chi-square test. A generalized linear models (GLM) analysis was carried out to determine the most frequent symptoms and signs associated with COVID-19. Clinical signs and symptoms associated to COVID-19 in the bivariate análysis were dysgeusia, odynophagia, anosmia, arthralgia, myalgia, conjunctivitis, and age older than 40 years. In the final multivariate model only age older than 40 years (OR) 2.2; CI 95 % 1.3,3.8) and dysgeusia (OR 2.1; CI95 % 1.2,3.6) kept significance. Dysgeusia, odynophagia, anosmia, arthralgia, myalgia and conjunctivitis are clinical signs and symptoms that can appear in the early stages of the disease, so they could be important for an early diagnosis.
RESUMEN: El Covid-19 es una enfermedad viral que se ha extendido por todo el mundo, convirtiéndose en una pandemia. La disgeusia y la anosmia son algunos de sus síntomas más frecuentes. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los signos y síntomas frecuentes asociados con los pacientes con COVID-19. Estudio transversal de 370 pacientes con enfermedad respiratoria aguda ingresados por los servicios de emergencia de un hospital de Acapulco. A todos los pacientes se les aplicó una encuesta institucional como instrumento de recolección de datos, y una prueba de SARS-CoV-2, por RT-PCR procesada por un laboratorio certificado. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa STATA V13. Las variables numéricas sin normalidad se reportaron en medianas, percentiles 25 y 75, y se realizó la prueba U de Mann Withney para diferencias entre grupos. Las variables categóricas se presentaron en porcentajes y diferencias entre grupos con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Se realizó un análisis de modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) para determinar los síntomas y signos más frecuentes asociados a la COVID-19. Los signos y síntomas clínicos asociados a COVID-19 en el análisis bivariado fueron disgeusia, odinofagia, anosmia, artralgia, mialgia, conjuntivitis y edad mayor de 40 años. En el modelo multivariado final solo la edad mayor de 40 años (OR) 2,2; IC 95 % 1,3,3,8) y la disgeusia (OR 2,1; IC95 % 1,2,3,6) mantuvieron significanca estadística. Disgeusia, odinofagia, anosmia, artralgias, mialgias y conjuntivitis son signos y síntomas clínicos que pueden aparecer en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad, por lo que podrían ser importantes para un diagnóstico precoz.