RESUMO
The dynamics of the active microbial populations involved in nitrogen transformation in a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VF) treating urban wastewater was assessed. The wetland (1.5m2) operated under average loads of 130gCODm-2d-1 and 17gTNm-2d-1 in Period I, and 80gCODm-2d-1 and 19gTNm-2d-1 in Period II. The hydraulic loading rate (HLR) was 375mmd-1 and C/N ratio was 2 in both periods. Samples for microbial characterization were collected from the filter medium (top and bottom layers) of the wetland, water influent and effluent at the end of Periods I (Jun-Oct) and II (Nov-Jan). The combination of qPCR and high-throughput sequencing (NGS, MiSeq) assessment at DNA and RNA level of 16S rRNA genes and nitrogen-based functional genes (amoA and nosZ-clade I) revealed that nitrification was associated both with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (Nitrosospira) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) (Nitrososphaeraceae), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) such as Nitrobacter. Considering the active abundance (based in amoA transcripts), the AOA population revealed to be more stable than AOB in both periods and depths of the wetland, being less affected by the organic loading rate (OLR). Although denitrifying bacteria (nosZ copies and transcripts) were actively detected in all depths, the denitrification process was low (removal of 2gTNm-2d-1 for both periods) concomitant with NOx-N accumulation in the effluent. Overall, AOA, AOB and denitrifying bacteria (nosZ) were observed to be more active in bottom than in top layer at lower OLR (Period II). A proper design of OLR and HLR seems to be crucial to control the activity of microbial biofilms in VF wetlands on the basis of oxygen, organic-carbon and NOx-N forms, to improve their capacity for total nitrogen removal.
Assuntos
Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Águas Residuárias , Microbiologia da Água , Áreas Alagadas , Amônia , Archaea/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Genes Arqueais , Genes Bacterianos , Oxirredução , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Purificação da ÁguaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to characterize the nitrogen transforming bacterial communities within a partially saturated vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland (VF) treating urban wastewater in southern Brazil. The VF had a surface area of 3144m2, and was divided into four wetland cells, out of which two were operated while the other two rested, alternating cycles of 30days. The nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial communities were characterized in wetland cell 3 (764m2 surface area) over a period of 12months by using the FISH technique. Samples were collected monthly (from Feb 2014 to Feb 2015) from different layers within the vertical profile, during operation and rest periods, comprising a total of 6 sampling campaigns while the cell was in operation and another 6 when the cell was at rest. This wetland cell operated with an average organic loading rate (OLR) of 4gCODm-2d-1 and a hydraulic loading rate of 24.5mmd-1. The rest periods of the wetland cell presented influences on the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (8% and 3% for feed and rest periods, respectively), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) (5% and 2% for feed and rest periods, respectively). However, there was no influence of the rest periods on the denitrifying bacteria. AOB were only identified in the top layer (AOB ß-proteobacteria) in both operational and rest periods. On the other hand, the NOB (Nistrospirae and Nitrospina gracilis) were identified in feed periods just in the top layer and during rest periods just in the intermediate layer. The denitrifying bacteria (Pseudomonas spp. and Thiobacillus denitrificans) were identified from the intermediate layer downwards, and remained stable in both periods. Based on the identified bacterial dynamics, the partially saturated VF wetland operated under low OLR enabled favorable conditions for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.
Assuntos
Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Thiobacillus/metabolismo , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Águas Residuárias , Áreas Alagadas , Brasil , Desnitrificação , NitrificaçãoRESUMO
The synthesis of a newangular analog 11 of cyclozonarone was achieved via Diels-Alder reaction between a sesquiterpene-1,3-diene and 1,4-benzoquinone. The cytotoxic activity of ent-cyclozonarone [(+)-10] and the angular (-)-cyclozonarone analog 11 has been determined in three human cancer cell lines and in normal fibroblasts using the sulforhodamine B assay. The analyzed isomers induce cell death in different cancer cell lines by eliciting nuclear condensation and fragmentation, decreasing mitochondrial membrane permeability and increasing caspase-3 activity, all traits indicating apoptosis, with the effects of (+)-10 being stronger than those of 11 in all cases.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citotoxinas , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/patologia , Citotoxinas/síntese química , Citotoxinas/química , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Fibroblastos/patologia , Humanos , Sesquiterpenos/síntese química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Catechols were synthesized from safrole. Nine derivatives were prepared and assessed for antiproliferative effects using different human cell lines. The in vitro growth inhibition assay was based on the sulphorhodamine dye to quantify cell viability. The derivatives 4-allylbenzene-1,2-diol (3), 4 4-[3-(acetyloxy)propyl]-1,2-phenylene diacetate (6) and 4-[3-(acetyloxy)propyl]-5-nitro-1,2-phenylene diacetate (10) showed higher cytotoxicity than the parent compound 2 in tests performed on two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). The IC50 values of 40.2 ± 6.9 µM, 5.9 ± 0.8 µM and 33.8 ± 4.9 µM, respectively, were obtained without toxicity towards dermal human fibroblast (DHF cells).
Assuntos
Catecóis/farmacologia , Safrol/análogos & derivados , Safrol/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Catecóis/síntese química , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Safrol/síntese químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although the indications for lateral meniscal repair are well established, some aspects are still controversial. The classic recommendation is to avoid going through the popliteal tendon with sutures, even though this is at times difficult to achieve. The purpose of this paper was to assess the feasibility of a meniscal repair that included the popliteal tendon. METHODS: To this end, nine human fresh frozen knees were used, in which a bucket handle lesion of the lateral meniscus was inflicted. The knees were divided into three groups: Group A (control): meniscal repair was performed with 5 vertical sutures, 2 posterior and 3 anterior to the popliteal fossa; Group B: one stitch was added between the lateral meniscus and the popliteal tendon, and Group C: the additional stitch included the meniscus, the popliteal tendon and the articular capsule. In all cases a lateral condyle osteotomy was performed to access the lateral compartment of the knee. Once the osteotomy had been fixed, the knees underwent 1000 gait cycles and a rotational test using an experimental gait simulator. Then a macroscopic assessment of the meniscal repair and the popliteal tendon was performed. RESULTS: No differences were seen in the previous situation in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this experimental model the repair of the lateral meniscus including the popliteal tendon did not seem to have any repercussions on suture viability.
Assuntos
Meniscos Tibiais/cirurgia , Tendões/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Cadáver , Estudos de Viabilidade , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Joelho/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/métodosRESUMO
Two new compounds 2ß-acetoxy-15-phenyl-(22,25-acetoxy)-ent-labda-8(17), 13(E)-diene (9) and 2ß-hydroxy-15-phenyl-(22,24,26-trimethoxy)-ent-labda-8(17),13(E)-diene (10) have been prepared by an Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) reaction between diterpenyl allylic alcohols and 1,4-hydroquinone or 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene using BF(3).Et(2)O as a catalyst. These compounds, along with a series of natural ent-labdanes 3-8, have been evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against cultured human cancer cells of PC-3 and DU-145 human prostate cancer, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma and dermal human fibroblasts (DHF). Some compounds displayed inhibition at µM IC(50 )values.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Diterpenos/química , Hidroquinonas/síntese química , Hidroquinonas/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
This paper investigates the effect of consensual union dissolution on the observed levels of women never in union as estimated from the marital status variable in Latin American population censuses. We compare census data with data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for those countries and years where both sources are available (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru). Results show that the proportions of women never in union based on the census 'marital status' variable are systematically higher than those estimated from the DHS. This overestimation is due to individuals formerly in consensual unions declaring themselves as single at the time of the census. The large proportion of single women that have children is strong evidence of this and at the same time appears to be a valid and practical option to correct the bias.
RESUMO
The synthesis and structural determination of two new diterpenylhydroquinones: 2beta-acetoxy-15-phenyl-(22,25-dihydroxy)-ent-labda-8(17),13(E)-diene(1) and 2beta-hydroxy-15-phenyl-(22,25-dihydroxy)-ent-labda-8(17),13(E)-dieneis reported (2). These compounds were obtained by coupling via Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS) of 1,4-hydroquinone with primary or tertiary allyl alcohol derivatives of the natural ent-labdanes 3 and 4. With this new method, the best results were observed when mixtures of the primary alcohol derivatives 5-6 (26% yield of compound 1) and diol derivatives 9-10 (28% yield of compound 2) were used.