RESUMO
Analysing municipal solid waste (MSW) management scenarios is relevant for planning future policies and actions toward a circular economy. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is appropriate for evaluating technologies of MSW treatment and their environmental impacts. However, in developing countries, advanced assessments are difficult to introduce due to the lack of technical knowledge, data and financial support. This research aims to assess the main potentialities of the introduction of waste-to-energy (WtE) systems in a developing Argentinean urban area considering the existing regulations about MSW recycling goals. The study was conducted with WRATE software and the proposed scenarios were current management, grate incineration of raw MSW and incineration of solid recovered fuel (SRF). In addition, a sensitivity analysis on the energy matrix was included. It was found that the production of SRF allows increasing the energy generation from waste by 200% and reducing the environmental impact of about 10% regarding the current MSW management system. Acidification Potential and Abiotic Depletion Potential were sensitive to changes in electricity mix. Results showed that if MSW reduction goals are achieved, changes in MSW composition will affect the performance of WtE plants and, in some cases, they will be not technically feasible. The outcomes of this study can be of interest for developing countries stakeholders and practitioners interested in LCA and sustainable MSW management.
Assuntos
Eliminação de Resíduos , Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Animais , Resíduos Sólidos , Eliminação de Resíduos/métodos , Argentina , Gerenciamento de Resíduos/métodos , Incineração , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Estágios do Ciclo de VidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anal cancer has become one of the most common non-AIDS-defined tumors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive (HIV+) individuals, and a rise in its incidence among HIV+ Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) has been shown, despite the introduction of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are highly prevalent among HIV+ MSM and recent studies have shown high rates of HPV-associated anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal cancer among this population. METHODS: In the present study we determined the prevalence and nature of HPV co-infections in the anal canal of 324 HIV+ MSM attending a high specialty medical center in Mexico City, DNA extraction and amplification with generic primers for HPV was performed, followed by detection of specific types and co-infections with INNO-Lipa, and identification of variants by amplification and sequencing of the E6 and LCR region of HPV 16. RESULTS: We found a very high prevalence of HPV infections among this cohort (86%), with more than one fourth of them (28%) positive for type 16. Among HPV16-positive patients, European variants were the most prevalent, followed by Asian-American ones. Among these individuals (HPV-16+), we identified co-infections with other 21 HPV types namely; 11, 51, 52, 6, 66, 68, 74, 18, 45, 35, 26, 44, 70, 53, 54, 82, 31, 33, 56, 58, 59. CONCLUSIONS: HIV+ MSM show a very high rate of HPV infections in the anal canal and those with type 16 exhibited a multiplicity of associated types. This study emphasizes the need for an early detection of HPV infections among HIV+ MSM in order to establish its utility to prevent anal neoplasia and cancer.
Assuntos
Canal Anal/virologia , DNA Viral/análise , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Neoplasias do Ânus/virologia , Carcinoma in Situ/virologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , Coinfecção , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Soropositividade para HIV , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The purpose of the present investigation, was to analyze the sequences of 16S ribosomal genes partially amplified from 17 isolated Giardia intestinalis obtained from faces of 13 children with intestinal pathology and four symptoms-free children with intestinal pathology. Analysis was made also with Giardia Portland-I and four Giardias isolated from dogs. Children ages in both groups ranged from six to twelve years. Genomic DNA was isolated using the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol technique, and partial amplification of 16S rRNA ribosomal gene was carried out by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Sequences of rDNA were compared with Portland-I by using CLUSTAL-W (1.81) and PHYLIP (3.6) software in order to determine phylogenic associations. Our results showed that only one isolate from symptoms-free children and three from the symptomatic children were associated with Portland I. The other isolated Giardias were associated between them and with two samples obtained from dogs that are phylogenetically distant from Portland-I. Two isolates from dog constituted a different group. These results suggest a zoonotic infection and presence of symptoms in children from the present investigation; probably it was associated with host or special characteristics of Giardia strains. The last two situations have a special epidemiological and public health interest.
Assuntos
Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardíase/parasitologia , Dor Abdominal/etiologia , Animais , Criança , Estudos Transversais , DNA de Protozoário/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Diarreia/etiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Giardia lamblia/classificação , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Giardíase/complicações , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/transmissão , Giardíase/veterinária , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , ZoonosesRESUMO
The purpose of the present investigation, was to analyze the sequences of 16S ribosomal genes partially amplified from 17 isolated Giardia intestinalis obtained from faces of 13 children with intestinal pathology and four symptoms-free children with intestinal pathology. Analysis was made also with Giardia Portland-I and four Giardias isolated from dogs. Children ages in both groups ranged from six to twelve years. Genomic DNA was isolated using the phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol technique, and partial amplification of 16S rRNA ribosomal gene was carried out by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Sequences of rDNA were compared with Portland-I by using CLUSTAL-W (1.81) and PHYLIP (3.6) software in order to determine phylogenic associations. Our results showed that only one isolate from symptoms-free children and three from the symptomatic children were associated with Portland I. The other isolated Giardias were associated between them and with two samples obtained from dogs that are phylogenetically distant from Portland-I. Two isolates from dog constituted a different group. These results suggest a zoonotic infection and presence of symptoms in children from the present investigation; probably it was associated with host or special characteristics of Giardia strains. The last two situations have a special epidemiological and public health interest.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Criança , Giardia lamblia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Filogenia , Zoonoses , Dor Abdominal , Estudos Transversais , Giardia lamblia , Diarreia , Fezes , México , Cães/parasitologia , DNA de Protozoário/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Giardíase/complicações , Giardíase/epidemiologia , Giardíase/transmissão , Giardíase/veterinária , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , /genéticaRESUMO
Introducción. La suplementación alimentaria ha mostrado efectividad contra la desnutrición en áreas rurales. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la ingestión por 9 meses de la papilla HIM-Maíz sobre el indicador peso/edad en desnutridos menores de 5 años. Material y métodos. El diseño del estudio fue experimental, prospectivo, longitudinal y de casos y controles. Se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación a la ingestión diaria, con la papilla HIM-Maíz por un período consecutivo de 9 meses (grupo estudio (GE)), sobre el estado nutricio (peso/edad) de niños desnutridos menores de 5 años en un municipio rural del estado de Hidalgo, en comparación con otro grupo de niños de las mismas características, de otro municipio, seguidos durante el mismo tiempo pero que no recibieron el suplemento (grupo control (GC)). Al GE se le realizarón 5 evaluaciones antropométricas, basal y 4 subsecuentes; al GC basal y final. Resultados. El GE menor o igual de 24 meses (n=40) mostró una Z basal de -2.5 y final de -1.93; el grupo mayor de 24 meses (n=51) -1.86 y -1.51 respectivamente. El GC iguales o menores de 24 meses (n=19) presentó Z basal de -1.72 y final de -1.76, el grupo mayor de 24 meses presentó Z -1.38. Conclusión. El suplemento papilla HIM-Maíz a los 9 y 12 meses de ingestión diaria, promueve el crecimiento en niños desnutridos de comunidades rurales