RESUMO
Photosynthesis acclimation to high temperature differs among and within species. Grapevine intra-specific variation in photosynthetic acclimation to elevated temperature has been scarcely assessed. Our objectives were to (i) evaluate the mechanisms underlying long-term acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated temperature in grapevine, and (ii) determine whether these responses are similar among two varieties. A warming experiment with well irrigated Grenache and Syrah field-grown plants was performed during two growing seasons comparing plants exposed at ambient temperature (control) with plants in open-top chambers (heating) that increased mean air temperature between 1.5 and 3.6°C. Photosynthetic acclimation was assessed through the response of net assimilation (An), Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and electron transport rate (Jmax), at leaf temperatures from 20 to 40°C. Our results evidenced different mechanisms for photosynthetic acclimation to elevated temperature. Compared with control, Grenache heated increased An, maintaining higher Vcmax and Jmax at temperatures above 35°C. By contrast, Syrah heated and control presented similar values of An, Vcmax and Jmax, evidencing an adjustment of photosynthesis without increasing C assimilation. Both varieties increased the optimum temperature for An, but to a lesser extent when growth temperature was higher. Our study provides evidence that grapevine varieties present different acclimation mechanisms to expected warming.
Assuntos
Vitis , Aclimatação , Dióxido de Carbono , Fotossíntese , TemperaturaRESUMO
Esta investigación tiene por objetivo hallar la relación entre el burnout, el estrés laboral, la satisfacción laboral y el conflicto trabajo-familia en controladores de tráfico aéreo, como variables diferenciales: edad, sexo, estado civil, permanencia laboral, tipo de contrato y presencia o ausencia de hijos. Esta investigación es de tipo descriptivo-correlacional de corte transversal. Se aplicaron los Cuestionario: MBI-GS de Burnout, Instrumento de Medición de detonantes de Estrés Laboral para pilotos (IMDELP) y el Cuestionario Conflicto Trabajo-Familia. La muestra fue de 161 personas, mediante muestreo intencionado. Los resultados indican que se obtuvo un nivel moderado de burnout, estrés laboral y conflicto trabajo-familia, existiendo diferencias significativas y directamente proporcionales a la hora de analizar las dimensiones del burnout relacionándolas con extensión de las jornadas de trabajo y agotamiento, agotamiento y conflicto trabajo-familia, estrés laboral y cinismo
The purpose of the present study was to identify the relation between burnout syndrome, work stress, work satisfaction and work-family conflict in a sample of air traffic controllers, taking in consideration the following variables: age, sex, civil status, work permanence, contract type and presence or absence of children. In this descriptive-correlational study we used the: MBI-GS of Burnout Questionnaire, detonating questionnaire Instrument of measurement of Work Stress for pilots (IMDELP), and the Work- Family Conflict Questionnaire. The sample was 161 Air Traffic Controllers, through intentional sampling. The results indicate a moderate level of burnout, work-related stress and work-family conflict. There were significant and directly proportional differences when analyzing the dimensions of burnout, relating them to the length of work and exhaustion, exhaustion and conflict work-family, work stress and cynicism
RESUMO
El seguimiento de la mama operada e irradiada consta de estudios mamográficos y ecográficos anuales, realizando la primera mamografía a los 6 meses de efectuada la radioterapia. En pacientes con cirugía reconstructiva, el método de imágenes elegido para el seguimiento variará según el tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico que se haya realizado. En pacientes con mutaciones genéticas, el seguimiento debe realizarse con Imagen por Resonancia Magnética (irm) dado el riesgo aumentado de cáncer de mama contralateral. Entre los hallazgos benignos más comunes se encuentran el edema, la necrosis grasa, las distorsiones, las calcificaciones con centro radiolúcido y de hilos de sutura. La mamografía es, en la actualidad, el método de estudio imagenológico ampliamente recomendado en la vigilancia del cáncer de mama y se utiliza para el seguimiento a corto plazo de una enferma de cáncer recientemente tratada con tratamiento quirúrgico conservador de la mama. Sin embargo, la irm es el método que mejor evalúa a la mama operada e irradiada. Posee la mayor sensibilidad para detectar carcinoma mamario primario o debido a recidiva; además, permite el diagnóstico diferencial entre fibrosis y recidiva en la cicatriz y la evaluación de los implantes en las mamas reconstruidas.
The follow-up of the operated and irradiated breast consists about an annual mammographic study and an ultrasound study, doing the first mammography 6 months after radiotherapy was performed. In patients with reconstructive surgery, the imaging method chosen for alternative follow-up depends on the type of surgical procedure that has been performed. In patients with genetic mutations, follow-up should be performed with mri, given the risk of contralateral breast cancer. Among the most common benign findings are edema, fat necrosis, distortions, calcifications with radius centers and suture threads. Mammography is currently the most useful method of study in the surveillance of breast cancer, and is used for the short-term follow-up of a recently treated cancer disease, with conservative surgical treatment of the breast. However, mri is the best diagnostic method for the operated and irradiated breast. It has the highest sensitivity to detect primary breast carcinoma or due to a recurrence, and allows the differential diagnosis between fibrosis and recurrence in the scar and the evaluation of the implants in the reconstructed breasts.