RESUMO
Before carrying out a breastfeeding promotion programme in a periurban area of Mexico City, we conducted a rapid ethnographic study to determine the factors associated with absence of exclusive breastfeeding. The responses to pilot interviews were used to develop a standardized questionnaire regarding reasons for infant feeding choice, sources of advice, and barriers to breastfeeding. We interviewed a random sample of 150 mothers with a child < 5 years of age; 136 (91%) of them had initiated breastfeeding; but only 2% exclusively breastfed up to 4 months. The mothers consistently stated that the child's nutrition, health, growth, and hygiene were the main reasons for the type of feeding selected; cost, comfort, and the husband's opinion were less important. Physicians were ranked as the most important source of advice. Reduction or cessation of breastfeeding occurred on the doctor's advice (68%); or when the mothers encountered local folk illnesses such as "coraje" (52%) or "susto" (54%), which are associated with anger or fright; or had "not enough milk" (62%) or "bad milk" (56%); or because of illness of the mother (56%) or child (43%). During childhood illnesses and conditions, breastfeeding was reduced and the use of supplementary foods was increased. This study emphasizes the importance of cultural values in infant feeding choices, defines specific barriers to breastfeeding, and provides a basis for interventions to promote exclusive breastfeeding in the study population.
PIP: Prior to initiating a community-based intervention program to promote exclusive breast feeding in San Pedro Martir, Mexico, a 2-month (1994) rapid ethnographic assessment was conducted. 150 mothers whose youngest child was under 5 years of age were interviewed. 136 mothers (91%) had breast-fed their infant, for a median duration of 6 months, but only 2% exclusively breast-fed for up to 4 months. Mothers consistently described breast feeding as the best nutrition for their infant. However, the dominant feeding pattern was mixed breast and bottle-feeding. Formula, tea, and water were introduced during the first postpartum day. By the end of the third month, 63% of mothers had introduced solid food to promote growth. It was common practice to reduce breast feeding and increase feeding of supplementary foods when a child was ill. Physicians were the most respected source of knowledge on breast feeding. 42% of mothers reported that, at some point when they were breast feeding, a doctor had advised them to stop and half these mothers complied. The data collected in this rapid survey were used to guide a peer counseling program to promote exclusive breast feeding in the community.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/etnologia , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropologia Cultural , Aleitamento Materno/psicologia , Feminino , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , México , Mães/educação , Mães/psicologia , Avaliação das Necessidades , População Suburbana , Inquéritos e Questionários , DesmameRESUMO
Introducción. La linfadenectomía electiva en los pacientes con melanoma cutáneo sin adenomegalias palpables, efectuada en forma rutinaria, es aún controvertida debido a que la mayoría de las piezas de linfadenectomía no muestran metástasis ganglionares, la morbilidad del procedimiento es considerable y finalmente ha mejorado la supervivencia de estos pacientes. Por esto, es importante identificar preoperatoriamente a los pacientes que se podrían beneficiar de la linfadenectomía, aquellos con metástasis microscópicas no evidentes clínicamente. La técnica actualmente útil para identificar a estos pacientes es la descrita por Morton en 1992 y consisten en efectuar la linfografía transoperatoria con colorante e identificación del glangio centinela, el cual es considerado marcador pronóstico del estado histopatológico del resto de ganglios. Material y métodos. El presente estudio es un informe preliminar de los primeros 60 pacientes con melanoma cutáneo con grosores tumorales mayores a 0.76 mm sometidos a mapeo linfático, identificación y biopsia del ganglio centinela en un periodo comprendido entre 1995 y 1997 en el Hospital de Oncología del Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI" del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. El objetivo es conocer la sensibilidad del colorante azul patente V para la identificación del ganglio centinela. Resultados. Fueron 60 pacientes con media de seguimiento de 14 meses y con diagnóstico de melanoma cutáneo y nivel de Breslow mayor a 0.76 mm. El ganglio centinela se identificó con metástasis en el estudio transoperatorio y hubo cinco falsos negativos identificados en el estudio histopatológico definitivo. Se han presentado cuatro (6.7 por ciento) recurrencias regionales. Conclusiones. El mapeo linfático con azul patente V identifica el menos un ganglio centilena en el 92 por ciento de los pacientes. Es necesario mejorar la téncica de identificación del ganglio centinela, así como el reconocimiento de metástasis con el objeto de disminuir la tasa de recurrencia regional y el número de falsos negativos en el estudio transoperatorio por congelación