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Introducción. Los pacientes con patología abdominal quirúrgica que requieren manejo con abdomen abierto son susceptibles a la pérdida de proteínas desde la cavidad expuesta. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la pérdida proteica a través de dos tipos de cierre temporal abdominal. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio decohorte prospectivo, con pacientes críticos manejados durante el año 2021 con abdomen abierto mediante dos tipos de cierre temporal: bolsa de Bogotá y ABThera™. Se recolectaron muestras intraoperatorias seriadas de líquido peritoneal (días 1, 3 y 5). Se calcularon frecuencias y promedios, y se compararon con las pruebas de Chi cuadrado y t de Student. Resultados. Se incluyeron 25 pacientes. El promedio de pérdida de proteínas en líquido peritoneal fue mayor con el sistema ABThera™ (44,38 g/L) comparado con la bolsa de Bogotá (25,18 g/L; p=0,0185). Durante el seguimiento se observó la tendencia a la disminución del promedio de proteínas perdidas por ambos sistemas, pero con ABThera™ se perdieron en promedio 15,47 gr/L más de proteínas, independientemente del estado nutricional y del aporte proteico recibido (p=0,042). No hubo diferencias según la etiología que llevó al manejo con abdomen abierto, los procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados o el estado de infección por COVID-19. Conclusiones. El abdomen abierto representa una fuente importante de pérdida de proteínas, que es diferente según el tipo de cierre temporal usado. Estas pérdidas deberían considerarse en los cálculos de soporte nutricional en la unidad de cuidado intensivo.

Introduction. Patients with surgical abdominal pathology requiring management with an open abdomen are susceptible to protein loss from the exposed cavity. The objective of this study was to characterize protein loss through two types of temporary abdominal closure. Methods. A prospective cohort study was carried out with critically ill patients managed during 2021 with an open abdomen using two types of temporary closure: Bogota bag and ABThera™. Serial intraoperative peritoneal fluid samples were collected (days 1, 3, and 5). Frequencies and averages were calculated and compared with the Chi square and Student's t tests. Results. Twenty-five patients were included. The average protein loss in peritoneal fluid was higher with the ABThera™ system (44.38 g/L) compared to the Bogota bag (25.18 g/L; p-value=0.0185). During follow-up, a tendency to decrease the average protein lost by both systems was observed, but with ABThera™ an average of 15.47 gr/L more protein was lost, regardless of the nutritional status and protein intake received (p=0.042). There were no differences based on etiology leading to open abdomen management, surgical procedures performed, or Covid-19 infection status. Conclusions. The open abdomen represents an important source of protein loss, which is different depending on the type of temporary closure used. These losses should be considered in calculations of nutritional support in the intensive care unit.

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Background: Air pollution has emerged as a global public health concern. Specifically, in Medellín, Colombia, episodes of elevated air pollution have been documented. Medical students' knowledge of air pollution is paramount for implementing future interventions directed toward patients. The aim of this research was to delineate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding air pollution among medical students at a private university in Medellín. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 352 medical students was conducted. A questionnaire was administered, generating scores ranging from 0 to 100, where a higher score signified better knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Data were analyzed using frequencies, summary measures, non-parametric tests, and linear regression. Results: In total, 31% rated the education received at the university on the relationship between health and air quality as fair to poor, and 81% perceived the air quality in the city as poor. The knowledge score was 77.8 (IQR 71.1-85.6), with 90% acknowledging that exposure to air pollution increases the risk of various diseases. The attitudes score was 82.1 (IQR 71.8-87.2), and 25.9% believed that air pollution is a multifactorial problem, rendering their actions ineffective. In terms of practices, the score was 50 (IQR 42.9-57.1), indicating that students either did not employ protective measures against pollution or used inappropriate practices such as masks or air purifiers. Regression analysis revealed no association between knowledge and practices. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore that medical students possess commendable knowledge regarding the health effects of air pollution. However, their adoption of inappropriate practices for self-protection is evident. The lack of correlation between knowledge and practices highlights the necessity of educational initiatives to be complemented by regulatory and cultural interventions.

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BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are exposed to many factors that activate catabolic and inflammatory pathways, which affect skeletal muscle and are, therefore, related to unfavorable hospital outcomes. Given the limited information on the behavior of muscle mass in critically ill patients, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact on quantitative and qualitative measurements of quadriceps muscle mass using ultrasound after cardiac surgery. To accomplish this, a prospective, descriptive, and correlational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Quadriceps muscle mass was evaluated via ultrasound in 31 adult patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, with daily follow-up until postoperative day 7, as well as an assessment of associations with negative outcomes at 28 days. RESULTS: A 16% reduction in the cross-sectional area of the rectus femoris was found (95% CI 4.2-3.5 cm2; p 0.002), as well as a 24% reduction in the pennation angle of the rectus femoris (95% CI 11.1-8.4 degrees; p: 0.025). However, changes in the thickness of the rectus femoris, vastus internus, vastus lateralis, the length of the fascicle of the vastus lateralis, the pennation angle of the vastus lateralis, the sarcopenia index, and the Hekmat score were not statistically significant. There was no significant association between quadriceps muscle mass measurements and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length stay or 28-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery evaluated by ultrasound exhibit both quantitative and qualitative changes in quadriceps muscle mass. A significant reduction in muscle mass is observed but this is not associated with unfavorable outcomes.

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Este artículo busca explorar la construcción de los vínculos, su relación con el desarrollo de la autonomía y las problemáticas de salud mental de adultos jóvenes excombatientes de grupos armados que hacen parte del proceso de reintegración en Colombia. Se analizaron 3977 registros de la Encuesta Multimodal Psicosocial (EMP) correspondientes a adultos jóvenes entre los 18 y 24 años, que fueron aplicadas en desarrollo del proceso de reincorporación. Se aplicaron dos métodos de análisis estadísticos complementarios: el método de Componentes Principales (ACP) y un método Jerárquico aglomerativo. En el análisis de los procesos vinculares se encontró que en un grupo alrededor de un 80 % de los casos registra haber experimentado rupturas vinculares importantes a causa de la violencia, el abandono temprano y/o vivir en contextos de conflicto y violencia. En cuanto al análisis de los procesos de autonomía, se encontró que un grupo correspondiente al 70 % reporta no contar con las capacidades para garantizar su autonomía y calidad de vida, pasando por condiciones de precarización laboral con riesgo a incurrir en redes de delincuencia. Y un 39 % reporta coincidir alta disposición de riesgo en sus procesos vinculares y de autonomía.

This article seeks to explore the construction of bonds, their relation with the development of autonomy and the mental health problems of young adult ex-combatants of armed groups who are part of the reintegration process in Colombia. A total of 3977 records of the Psychosocial Multimodal Questionnaire (PMS) corresponding to young adults between 18 and 24 years old, which were applied in the development of the reincorporation process, were analyzed. Two complementary statistical analysis methods were applied: The Principal Components Method (PCA) and an agglomerative Hierarchical method. In the analysis of bonding processes, it was found that, in one group, about 80% of the cases recorded having experienced significant bonding ruptures due to violence, early abandonment and/or living in contexts of conflict and violence. Regarding the analysis of the processes of autonomy, a group corresponding to 70% reported not having the capacities to guarantee their autonomy and quality of life, going through conditions of job insecurity with the risk of incurring in criminal networks. And 39% report a high risk disposition in their relationship and autonomy processes.

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El material particulado (PM) es un grupo de elementos sólidos y líquidos producidos por diferentes actividades antropogénicas y naturales, que son emitidos directamente al aire. Tiene diferentes propiedades fisicoquímicas y termodinámicas y según su diámetro aerodinámico se puede clasificar en PM10 (<10 µm), PM2.5 (<2.5 µm) y PM0.1 (<0.1 µm); pueden inhalarse y llegar desde los pulmones a otros órganos, causando enfermedades respiratorias, cardiovasculares y neurológicas, entre otras. Considerando que el feto es susceptible a contaminantes atmosféricos a través de la exposición gestacional y que las perturbaciones en la vida temprana son cruciales para el desarrollo, el PM puede causar complicaciones, incluyendo parto prematuro, bajo peso al nacer y daños neuropsicológicos, entre otras. Esta revisión resume evidencia epidemiológica que demuestra la relación entre la exposición materna a PM y los resultados adversos en el desarrollo del feto, el nacimiento y la infancia, así como algunos mecanismos moleculares que podrían explicar estas asociaciones.

Summary Particulate matter (PM) is a group of solid and liquid elements produced by different anthropogenic and natural activities, which are emitted directly into the air. It has different physicochemical and thermodynamic properties and according to its aerodynamic diameter, it can be classified as PM10 (<10 µm), PM2.5 (<2.5 µm) and PM0.1 (<0.1 µm). It can be inhaled and reach other organs from the lungs, causing respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, among others. Considering that the foetus is susceptible to air pollutants such as PM through gestational exposure, and that early life disturbances are crucial for development, PM can cause various disorders or complications including premature birth, low birth weight and neuropsychological damage, among others. This review summarizes the epidemiological evidence that demonstrates the relationship between maternal exposure to PM and adverse outcomes in foetal development, birth, and childhood, as well as some molecular mechanisms that could explain these associations.

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Abstract. This review provides a qualitative comparative analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of 27 studies in which the results of the implementation of programs involved in child maltreatment are presented with an attachment perspective. The studies were examined following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. It was found that the programs promote the development of maternal sensitivity, mentalization or reflective functioning and empathy, however, the underlying mechanisms are not differentiated according to the type of abuse to intervene. Likewise, it was found that despite the recognition of the mother's violent childhood experiences as one of the main predisposing factors for child abuse, it is a variable that is scarcely considered in the programs examined. These findings indicate the importance of developing intervention programs that consider a cumulative ecological risk perspective.

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Background and Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) and interest (VOI) pose a significant threat to public health because the rapid change in the SARS-CoV-2 genome can alter viral phenotypes such as virulence, transmissibility and the ability to evade the host response. Hence, SARS-CoV-2 quantification techniques are essential for timely diagnosis and follow-up. Besides, they are vital to understanding viral pathogenesis, antiviral evaluation, and vaccine development. Materials and Methods: Five isolates of SARS-CoV-2: D614G strain (B.1), three VOC (Alpha, Gamma and Delta), and one VOI (Mu) were used to compare three techniques for viral quantification, plaque assay, median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and real-time RT-PCR. Results: Plaque assay showed viral titers between 0.15 ± 0.01×107 and 1.95 ± 0.09×107 PFU/mL while viral titer by TCID50 assay was between 0.71 ± 0.01×106 to 4.94 ± 0.80×106 TCID50/mL for the five SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The PFU/mL titer obtained by plaque and the calculated from TCID50 assays differed by 0.61 log10, 0.59 log10, 0.59 log10 and 0.96 log10 for Alfa, Gamma, Delta, and Mu variants (p≤0.0007), respectively. No differences were observed for the D614G strain. Real-time PCR assay exhibited titers ranging from 0.39 ± 0.001×108 to 3.38 ± 0.04×108 RNA copies/µL for all variants. The relation between PFU/mL and RNA copies/mL was 1:29800 for D614G strain, 1:11700 for Alpha, 1:8930 for Gamma, 1:12500 for Delta, and 1:2950 for Mu. Conclusion: TCID50 assay was comparable to plaque assay for D614G but not for others SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our data demonstrated a correlation among PFU/mL and E gene RNA copies/µL, units of measure commonly used to quantify the viral load in diagnostic and research fields. The results suggest that the proportion of infectious virions in vitro changes depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, being Mu, the variant reaching a higher viral titer with fewer viral copies.

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Mining operations often generate tailing dams that contain toxic residues and are a source of contamination when left unconfined. The establishment of a plant community over the tailings has been proposed as a containment strategy known as phytostabilization. Previously, we described naturally occurring mine tailing colonizing plants such as Acacia farnesiana, Brickellia coulteri, Baccharis sarothroides, and Gnaphalium leucocephalum without finding local adaptation. We explored the rhizosphere microbes as contributors in plant establishment and described both the culturable and in situ diversity of rhizospheric bacteria using the 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic shotgun sequencing. We built a synthetic community (SC) of culturable rhizosphere bacteria from the mine tailings. The SC was then the foundation for a serial passes experiment grown in plant-derived nutrient sources, selecting for heavy metals tolerance, community cooperation, and competition. The outcome of the serial passes was named the 'final synthetic community' (FSC). Overall, diversity decreased from in situ uncultivable microbes from roots (399 bacteria genera) to the cultivated communities (291 genera), the SC (94 genera), and the lowest diversity was in the FSC (43 genera). Metagenomic diversity clustered into 94,245 protein families, where we found plant growth promotion-related genes such as the csgBAC and entCEBAH, coded in a metagenome-assembled genome named Kosakonia sp. Nacozari. Finally, we used the FSC to inoculate mine tailing colonizing plants in a greenhouse experiment. The plants with the FSC inocula observed higher relative plant growth rates in sterile substrates. The FSC presents promising features that might make it useful for phytostabilization tailored strategies.

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Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo analizar el componente de salud mental presente en las mallas curriculares de los programas universitarios de psicología, trabajo social, medicina, enfermería y terapia ocupacional en Colombia, 2015. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo, para el cual se hizo uso de fuentes documentales, como las mallas curriculares de los programas y la información descriptiva de los mismos ofrecidas en sus páginas web, y de un grupo de discusión con representantes de las disciplinas en cuestión; participaron 321 programas universitarios que para 2015 se encontraban activos en el Sistema Nacional de Información de la Educación Superior. Se encuentra que la formación en salud mental no es tema de interés explícito en los planes de formación curricular, constituyéndose por lo tanto en un contenido abordado dentro de otros temas más generales, lo que permite concluir que los retos para la formación en salud mental que se infieren de la ley colombiana de salud mental, no son acogidos suficientemente.

This article presents the results of a research that aimed at analyzing the mental health component present in the curriculum of the Psychology, Social Work, Medicine, Nursing and Occupational Therapy university programs in Colombia, in 2015. It is a descriptive qualitative study, for which documentary sources were used such as the curriculum of the programs and the descriptive information offered on their web pages, and a discussion group with representatives of the disciplines in question. A total of 321 university programs that by 2015 were active in the National Information System of Higher Education participated in the study. It was found that training in mental health is not a topic of explicit interest in curricular training plans, thus constituting a content addressed within other more general topics, which allows concluding that the challenges for training in mental health inferred from the Colombian Mental Health Law, are not sufficiently spread.

Este artigo apresenta os resultados duma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar o componente de saúde mental presente nas matrizes curriculares dos programas universitários de psicologia, trabalho social, medicina, enfermagem e terapia ocupacional na Colômbia, 2015. Trata-se dum estudo qualitativo descritivo, para o qual se fez uso de fontes documentais, como as matrizes curriculares dos programas e a informação descritiva das mesmas oferecidas em suas páginas web, e dum grupo de discussão com representantes das disciplinas em questão; participaram 321 programas universitários que para 2015 se encontravam ativos no Sistema Nacional de Informação da Educação Superior. Encontra-se que a formação em saúde mental não é tema de interesse explícito nos planos de formação curricular, constituindo-se portanto em um conteúdo abordado dentro de outros temas mais gerais, o que permite concluir que os retos para a formação em saúde mental que se inferem da lei colombiana de saúde mental, não são aceitados suficientemente.

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Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo analizar el componente de salud mental presente en las mallas curriculares de los programas universitarios de psicología, trabajo social, medicina, enfermería y terapia ocupacional en Colombia, 2015. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo, para el cual se hizo uso de fuentes documentales, como las mallas curriculares de los programas y la información descriptiva de los mismos ofrecidas en sus páginas web, y de un grupo de discusión con representantes de las disciplinas en cuestión; participaron 321 programas universitarios que para 2015 se encontraban activos en el Sistema Nacional de Información de la Educación Superior. Se encuentra que la formación en salud mental no es tema de interés explícito en los planes de formación curricular, constituyéndose por lo tanto en un contenido abordado dentro de otros temas más generales, lo que permite concluir que los retos para la formación en salud mental que se infieren de la ley colombiana de salud mental, no son acogidos suficientemente.

Abstract This article presents the results of a research that aimed at analyzing the mental health component present in the curriculum of the Psychology, Social Work, Medicine, Nursing and Occupational Therapy university programs in Colombia, in 2015. It is a descriptive qualitative study, for which documentary sources were used such as the curriculum of the programs and the descriptive information offered on their web pages, and a discussion group with representatives of the disciplines in question. A total of 321 university programs that by 2015 were active in the National Information System of Higher Education participated in the study. It was found that training in mental health is not a topic of explicit interest in curricular training plans, thus constituting a content addressed within other more general topics, which allows concluding that the challenges for training in mental health inferred from the Colombian Mental Health Law, are not sufficiently spread.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados duma pesquisa que teve como objetivo analisar o componente de saúde mental presente nas matrizes curriculares dos programas universitários de psicologia, trabalho social, medicina, enfermagem e terapia ocupacional na Colômbia, 2015. Trata-se dum estudo qualitativo descritivo, para o qual se fez uso de fontes documentais, como as matrizes curriculares dos programas e a informação descritiva das mesmas oferecidas em suas páginas web, e dum grupo de discussão com representantes das disciplinas em questão; participaram 321 programas universitários que para 2015 se encontravam ativos no Sistema Nacional de Informação da Educação Superior. Encontra-se que a formação em saúde mental não é tema de interesse explícito nos planos de formação curricular, constituindo-se portanto em um conteúdo abordado dentro de outros temas mais gerais, o que permite concluir que os retos para a formação em saúde mental que se inferem da lei colombiana de saúde mental, não são aceitados suficientemente.

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Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo diseñar una propuesta de Modelo de Formación Transdisciplinar en Salud Mental para cuatro programas universitarios en la región de Antioquia (Colombia), con el propósito de contribuir al mejoramiento de esta formación en los profesionales de Psicología, Enfermería, Trabajo Social y Medicina. El estudio tuvo un enfoque cualitativo de tipo documental, aplicado y hermenéutico, que propició la participación de formadores, empleadores y profesionales de las nueve subregiones de Antioquia. Como estrategias de recolección de información, se realizó revisión documental y entrevistas semiestructuradas; se hizo análisis categorial a través de Nvivo, y finalmente se realizó un ejercicio de validación por medio de mesas de trabajo con informantes de la investigación. El desarrollo de la investigación permitió que los informantes pudieran dar cuenta de los principales eventos en salud mental de sus contextos, las necesidades de formación del recurso humano que los acompaña y de algunas estrategias para la formación profesional de este talento humano. Igualmente, se identificaron y describieron los principales eventos en salud mental que son reportados en medios oficiales del Departamento de Antioquia. En conclusión, se da lugar a la construcción del documento que presenta la Propuesta de Modelo de Formación Transdisciplinar en Salud Mental para cuatro programas de pregrado en Antioquia, que incluye modalidades de aplicación que bien pueden acogerse por los diferentes programas en su formación curricular y/o complementaria.

This article presents the results of a research that aimed to design a proposal of a Transdisciplinary Training Model for Mental Health (MH) for 4 Undergraduate Programs in the department (state) of Antioquia (Colombia), with the purpose of contributing to the improvement of the training for the professionals of Psychology, Nursing, Social Work and Medicine. The study had a qualitative approach of an applied, hermeneutic and documenting type, whose data collection strategies consisted of documentary review and semi-structured interviews. Under the first strategy the disciplinary objects of Psychology, Nursing, Social Work and Medicine were reviewed, which allowed the description of the objects of each discipline, the identification of points of convergence and therefore of the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary possibilities. Likewise, we proceeded with the reading of some reports provided by government entities, responsible for ensuring the health and mental health of the inhabitants of Antioquia, to recognize the main events in MH reported in the state. After the documentary review, semi-structured interviews were conducted with different actors involved with the MH: trainers, employers and professionals from the nine subregions of Antioquia; therefore, there were three different interview scripts. Once the interviews were conducted, they were subjected to a categorical analysis through Nvivo. Finally, in a public event with the participants of the research a validation exercise of The Training Model Proposal was carried out, there the results obtained at that point were socialized, so that it was debated in small groups and feedbacks were given. These feedbacks were considered for the final formulation of the Transdisciplinary Training Model Proposal. The development of the research allowed the Interviewed people to account for the more significant mental health events in their areas, as well as the training needs of the human resource that go along with these events and, some strategies for the professional training of this human talent. Likewise, the more significant events in mental health that are reported in official media of the Department of Antioquia were identified and described. Based on these results, the conceptualization of MH was considered for the Thematic Component of the Proposal, training in the clinical area, which in turn implies training in psychopathology, psychiatric patient care and intervention strategies; courses oriented to the understanding and intervention of violence, consumption of Psychoactive Substances, family MH and community MH; knowledge in mental health care procedures, primary care in MH and different approaches to care in MH, such as psychosocial, social determinants of MH and differential approaches, especially the life cycle in relation to childhood and adolescence; Emphasis is also placed on the importance of training in public policies, public health and the functioning of the General Social Security and Health System. It takes place the creation of the document that presents the Proposal for a Model of Transdisciplinary Training in Mental Health for 4 Undergraduate Programs in Antioquia; this proposal includes modalities of application that can be accepted by the different programs in their curricular and/or complementary training. The curricular training, whose topics are stated in the results, must be accompanied by the strengthening of competencies associated with the ability to read contextualized MH issues, which contribute to interventions closer to the reality of the population; as well as, to attend to aspects related to the student's being, oriented to an ethical reflection, to the MH of the student and to the strengthening of their vocation.

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Se presentan los resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo comprender los efectos psicológicos generados tras la ruptura de los lazos con el grupo primario de apoyo debido al fenómeno de prisionalización, con el propósito de contribuir en la formulación de investigaciones que se interesen por la salud mental del interno en prisión desde una perspectiva de familia. La investigación fue cualitativa de tipo estudio de caso; contó con la participación de 5 internos del Complejo Carcelario y Penitenciario de Medellín - Pedregal (COPED), a quienes se les realizaron entrevistas en profundidad, que posteriormente fueron codificadas y categorizadas. El desarrollo de la investigación permitió diferenciar los efectos psicológicos generados por el estado de prisionalización, de los efectos psicológicos producto de la ruptura con el grupo primario de apoyo. Asimismo, permitió identificar las condiciones internas y externas que favorecen o impiden el sostenimiento de un contacto estable con el grupo familiar, mientras se está en estado de prisionalización. De esta manera, se concluye que la adaptación a la cultura carcelaria propicia un restablecimiento de los efectos psicológicos generados por el estado de prisionalización. Sin embargo, no acontece igual respecto a los efectos generados por la ruptura con el grupo primario de apoyo, máxime cuando las condiciones de internamiento dan lugar a que el penado tome la decisión de exacerbar la distancia con su grupo familiar. En ese sentido, los efectos psicológicos derivados de la ruptura con el grupo primario de apoyo tienden a complejizarse en relación con el tiempo de estancia en prisión.

The results of a research whose objective was to understand the psychological effects of breaking bonds with the primary support group because of prisonization are presented with the purpose of contributing in the formulation of researches related to the mental health of inmates in prison from a family perspective. For this purpose, the research aimed to deepen the most significant issues of a group of inmates (male and female) from the Complejo Penitenciario y Carcelario Medellín - Pedregal (COPED) related to family breakdown, being abandoned by the partner, insufficient or inexistent support networks outside the prison and the consequences or psychological reactions caused by them. It is important to mention that the participants in the research were identified by using chain sampling or network sampling. It is also important to note that being a qualitative research, indepth interviews were conducted and later coded and categorized, based on the categories of analysis, namely family background, prisonization and psychological effects. This process favors the transferability of results, based on the in-depth description of the phenomenon in its context (Martínez-Salgado, 2012). In consequence the research process enabled the identification of signs and symptoms that remained in the subjects of research beyond all adaptation processes, and it is because of this characteristic that such symptomatology may not be explained by the theories regarding the psychological effects as a consequence of internment, that is to say, prisonization itself, as they derive from a process of adaptation and assimilation of the culture in prison. In this regard, this research arguments the relevance of the involvement of the family group in the penitentiary processes, seeking to have a positive impact on the functioning of inmates in prison and also on their resocialization and later on their life in freedom. Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge that the contact with the closest support group becomes an essential resource that, properly included in the support process for the inmate, leverages the development of prosocial competences, whilst reestablishing the self-image and preserving the family image create in persons deprived of liberty a commitment with resocialization, besides being the bridge that keeps them anchored to the outside world. This approach promotes the reformulation of the current understanding of the effects associated to the prisonization as immanent status of imprisonment; this idea is based on the fact that the particular conditions of inmates (Echeverri,2010) and the conditions of the institutional context of prison (Crespo, 2017), may not be assessed or intervened in isolation, while, as evidenced on the research herein, a person that is deprived of liberty experiences a series of physical and psychical impacts that are beyond the normalizing processes of adaptation, becoming problems that when transcending the prison premises, need to be understood as a public policy matter.

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Las nanopartículas (NP) son estructuras con tamaño en la escala nanométrica (1 x 10-9 m). Por sus características, en los últimos años ha crecido su potencial para usarlas en los campos biotecnológico y biomédico en una amplia gama de aplicaciones, tales como el diagnóstico, la terapia y la medicina regenerativa. El sistema inmunológico es el responsable de la defensa del cuerpo ante organismos patógenos y otros agentes extraños, como las NP que pueden ser reconocidas por dicho sistema, interactuar con él y modular su función induciendo efectos inmunosupresores o inmunoestimuladores. Las primeras se podrían utilizar como agentes terapéuticos antinflamatorios o para tratar las enfermedades autoinmunes, y las que activan el sistema inmune, como adyuvantes en vacunación o potenciadores de la respuesta inmune en cáncer y otras enfermedades humanas. Sin embargo, su uso en nanomedicina debe estar sujeto a ensayos previos que determinen su efecto en la respuesta inmune antes de aplicarlas a los sistemas biológicos. Por esta razón es importante conocer su composición, tamaño y características superficiales, entre otras propiedades fisicoquímicas, directamente implicadas en los efectos sobre el sistema inmune. Se presenta una visión general de la relación entre las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las NP candidatas para ser usadas en los campos biomédico y biotecnológico y su actividad inmunomoduladora.

Nanoparticles (NP) are structures with a size on the nanometer scale (1 x 10-9 m). Due to their characteristics, their potential use in the fields of biotechnology and biomedicine has grown in recent years with a wide range of applications, such as diagnosis, therapy and regenerative medicine. The immune system is responsible for defending the body against pathogenic organisms and other foreign agents, such as NP, which can be recognized by such system, interact with it and modulate its function inducing immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects. The latter could be used as anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents or to treat autoimmune diseases, and those that activate the immune system, as adjuvants in vaccination or enhancers of the immune response in cancer and other human diseases. However, their use in nanomedicine should be submitted to preliminary tests to determine their effects on the immune response before being applied to biological systems. For this reason it is important to know their composition, size and surface characteristics, as well as other physicochemical properties, directly involved in the effects on the immune system. We present an overview about the relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of NP candidates to be used in the biomedical and biotechnological fields and their immunomodulatory activity.

As nanopartículas (NP) são estruturas com um tamanho na escala nanométrica (1 x 10-9 m). Por suas características, nos últimos anos há crescido seu potencial para ser usadas no campo biotecnológico e biomédico em uma ampla gama de aplicações, tais como o diagnóstico, a terapia e a medicina regenerativa. O sistema imunológico é o responsável da defensa do corpo ante organismos patógenos e outros agentes estranhos, como as NP, que podem ser reconhecidas pelo sistema imunológico, interatuar com elee modular sua função induzindo um efeito imunossupressor ou imunoestimulador. As NP com efeitos imunossupressores poderiam ser utilizadas como agentes terapêuticos anti-inflamatórios ou para tratar as doenças autoimunes e as NP que ativam o sistema imune, como adjuvantes em vacinação ou potenciadores da resposta imune no câncer e outras patologias humanas. Porém, seu uso na nanomedicina deve estar sujeito a ensaios prévios que determinem seu efeito na resposta imune antes de ser aplicadas aos sistemas biológicos. Por esta razão é importante conhecer seu composição, tamanho e características da superfície, entre outras propriedades físico-químicas, diretamente implicadas nos efeitos sobre o sistema imune. Aqui recopilamos uma visão geral da relação entre as propriedades físico-químicas das NP candidatas para ser usadas no campo biomédico e biotecnológico e sua atividade imunomoduladora.

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Este artículo, derivado del estudio Perspectivas psicosociales en Colombia expone el proceso investigativo cuyo objetivo principal fue comprender la perspectiva psicosocial en Colombia considerando experiencias (situaciones abordadas, actores participantes y definiciones de lo psicosocial), referentes teóricos (epistemológicos, disciplinares y metodológicos), retos y oportunidades en el contexto colombiano. El diseño metodológico es cualitativo desde una perspectiva hermenéutica, implementando la entrevista semiestructurada a ocho organizaciones y apoyándose en la revisión de datos derivados de informes sobre "lo psicosocial" disponibles en páginas web, denominada mapeo de redes. Los principales resultados establecen que las experiencias psicosociales, las cuales propenden al bienestar y auto-organización de afectados, se enmarcan en contextos de crisis y vulnerabilidad especialmente en escenarios de violencia política; se identifica que aunque no se explicitan de manera clara referentes teóricos, estos se reflejan en las formas de acción interventiva; se reconoce la importancia de la transdisciplinariedad para generar comprensiones holísticas de fenómenos sociales, se observan como logros la movilización de dinámicas relacionales tanto al interior de la organización como dentro de las comunidades, y como reto la confrontación de discursos y el seguimiento de la acción psicosocial. La principal conclusión alude a que en Colombia la perspectiva psicosocial se enmarca en procesos de intervención que intentan transformar realidades de crisis.

This article, derived from the study "Psychosocial Perspectives in Colombia" presents a research process whose main objective was to understand the psychosocial perspective in Colombia by examining experiences (addressed situations, participating actors and definitions of psychosocial), theoretical landmarks (epistemological, disciplinary and methodological), challenges and opportunities for such experiences in the Colombian context. This was a qualitative design with a hermeneutic perspective, which implemented semi-structured interviews in eight organizations and using network mapping (reviewing data derived from reports of "psychosocial" available on web pages). The main results establish that psychosocial experiences, which aim to create wellness and self-organization in affected populations, are framed in crisis and vulnerability contexts, and especially in scenarios of political violence. Although the theoretical frameworks are not clearly identified, these are reflected in the forms of interventional action; the importance of recognizing transdisciplinariety to generate holistic understandings of social phenomena. Some achievements of the perspective include the mobilization of relational dynamics both within the organization and within the community, and amongst the challenges we found confronting speeches and monitoring of psychosocial action. The main conclusion is that the psychosocial perspective in Colombia is part of intervention process that tries to transform crisis situations.

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El asbesto es un grupo de minerales no metálicos fibrosos, compuestos de silicatos de doble cadena que poseen gran resistencia a la tensión y la degradación química y conductividad térmica baja. A pesar de la evidencia experimental y poblacional de que dichos minerales son agentes cancerígenos y de su reconocimiento como tales por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, aún se los sigue usando en muchos países, Colombia incluida, a costa de la salud de los trabajadores, lo que se ha convertido en un problema mundial por el desarrollo de enfermedades asociadas a estos minerales en individuos expuestos. En este artículo se hace una revisión sobre el asbesto, las enfermedades asociadas a él y la normatividad mundial y colombiana frente al mismo; además, se plantea la conveniencia de evaluar la utilidad de la monitorización genética como complemento para el seguimiento de los individuos expuestos, que permita mejorar la vigilancia en nuestro país del desarrollo de cáncer de pulmón, mesotelioma y otras enfermedades asociadas con el asbesto.

Asbestos is a group of fibrous non-metallic minerals, composed of double chain silicates, that shows high resistance to tension and chemical degradation and low thermal conductivity. Despite being recognized as carcinogenic agents by the World Health Organization (WHO), based on experimental evidences and population studies, asbestos are still used in many countries at the expense of the health of workers. This has become a worldwide problem associated with the increase of asbestos-related diseases in exposed persons. In this article, we review asbestos and their associated diseases; the use, exposure and existing regulations on asbestos both in Colombia and in other countries. Finally, we raise the possibility of evaluating the usefulness of genetic monitoring in addition to following-up exposed individuals. This would enable a better surveillance in our country with respect to lung cancer, mesothelioma and other asbestos-related diseases.

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En humanos y caninos, el proceso de envejecimiento aumenta el riesgo de padecer enfermedades neurodegenerativas tales como la enfermedad de Alzheimer y el síndrome de disfunción cognitiva de perros senior. Estos síndromes demenciales provocan alteraciones patológicas en diferentes áreas cerebrales, generando un evidente déficit cognitivo caracterizado por cambios comportamentales como alteración en los procesos de memoria y aprendizaje. Los efectos deletéreos sobre la calidad de vida en pacientes humanos afectados por la enfermedad de Alzheimer, promueven la necesidad de encontrar patologías similares que afecten a otras especies, haciendo de estas, modelos experimentales útiles para la investigación de los padecimientos humanos. Recientemente ha sido sugerida una estrecha similitud entre varias de las características clínicas, anatómicas y fisiopatológicas propias de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y el síndrome de disfunción cognitiva de perros senior, en las que se incluye la formación y acumulación de placas amiloideas, apoptosis de neuronas colinérgicas con la consiguiente disminución del neurotransmisor Acetil-colina, déficit cognitivo de tipo progresivo y alteraciones en el ciclo sueño-vigilia, entre otras. Así, el avance en el conocimiento de los procesos implicados en la fisiopatología del síndrome de disfunción cognitiva de perros senior, y tras reconocer sus similitudes con los ocurridos durante la enfermedad de Alzheimer, ha facilitado los estudios que tienen como objetivo la comprensión de algunos aspectos que aún no han sido muy bien detallados en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas humanas. Además, al considerar la alta probabilidad de padecer el síndrome de disfunción cognitiva de perros senior, que se identifica en algunas poblaciones caninas, da cabida a la posibilidad de proponer al perro, como un modelo óptimo de experimentación para la investigación de los procesos neurodegenerativos asociados al envejecimiento de los humanos.

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Como resultado del terremoto del 25 de enero de 1999 en Armenia, se creó un ambiente favorable para la proliferación de mosquitos debido al colapso de edificaciones y a la reubicación de parte de la población en áreas donde se favoreció el contacto con posibles vectores de enfermedades. Con el fin de obtener información de base para el programa de control de vectores, se llevó a cabo con muestreo entre los meses de septiembre de 1999 y febrero del 2000, para caracterizar la fauna de larvas de mosquitos en los criaderos encontrados en 14 de las 15 zonas en que fue organizada la ciudad para el proceso de reconstrucción. Se recolectaron 7 especies de mosquitos; Aedes aegypti fue la especie más abundante en los 7 tipos de criaderos determinados en el estudio en todas las zonas muestreadas. El índice de Breteau (10,92), el índice larvario (8,22) y el índice de depóstio (9,44) determinados en este estudio, demuestran el alto riesgo de transmisión del dengue en la ciudad y, por ende, la necesidad de continuar e incrementar los esfuerzos de control del vector de la enfermedad

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