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Resumen Introducción: la profilaxis preexposición al VIH (PrEP) ha demostrado disminuir la incidencia del VIH, pero su adopción en Colombia es aún incipiente. Para avanzar en la implementación de la PrEP como intervención de salud pública es necesario conocer el interés de las poblaciones en riesgo de VIH y los factores que facilitarían su uso. Objetivo: identificar los factores relacionados con el interés e intención de tomar PrEP en hombres gay/bisexuales. Metodología: estudio transversal analítico en una muestra no probabilística en ciudades principales de Colombia. Se exploraron las características sociodemográficas, conocimiento, motivaciones, habilidades conductuales y factores psicosociales, se utilizaron modelos logísticos para estimar la relación de estos factores con el interés y la intención de usar la PrEP. Resultados y conclusiones: participaron 552 hombres gay/bisexuales, 301 (54 %) reclutados en línea y 251 en persona. Solo el 40 % de la muestra sabía de la existencia de PrEP. 57.4 % (IC95%:54.9%-62.4%) reportaron interés e 52.9 % (IC95%: 48.5%-57.3%) intención de usar PrEP. El interés y la intención de usar la PrEP se relacionaron con actitudes y normas positivas hacia PrEP, así como con mayores habilidades relacionadas con servicios de PrEP. El estigma hacia la PrEP y los síntomas depresivos se relacionaron con menor interés e intención. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de fomentar la información sobre PrEP, especialmente en poblaciones con más desventajas sociales y que experimentan más estigma, al igual que desarrollar intervenciones comunitarias que apoyen las motivaciones y las habilidades para usar la PrEP.
Abstract Introduction: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to reduce the incidence of HIV, but its adoption in Colombia is still beginning. To advance the implementation of PrEP as a public health intervention, it is necessary to know the interest of populations at risk of HIV and the factors that would facilitate its use. Objective: Identify factors related to interest and intention to take PrEP in gay/bisexual men. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study in a non-probabilistic sample in main cities of Colombia. Sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, motivations, behavioral skills, and psychosocial factors were explored; logistic models were used to estimate the relationship of these factors with interest and intention to use PrEP. Results and conclusions: 552 gay/bisexual men participated, 301 (54%) recruited online and 251 in person. Only 40% of the sample knew of the existence of PrEP. 57.4% (95% CI: 54.9%-62.4%) reported interest and 52.9% (95% CI: 48.5%-57.3%) intention to use PrEP. Interest and intention to use PrEP were related to positive attitudes and norms toward PrEP, as well as greater skills related to PrEP services. Stigma toward PrEP and depressive symptoms were related to lower interest and intention. Our results suggest the need to promote information about PrEP, especially in populations with more social disadvantages and who experience more stigma, as well as to develop community interventions that support motivations and skills to use PrEP.
Resumo Introdução: Foi demonstrado que a profilaxia pré-exposição ao VIH (PrEP) reduz a incidência do VIH, mas a sua adopção na Colômbia está apenas a começar. Para avançar na implementação da PrEP como intervenção de saúde pública, é necessário conhecer o interesse das populações em risco de VIH e os fatores que facilitariam a sua utilização. Objetivo: Identificar fatores relacionados ao interesse e intenção de tomar PrEP em homens gays/bissexuais. Metodologia: Estudo analítico transversal em amostra não probabilística nas principais cidades da Colômbia. Foram exploradas características sociodemográficas, conhecimentos, motivações, habilidades comportamentais e fatores psicossociais; modelos logísticos foram utilizados para estimar a relação desses fatores com o interesse e intenção de uso da PrEP. Resultados e conclusões: Participaram 552 homens gays/bissexuais, 301 (54%) recrutados online e 251 pessoalmente. Apenas 40% da amostra sabia da existência da PrEP. 57,4% (IC 95%: 54,9%-62,4%) relataram interesse e 52,9% (IC 95%: 48,5%-57,3%) intenção de usar a PrEP. O interesse e a intenção de usar a PrEP estavam relacionados com atitudes e normas positivas em relação à PrEP, bem como com maiores competências relacionadas com os serviços de PrEP. O estigma em relação à PrEP e os sintomas depressivos foram relacionados com menor interesse e intenção. Os nossos resultados sugerem a necessidade de promover informação sobre a PrEP, especialmente em populações com mais desvantagens sociais e que sofrem mais estigma, bem como desenvolver intervenções comunitárias que apoiem motivações e competências para usar a PrEP.
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INTRODUCTION: There is insufficient evidence supporting the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for syphilis in people living with HIV (PLWH). We evaluated the diagnostic performance of two commercially available RDTs (Bioline and Determine) in PLWH in Cali, Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional field validation study on consecutive adults with confirmed HIV diagnosis attending three outpatient clinics. Both RDTs were performed on capillary blood (CB), obtained by finger prick, and sera, by venipuncture. A combination of treponemal enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) on serum samples was the reference standard. Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and clinical criteria were added to define active syphilis. Sensitivity and specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios (LR) of RDTs were estimated with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Stratified analyses by sample type, patient characteristics, non-treponemal titers, operator and re-training were performed. RESULTS: 244 PLWH were enrolled, of whom 112 (46%) had positive treponemal reference tests and 26/234 (11.1%) had active syphilis. The sensitivities of Bioline on CB and sera were similar (96.4% vs 94.6%, p = 0.6). In contrast, Determine had a lower sensitivity on CB than sera (87.5% vs 99.1%, p<0.001). Sensitivities were lower in PLWH not receiving ART (Bioline 87.1% and Determine 64.5%, p<0.001) and for one of the operators (Bioline 85% and Determine 60%, p<0.001). Specificities of the RDTs were > 95% in most analyses. Predictive values were 90% or higher. For active syphilis, the RDTs showed a similar performance pattern but with decreased specificities. CONCLUSION: The studied RDTs have an excellent performance in PLWH to screen for syphilis and potentially for active syphilis, yet Determine performs better on sera than CB. Patient characteristics and potential difficulties operators may face in acquiring enough blood volume from finger pricks should be considered for the implementation and the interpretation of RDTs.
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Infecções por HIV , Sífilis , Adulto , Humanos , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Sorodiagnóstico da Sífilis , Estudos Transversais , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos , Treponema pallidum , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Infecções por HIV/diagnósticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: HIV is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There is insufficient information regarding comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors in the Colombian HIV population. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities in patients from the HIV Colombian Group VIHCOL. METHODS: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted in the VIHCOL network in Colombia. Patients 18 years or older who had at least 6 months of follow-up were included. A stratified random sampling was performed to estimate the adjusted prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 1616 patients were included. 83.2% were men, and the median age was 34 years. The adjusted prevalence for dyslipidemia, active tobacco use, hypothyroidism, and arterial hypertension was 51.2% (99% CI: 48.0%-54.4%), 7.6% (99% CI: 5.9%-9.3%), 7.4% (99% CI: 5.7%-9.1%), and 6.3% (99% CI: 4.8%-7.9%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this Colombian HIV cohort, there is a high prevalence of modifiable CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia and active smoking. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures for the prevention and management of these risk factors should be reinforced.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Dislipidemias , Infecções por HIV , Adulto , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
In 2019, Colombia approved the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP). Therefore, we conducted a situational analysis in HIV-care providers to identify barriers and facilitators for PrEP implementation. A survey was applied to a non-probabilistic sample of health care workers of HIV-specialized clinics. We examined PrEP awareness and familiarity, comfort with PrEP-related activities, perceived barriers for PrEP implementation, concerns, and attitudes. Poisson regressions assessed the relationship between these factors and the variable "having a plan to offer PrEP". The participation rate was 41% and included physicians (42.6%) and other health professionals (57.4%). Fifty-one percent of the participants reported more than five years of experience caring for people living with HIV. Forty-two percent of non-physician health care workers were nurses. Most reported high familiarity/comfort with PrEP-relevant activities. Concerns about PrEP were prevalent (> 50%) and included causing more harm than good, reducing condom use, medication non-adherence, drug resistance, and healthcare system barriers. Physicians had a plan to offer PrEP (72.2%) more often than other health professionals (52.6). Having a plan to offer PrEP was related to PrEP knowledge and comfort assessing sexual behavior and providing HIV counseling. Overall, about half of HIV-care providers seemed ready to offer PrEP and constitute an asset for PrEP implementation efforts in Colombia. PrEP awareness among non-physicians, PrEP concerns, and negative attitudes need to be addressed to enhance implementation.
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Fármacos Anti-HIV , Infecções por HIV , Profilaxia Pré-Exposição , Humanos , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Colômbia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em SaúdeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the construct validity Spanish version of knowledge, stigma, norms, and self-efficacy scales regarding PrEP in MSM. METHODS: Sample of 287 MSM. Exploratory confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory were used to validate the constructs. Correlations and confidence interval-based estimation of relevance analyses were conducted to correlate the scales with willingness and intention to use PrEP. RESULTS: Attitude, stigma, and descriptive and subjective norms scales showed good construct validity and were related to intention and willingness to use PrEP. However, the knowledge scale and self-efficacy scales require further refinement. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides useful information for assessing information, motivation, and self-efficacy related to PrEP use. Our results could be used to test the scales and the theoretical model in other contexts to confirm their usefulness.
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Abstract Introduction: HIV replication and the suboptimal use of antiretrovirals are directly related to the appearance of resistant mutations. The objective of this study was to describe the resistance mutations (RMs) present in HIV infected patients who experienced antiretroviral treatment failure between 2002 and 2015 in Cali, Colombia. Method: 403 genotypes of adult patients with HIV/AIDS who received ART and experienced virological failure were analyzed. With informed consent, resistance genotype testing was performed using TRUGENE HIV-1; the RMs were defined according to the International AIDS Society-2015 list. The sample was subdivided by periods (2002-2006 vs 2007-2015) and early versus late genotyping. Mutations with ≥15 points to some ARV were considered, according to the Stanford HIV database. Results: comparing the periods, there were more RMs for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in 2007-2015 than in 2002-2006 (85% vs. 60%, respectively, p<0.0001), but protease inhibitors were less affected in 2007-2015 than in 2002-2006 (11% vs. 29%, respectively, p < 0.001). The M184V and K103 N mutations were the most frequent RMs in reverse transcriptase (RT) for NRTIs and NNRTIs, respectively. A total of 67.5% were early genotypes. There was a higher prevalence of certain RMs in late genotypes compared to early ones, mainly for RMs to PIs (D30N, L90M) and NRTIs (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W); but a lower prevalence of RMs to NNRTIs (Y181C). Conclusion: the late resistance genotypes were associated with higher levels of resistance mutations, mainly to the NNRTI and NRTI families, limiting their use as a rescue therapy alternative. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1546).
Resumen Introducción: la replicación del VIH y la utilización subóptima de antirretrovirales, se relacionan directamente con la aparición de mutaciones de resistencias. el objetivo del estudio fue describir las mutaciones de resistencia (mdr) presentes en pacientes infectados por vih que fracasaron a la terapia antirretroviral entre 2002 y 2015 en cali, colombia. Metodología: se analizaron 403 genotipos de pacientes adultos con VIH/SIDA que recibían TAR y experimentaban fracaso virológico. Bajo consentimiento informado, se llevó a cabo la prueba de genotipo de resistências usando TRUGENE HIV-1, se definieron las MDR según el listado de International AIDS Society-2015. Se subdividió la muestra por periodos (2002-2006 vs 2007-2015) y momento de genotipificación temprano versus tardio. Mutaciones con ≥15 puntos a algún ARV fueron consideradas, según la HIV-database de Stanford. Resultados: comparando los periodos, en 2007-2015 hubo mayor afectación de MDR para los inhibidores no nucleosídicos de la transcriptasa reversa (ITINAN) frente a 2002-2006 (85% vs. 60%, respectivamente, p<0.0001), pero menor afectación en 2007-2015 frente a 2002-2006 para inhibidores de la proteasa (11% vs. 29%, respectivamente p < 0.001). Mutaciones M184V y K103N fueron las MDR más frecuentes en la retrotranscriptasa (RT) para ITIAN e ITINAN, respectivamente. El 67.5% fueron genotipos considerados tempranos. Mayor prevalencia de ciertas MDR cuando el genotipo fue tardío frente al temprano, principalmente para MDR a IP (D30N, L90M), ITIAN (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W), pero menor para MDR a ITINAN (Y181C). Conclusion: los estudios de genotipo de resistencias realizados tardiamente, se asociaron con mayores niveles de mutaciones que confieren resistencias, principalmente a las familias de ITINAN e ITIAN, limitando su uso como alternativa terapéutica de rescate. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2019.1546).
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Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Adulto , HIV , Resistência a Medicamentos , Colômbia , Adulto , Antirretrovirais , Genótipo , MutaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Generic drug policies are often associated with concerns about the quality and effectiveness of these products. Phase IV clinical trials may be a suitable design to assess the effectiveness and safety of generic drugs. The objective of this study was to describe the effectiveness and the safety of the generic abacavir/lamivudine and efavirenz in treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients. METHODS: A monocentric, nonrandomized, open-label, phase IV study in treatment naïve HIV-infected patients 18 years or older with indication to receive abacavir/lamivudine and efavirenz were recruited from a program that provides comprehensive outpatient consultation and continuing care. The primary end-point was to achieve viral load <40 copies/mL at 12 months after baseline to assess effectiveness. Secondary end-point of the study were 1) to asses increasing in T-CD4 lymphocytes levels as accompaniment to asses effectiveness, and 2) to assess both gastrointestinal, skin, and central nervous system symptoms, and lipid profile, cardiovascular risk, renal, and hepatic function as safety profile. Data were determined at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Close clinical monitoring and pharmaceutical care were used for data collection. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to compare proportions or medians. RESULTS: Sixty patients were invited to participate in the study; 42 were enrolled and 33 completed the follow-up. Of the nine patients excluded from the study, only one was withdrawn due to adverse events. At 12 months, 31 of 42 patients (73.8 % in intention-to-treat analysis) achieved a viral load of HIV1 RNA <40 copies/mL. There was a significant increase (172 cells/mm3) in the median for CD4 T lymphocyte count. The adverse events were mild and met the safety profile for this antiretroviral regimen, mainly of central nervous system symptoms, skin rash, lipid abnormalities, and an increase of 2 % in the median of the percentage of cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical outcomes of generic version of abacavir/lamivudine and efavirenz in HIV treatment naïve patients showed the expected safety and effectiveness profile of proprietary ARV drugs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registro Público Cubano de Ensayos Clínicos (RPCEC) ID: RPCEC00000202 . Registered 19 November 2015.