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PURPOSE: We retrospectively analyzed the electroclinical features, treatment, and outcome of patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) who presented with unusual clinical manifestations. METHOD: A retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study was conducted evaluating 44 patients with PS who had seizures with an unusual semiology. Data from patients with PS seen at eight Argentine centers between April 2000 and April 2019 were collected. RESULTS: Twelve patients (29.2%) had ictal syncope or syncope-like epileptic seizures. Three children (7.3%) had recurrent episodes of vomiting. Four patients (9.7%) presented with urinary incontinence associated with autonomic signs and consciousness impairment. One child had hiccups with autonomic manifestations followed by eye deviation. One boy had episodes of laughter with autonomic symptoms followed by loss of consciousness. Six patients (14.6%) had hyperthermia without acute febrile illness with autonomic symptoms as the first manifestation. Six others (14.6%) had focal motor seizures characterized by eye and head deviation in four and eyelid blinking in two. Four patients (9.7%) had ictal headache as the initial manifestation followed by nausea and vomiting. Two children (4.8%) had their first seizure while asleep associated with cardiorespiratory arrest. Two children (4.8%) had oral automatisms, such as sucking and chewing. In two children (4.8%) coughing was the initial manifestation followed by emetic symptoms. One patient (2.3%) had vertigo with a sensation of fear, with eye deviation and unresponsiveness. One child started with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep, behavior disturbances, and emetic symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this study, evidence of the existence of unusual clinical cases of PS with typical EEG patterns was found. Outcome was excellent.

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OBJECTIVE: We describe the evolution of the electroclinical picture of patients with different types of self-limited epilepsy of childhood (SLEC) occurring at the same or at different times with or without atypical evolutions as well as patients with SLEC associated with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was conducted evaluating patients with SLEC who had focal seizures of different types of SLEC including atypical evolutions as well as SLEC associated with absence epilepsy seen at eight Argentinian centers between April 2000 and April 2019. Of 7705 patients with SLEC, aged between 2 and 14 years (mean, 7.5 years), of whom 2013 were female and 5692 male (ratio, 1:2.8), 5068 patients had SLECTS, 2260 patients had self-limited childhood occipital epilepsy Panayiotopoulos type (SLE-P), 356 had self-limited childhood occipital epilepsy Gastaut type (SLE-G), and 21 had self-limited epilepsy with affective seizures (SLEAS). Electroclinical features typical of more than one SLEC syndrome were recognized in 998 (13 %) children. RESULTS: We recognized three well-defined groups of patients. The most frequent association was SLE-P and SLECTS, the paradigmatic type, but associations of SLE-P and SLE-G, SLECTS and SLE-G, and SLEAS and SLE-P or SLECTS were also recognized. The second-most-common association was SLEC and an atypical evolution. In this group, the most frequent combination was SLECTS with its atypical evolution, opercular status epilepticus, epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-waves during slow sleep, or Landau-Kleffner syndrome. SLE-P and SLE-G associated with an atypical evolution were also identified. The third, less-frequent group had SLECTS, SLE-P, or SLE-G associated with CAE. These cases support the concept that the different types of SLEC are part of a self-limited childhood seizure susceptibility syndrome. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that 13 % of our patients with SLEC have with different types of SLEC occurring at the same or at different times with or without atypical evolutions - i.e. CSWSS - as well as patients with SLEC associated with CAE, supporting the concept of the self-limited childhood seizure susceptibility syndrome.

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OBJECTIVE: Here we present cases of focal epilepsy with affective symptoms analyzing seizure characteristics, EEG pattern, treatment, and outcome. METHODS: A multicenter, descriptive, retrospective study was conducted evaluating 18 patients with self-limited epilepsy who presented with seizures with affective symptoms seen between April 2000 and April 2018 at eight Argentinian centers. RESULTS: Eighteen patients had focal seizures with affective symptoms; all of them had affective symptoms characterized by sudden fright or terror and screaming. Seizures started with manifestations of sudden fright or terror manifested by a facial expression of fear; consciousness was mildly impaired in 15/18 patients. Eleven of the patients also had autonomic manifestations, such as pallor, sweating, and abdominal pain. In addition, four of these 11 patients had ictus emeticus and one also presented with unilateral deviation of the eyes and head. Speech arrest, salivation, glottal noises, and chewing or swallowing movements were observed in 2/18 patients at the onset of the affective seizures. Two others also had mild asymmetric dystonic seizures involving both hands and arms. Three patients had tonic deviation of the mouth involving the lips and tongue as well pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, resulting in anarthria and drooling. Two patients had brief hemifacial focal clonic seizures. CONCLUSION: Affective manifestations associated or not with motor and/or autonomic manifestations and associated with typical EEG features of the idiopathic focal epilepsies of childhood is a particular presentation of self-limited focal epilepsy in childhood.

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PURPOSE: We retrospectively analyzed the seizure characteristics, EEG pattern, treatment, and outcome in a series of patients with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SLECTS) who presented with unusual clinical manifestations. METHOD: A retrospective, descriptive, multicenter study was conducted evaluating 46 patients with SLECTS who had seizures with an unusual semiology. We collected data from patients with SLECTS seen at eight Argentine centers between April 1998 and April 2018. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (28.2 %) had seizures with affective symptoms characterized by sudden fright and autonomic disturbances and mild impairment of consciousness. Eleven patients (24.8 %) had frequent seizures characterized by unilateral facial sensorimotor symptoms, oropharyngolaryngeal manifestations, and speech arrest with sialorrhea only when awake. Seven patients (15.3 %) started with opercular epileptic status with unilateral or bilateral clonic seizures of the mouth with speech arrest and sialorrhea when awake and during sleep. Seven patients (15.3 %) had postictal Todd's paralysis after unilateral clonic seizures with facial and limb movements lasting between 60 min and 130 min. Six patients (13 %) had negative myoclonus, two in a unilateral upper limb, two in a unilateral lower limb, and the remaining two patients had frequent falls. One patient (2.1 %) had focal sensorimotor seizures characterized by unilateral numbness in the cheeks and one upper limb, additional to unilateral facial clonic seizures, speech arrest, and sialorrhea. The remaining patient (2.1 %) had sporadic focal tonic-dystonic seizures in the left upper limb only during sleep. CONCLUSION: In our study, we found evidence of the existence of unusual clinical cases of SLECTS with typical EEG patterns and an excellent prognosis.

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Lafora's disease is infrequent. However, it is one of the most common causes of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. We present the case of a 19-year-old woman, without comorbidities and normal development that started at 8 years with seizures and that from 15 years, had progressive cognitive deterioration. She was admitted to our institution with a diagnosis of super refractory status epilepticus. The diagnosis of Lafora's disease was made through pathological anatomy, later a genetic test was performed that reported a pathogenic variant of the EPM2A gene, confirming the diagnosis. We present a cause of progressive myoclonic epilepsy, with an ominous prognosis and a treatment oriented to palliative measures, so it is important to analyze the differential diagnoses with other entities, in order to establish a prognosis, offer better quality of life, adequate medical care and provide genetic counseling to family members.

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La enfermedad de Lafora es infrecuente; sin embargo, es una de las causas más comunes de epilepsia mioclónica progresiva. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 19 años sin comorbilidades y pautas madurativas normales, que inició a los 8 años con convulsiones y que a partir de los 15 años agregó deterioro cognitivo progresivo. Fue internada en nuestra institución con diagnóstico de estatus epiléptico super refractario. Se diagnosticó enfermedad de Lafora, confirmada por la anatomía patológica, y posteriormente se realizó un test genético que informó una variante patogénica del gen EPM2A, que confirmó el diagnóstico. Presentamos una causa de epilepsia mioclónica progresiva, con un pronóstico ominoso y un tratamiento orientado a medidas paliativas, por lo que es importante analizar los diagnósticos diferenciales con otras entidades, a fin de establecer un pronóstico, ofrecer mejor calidad de vida, asistencia médica adecuada y brindar asesoría genética a los familiares.

Lafora's disease is infrequent. However, it is one of the most common causes of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. We present the case of a 19-year-old woman, without comorbidities and normal development that started at 8 years with seizures and that from 15 years, had progressive cognitive deterioration. She was admitted to our institution with a diagnosis of super refractory status epilepticus. The diagnosis of Lafora's disease was made through pathological anatomy, later a genetic test was performed that reported a pathogenic variant of the EPM2A gene, confirming the diagnosis. We present a cause of progressive myoclonic epilepsy, with an ominous prognosis and a treatment oriented to palliative measures, so it is important to analyze the differential diagnoses with other entities, in order to establish a prognosis, offer better quality of life, adequate medical care and provide genetic counseling to family members.

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INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is a chronic disease that affects 0.5-1% of the population. One third of the patients become refractory to antiepileptic drugs. Among the non-pharmacological treatments available, the modified Atkins diet is an effective treatment used since 2003 as another alternative for children and adults with refractory epilepsy. DEVELOPMENT: The Ketogenic Diet National Committee, which depends on the Argentine Society of Pediatric Neurology, elaborated this consensus on the modified Atkins diet, basing itself on a review of the literature and on their clinical experience. This consensus in Spanish explains the different aspects to be taken into account regarding the modified Atkins diet, patient selection, implementation, different controls and adverse effects. Unlike the classic ketogenic diet, the modified Atkins diet is initiated without fasting or hospital stay, nor does it require protein, calorie or fluid restriction, thus improving patient palatability and consequently patient tolerability. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Atkins diet is a useful treatment for patients with intractable epilepsy. The publication of this consensus offers the possibility for new centers to get oriented regarding this diet implementation.

TITLE: Consenso nacional de dieta Atkins modificada.Introduccion. La epilepsia es una enfermedad cronica que afecta al 0,5-1% de la poblacion, y un tercio de los pacientes evoluciona hacia una forma refractaria a los farmacos antiepilepticos. Dentro de los tratamientos no farmacologicos disponibles, la dieta cetogenica Atkins modificada es un tratamiento efectivo utilizado desde 2003 como otra alternativa en niños y adultos con epilepsia refractaria. Desarrollo. El Comite Nacional de Dieta Cetogenica, dependiente de la Sociedad Argentina de Neurologia Infantil, elaboro este consenso sobre dieta Atkins modificada basandose en una revision de la bibliografia y en su experiencia clinica. Este consenso explica los distintos aspectos que hay que tener en cuenta sobre la dieta Atkins modificada, eleccion de pacientes, forma de implementacion, diversos controles y efectos adversos. A diferencia de la dieta cetogenica clasica, se inicia sin ayuno ni hospitalizacion, y no hay restriccion proteica, calorica o hidrica, por lo que mejora la palatabilidad y, consecuentemente, la tolerabilidad. Conclusiones. La dieta Atkins modificada es un tratamiento util para pacientes con epilepsia intratable. La publicacion de este consenso ofrece la posibilidad de orientar a nuevos centros en su implementacion.

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The ketogenic diet, a non-drug treatment with proven effectiveness, has been the most commonly used therapy in the past decade for the management of refractory epilepsy in the pediatric population. Compared to adding a new drug to a pre-existing treatment, the ketogenic diet is highly effective and reduces the number of seizures by 50-90% in approximately 45-60% of children after six months of treatment. For this reason, the Argentine Society of Pediatric Neurology established the Ketogenic Diet Working Group. It is integrated by pediatric dietitians, pediatricians, pediatric neurologists and B.S. in Nutrition, who developed recommendations for the optimal management of patients receiving the classical ketogenic diet based on expert consensus and scientific publications in this field.

La dieta cetogénica constituye el tratamiento no farmacológico de eficacia probada más utilizado en la última década para el manejo de la epilepsia refractaria en la población pediátrica. En comparación con el agregado de un nuevo fármaco a un tratamiento preexistente, esta terapia es altamente efectiva, con una reducción de las crisis de entre un 50% y un 90% en aproximadamente 45%-60% de los niños tras 6 meses de tratamiento. Es por ello por lo que la Sociedad Argentina de Neurología Infantil creó el Grupo de Trabajo de Dieta Cetogénica. Este está conformado por médicos nutricionistas infantiles, pediatras, neurólogos infantiles y licenciados en Nutrición, quienes elaboraron estas recomendaciones para un manejo óptimo de los pacientes que reciben la dieta cetogénica clásica, basándose en el consenso de los expertos y la bibliografía publicada en el tema.

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PURPOSE: In children with symptomatic or idiopathic focal epilepsies, their disease may evolve into an epileptic encephalopathy related to continuous spike and wave during slow sleep (CSWS) or electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep (ESES). ESES syndrome implies serious risks of neuropsychologic impairment, and its treatment has frequently been disappointing. The aim of this study is to present our experience using sulthiame as add-on treatment in 53 patients with ESES syndrome that was refractory to other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). METHODS: Neurologic examinations, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and repeated prolonged sleep electroencephalography (EEG) studies were performed in all cases. Data about school achievements and or neuropsychological evaluations were obtained repeatedly during the follow-up of 1.5-16 years. Sulthiame was added in doses ranging between 5 and 30 mg/kg/day. KEY FINDINGS: Since add-on of sulthiame, 10 of 28 patients in the symptomatic group became seizure free: 4 patients with normal EEG studies and 6 with residual spikes. Nine of 28 patients showed a significant reduction in number of seizures and presented spikes but no ESES on EEG. The other nine cases showed neither clinical nor EEG improvement. A striking result was that 3 of 11 children with unilateral polymicrogyria and ESES syndrome became seizure free, and in another six a significant improvement in frequency of seizures and in EEG abnormalities seemed to be related to the add-on of sulthiame. Twenty-one of the 25 patients in the idiopathic group became seizure free and without ESES in <3 months after add on of sulthiame. In two of the patients the changes were seen in a few days. SIGNIFICANCE: We understand that sulthiame may be effective as add-on treatment in children with ESES syndrome.

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Introducción.La enfermedad de Moya Moya(EM)es una vasculopatía oclusiva cerebral progresiva cuyo diagnóstico se realiza por arteriografía digital.Material y Métodos:Evaluación retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de cuatro mujeres y un varón con diagnóstico de EM evaluados en 1987-1996.Resultados:En cuatro niños se inició con episodios de hemiparesia transitoria en uno,con convulsiones parciales a una edad promedio de 2,5 años(rango 1-6 años).Los estudios tomográficos mostraron imágenes hipodensas compatibles con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico.La arteriografía mostró en todos los pacientes imágenes características de EM.Cuatro pacientes tuvieron un seguimiento promedio de 4,2 años(r:2 y 9 años).Todos padecen un severo compromiso motor,tres retardo mental y uno epilepsia de difícil control.A dos pacientes se les realizó tratamiento quirúrgico(encefalodurosinangiosis),falleciendo uno en el posoperatorio inmediato y el restante no reiteró episodios isquémicos en un lapso de observación de 2 años.Conclusiones:La evolución natural de la EM es progresiva,con deterioro neurológico debido a repetidos episodios isquémicos.Actualmente,el tratamiento quirúrgico sería el más apropiado.Sería conveniente que un equipo multidisciplinario evalúe el momento y método terapéutico adecuado

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Introducción.La enfermedad de Moya Moya(EM)es una vasculopatía oclusiva cerebral progresiva cuyo diagnóstico se realiza por arteriografía digital.Material y Métodos:Evaluación retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de cuatro mujeres y un varón con diagnóstico de EM evaluados en 1987-1996.Resultados:En cuatro niños se inició con episodios de hemiparesia transitoria en uno,con convulsiones parciales a una edad promedio de 2,5 años(rango 1-6 años).Los estudios tomográficos mostraron imágenes hipodensas compatibles con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico.La arteriografía mostró en todos los pacientes imágenes características de EM.Cuatro pacientes tuvieron un seguimiento promedio de 4,2 años(r:2 y 9 años).Todos padecen un severo compromiso motor,tres retardo mental y uno epilepsia de difícil control.A dos pacientes se les realizó tratamiento quirúrgico(encefalodurosinangiosis),falleciendo uno en el posoperatorio inmediato y el restante no reiteró episodios isquémicos en un lapso de observación de 2 años.Conclusiones:La evolución natural de la EM es progresiva,con deterioro neurológico debido a repetidos episodios isquémicos.Actualmente,el tratamiento quirúrgico sería el más apropiado.Sería conveniente que un equipo multidisciplinario evalúe el momento y método terapéutico adecuado

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Introducción: Las convulsiones familiares benignas de la infancia (CFBI) se caracterizan por crisis parciales breves, en algunas ocasiones secundariamente generalizadas, que se inician durante el primer año de vida y presentan historia familiar de convulsiones con características electroclínicas y edad de comienzo similares. El objetivo fue determinar las características clínico electroencefalográficas en lactantes con examen neurológico normal, con convulsiones parciales y generalizadoras con antecedentes conocidos en padre y madre de crisis convulsivas de iguales características clínicas y edad de comienzo para ratificar la existencia de las CFBI. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con examen neurológico normal que comenzaron entre los 2 meses y los 2 años de vida con convulsiones parciales simples, parciales complejas y generalizadas, ausencia de factores etiológicos, estudios neurorradiológicos normales y con antecedentes en padre o madre de crisis epilépticas de similares características y edad de comienzo. Se excluyeron pacientes con lesión cerebral y antecedentes personales de significación patológica. Dieciséis pacientes (10 mujeres y 6 varones) fueron evaluados en el servicio de neurología del Hospital "Garrahan" en el período comprendido entre febrero de 1990 y junio de 1996. Analizamos el sexo, la edad de comienzo de las convulsiones, historia familiar de epilespsia, examen neurológico, semiología, distribución, frecuencia y duración de las crisis, EEG y estudios neurorradiológicos. Resultados: La edad de comienzo de las crisis epilépticas fue entre los 3 y 22 meses de edad con una mediana de 5 meses. Las convulsiones generalizadas como único tipo de crisis se presentaron en 7 pacientes (43,8 por ciento). En 3 (18,7 por ciento) las crisis fueron solamente parciales. Seis pacientes tuvieron concomitantemente crisis parciales y generalizadas (37,5 por ciento). Las crisis fueron breves en todos los casos (100 por ciento), se presentaron agrupadas en 8 pacientes (50 por ciento) y ocurrieron en vigilia en los 16 casos (100 por ciento). El EEG interictal fue normal en 15 pacientes (93,7 por ciento). En un caso se encontró un foco de espigas en la región occipital derecha. Existieron antecedentes familiares en otros miembros que no fueran padre o madre en 11 pacientes (68,7 por ciento). Conclusiones: En la muestra estudiada las convulsiones se presentaron agrupadas en el 50 por ciento de los casos,...(AU)

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Introducción: Las convulsiones familiares benignas de la infancia (CFBI) se caracterizan por crisis parciales breves, en algunas ocasiones secundariamente generalizadas, que se inician durante el primer año de vida y presentan historia familiar de convulsiones con características electroclínicas y edad de comienzo similares. El objetivo fue determinar las características clínico electroencefalográficas en lactantes con examen neurológico normal, con convulsiones parciales y generalizadoras con antecedentes conocidos en padre y madre de crisis convulsivas de iguales características clínicas y edad de comienzo para ratificar la existencia de las CFBI. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con examen neurológico normal que comenzaron entre los 2 meses y los 2 años de vida con convulsiones parciales simples, parciales complejas y generalizadas, ausencia de factores etiológicos, estudios neurorradiológicos normales y con antecedentes en padre o madre de crisis epilépticas de similares características y edad de comienzo. Se excluyeron pacientes con lesión cerebral y antecedentes personales de significación patológica. Dieciséis pacientes (10 mujeres y 6 varones) fueron evaluados en el servicio de neurología del Hospital "Garrahan" en el período comprendido entre febrero de 1990 y junio de 1996. Analizamos el sexo, la edad de comienzo de las convulsiones, historia familiar de epilespsia, examen neurológico, semiología, distribución, frecuencia y duración de las crisis, EEG y estudios neurorradiológicos. Resultados: La edad de comienzo de las crisis epilépticas fue entre los 3 y 22 meses de edad con una mediana de 5 meses. Las convulsiones generalizadas como único tipo de crisis se presentaron en 7 pacientes (43,8 por ciento). En 3 (18,7 por ciento) las crisis fueron solamente parciales. Seis pacientes tuvieron concomitantemente crisis parciales y generalizadas (37,5 por ciento). Las crisis fueron breves en todos los casos (100 por ciento), se presentaron agrupadas en 8 pacientes (50 por ciento) y ocurrieron en vigilia en los 16 casos (100 por ciento). El EEG interictal fue normal en 15 pacientes (93,7 por ciento). En un caso se encontró un foco de espigas en la región occipital derecha. Existieron antecedentes familiares en otros miembros que no fueran padre o madre en 11 pacientes (68,7 por ciento). Conclusiones: En la muestra estudiada las convulsiones se presentaron agrupadas en el 50 por ciento de los casos,...

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