RESUMO
Birds have enough conditions to be used as bioindicators for the presence of environmental contaminants. Notably, chlorpyrifos (CPF) remains extensively employed in Argentina, particularly in fruit plantations and livestock settings This study aimed to assess the potential impacts of CPF on common quail (Coturnix coturnix) embryos through external eggshell application during key embryonic stages (days 1, 4, and 14). Concentrations equivalent to those used in fruit applications, 5× and 10 × (38.4, 192, and 384 µg/egg), were employed. A 48% commercial formulation of CPF (Pirfos - Icona®) was utilized. An increase in embryonic deaths, as well as a statistical association between the degree of liver or kidney lesions and CPF concentrations was observed. The results suggest that CPF can induce embryotoxic effects with a single exposure to quail embryos and compromise the viability of the organisms. The study suggests a potential exposure risk for embryos through contact with the insecticide on the eggshell's exterior.
Assuntos
Clorpirifos , Animais , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Codorniz , Coturnix , Fígado , RimRESUMO
The study of biomarkers in free-living birds can help to indicate the degree of contamination in distinct environments. In addition, these environments can be characterized through the information provided by satellite images. The objectives of the present study were to analyze the types and quantity of cytogenetic biomarkers in Passer domesticus (House sparrow) from three different environments, wild, rural, and urban, and to analyze them in the context of land use and anthropogenic actions. Five thousand erythrocytes per bird were analyzed for the following nuclear alterations (NA): micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds, notched nuclei, binucleated cells, nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear tails, peripheral nuclei, and anucleated cells. In the study, wild birds exhibited five types of NA, seven types were found in rural birds, and all types were encountered in urban birds. The only NA that exceeded a frequency of 2 NA/1000 erythrocytes were peripheral nuclei in birds from the rural and urban sites, the latter environment characterized by 87% urban soil and air pollution. The highest frequencies of MN, peripheral nuclei, and anucleated erythrocytes were recorded in sparrows from the rural site (p ≤ 0.05). This area had been sprayed with chlorpyrifos 48%, the most widely used organophosphate in the region. Sparrows from the wild site, made up of 100% native forest, had higher frequencies of notched nuclei (p ≤ 0.05). A precedent is set for the use of environmental remote sensing in a complementary manner with cytogenetic biomarker studies in birds for a joint analysis in environmental assessment.
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Clorpirifos , Pardais , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eritrócitos , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto , SoloRESUMO
The impact evaluation of pesticide exposure is conducted using combined data from biomonitoring and environmental monitoring. Damage to the human genome is, probably, the leading cause of chronic-degenerative disorders, reproductive toxicology, and developmental problems. Although the general population is exposed to pesticides, workers in the agrochemical industry and farmers represent a high-risk group due to the occupational and environmental exposure. The aim of this study is to determine whether occupational exposure to agrochemicals in Córdoba (Argentina) constitute a factor of genotoxic damage. The study was conducted in 30 pesticide applicators from the province of Córdoba. Chromosomal aberrations (CAs), micronuclei (MN), and comet assays (CO) were performed. The current study shows that occupational exposure to pesticides increases values of CAs, MN, and DNA fragmentation biomarkers, all indicators of damage to the genetic material. Evidence suggests that chronic exposure to pesticides is a potential risk to workers health.
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Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/epidemiologia , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Colinesterases/sangue , Colinesterases/toxicidade , Aberrações Cromossômicas/induzido quimicamente , Aberrações Cromossômicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Praguicidas/sangueRESUMO
Plasma cholinesterase activity is a biomarker sensitive to the effect of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, and its enzymatic levels have been previously unknown for most of the wild birds analyzed in the present study. Our objectives were to establish plasma acetylcholinesterase levels in songbirds of 2 undisturbed sites in the central Monte Desert (Argentina). We also examined the influence on cholinesterase activity of age, sex, body condition, feeding and migratory habits, and species. One hundred and sixty-five wild birds belonging to 26 species were studied. The values obtained for acetylcholinesterase activity provide a good estimate of the normal values in free-living individuals of the species Zonotrichia capensis, Molothrus bonariensis, Passer domesticus, Diuca diuca, Poospiza ornata, Saltator aurantiirostris, Gryseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus, and Columbina picui, with interspecies differences. The median enzymatic levels ± standard error of the mean ranged from 546.31 ± 17.97 µmol min-1 L-1 in P. domesticus to 3439.90 ± 173.92 µmol min-1 L-1 in Tyrannus melancholicus. No significant differences were detected between different sexes or ages. Birds that migrate (which are also insectivores) showed higher levels of cholinesterase than residents (mainly granivores). It is recommended that in cases of bird poisoning, plasma cholinesterase activity can be used as a diagnostic tool only if pre-exposure levels obtained in the same species are available, and ideally evaluated in individuals from the same biogeographical region. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1692-1700. © 2019 SETAC.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/sangue , Animais Selvagens/sangue , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Florestas , Aves Canoras/sangue , Animais , Argentina , Biomarcadores/sangue , Carbamatos/toxicidade , Feminino , Masculino , Organofosfatos/toxicidade , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The active ingredients (a.i.) used as pesticides vary across regions. Diet represents the main source of chronic exposure to these chemicals. The aim of this study was to look at the pesticides applied in fruit, vegetable, and beef cattle productions in Mendoza (Argentina), to identify those that were simultaneously used by the three production systems. Local individuals (n = 160), involved in these productions, were interviewed. Glyphosate was the a.i. most often used by fruit-vegetable producers, and ivermectin by beef cattle producers. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cypermethrin (CYP) were the only a.i. used by the three production systems. The survey revealed that CPF, CYP, alpha CYP, and CPF+CYP were used by 22, 16, 4, and 20% of the fruit and vegetable producers, respectively. Regarding beef cattle, CYP was used by 90% of producers, CYP + CPF formulation by 8%, and alpha CYP by 2%. The second approach of this study was to search the occurrence of CYP and CPF residues in food commodities analyzed under the National Plan for Residue Control (2012-2015). CYP residues found above the LOD were reported in 4.0% and CPF in 13.4% of the vegetable samples tested, as well as in 1.2 and 28.8%, respectively, of the fruit samples tested. Regarding beef cattle, CYP residues were reported in 2.3% and organophosphates (as a general pesticide class) in 13.5% of samples tested. In conclusion, consumers may be exposed simultaneously to CPF and CYP, from fruits, vegetables, and beef intake. Accordingly, the policy for pesticide residues in food and human risk assessment should account for the combined exposure to CPF and CYP. Moreover, appropriate toxicological studies of this mixture (including genotoxicity) are warranted.
Assuntos
Exposição Dietética/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Frutas/química , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Carne Vermelha/análise , Verduras/química , Animais , Argentina , Bovinos , Clorpirifos/análise , Dieta , Monitoramento Ambiental , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/análise , Humanos , Ivermectina/análise , Piretrinas/análise , Medição de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , GlifosatoRESUMO
Chlorpyrifos is an anticholinesterase organophosphate insecticide widely used in Argentina in the production of food derived from animal, fruit and horticultural origin and is reported as a residue within these products. Local reference values for acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase were determined in Aberdeen Angus bovine and cross bred cattle (n = 25), a requirement to be able to evaluate toxicity of commercial organophosphate and carbamate formulations. The activity of cholinesterase enzymes presented an overall mean of 2,183.00 ± 485.6 IU L-1 for erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and 203.1 ± 42.06 IU L-1 for plasma butyrylcholinesterase, which are used as reference values for meat steers within a system of intensive production in a semi-arid region. The toxic potential of chlorpyrifos in steers of the same breeds (n = 12) was assessed applying chlorpyrifos 15.00% Tipertox® in a single therapeutic dose of 7.50 mg kg-1 by topical route. Prior to application and then on day 1 and day 21 post-application, both blood cholinesterases, serum chlorpyrifos concentration by ultra-high resolution liquid chromatography with mass detector, analysis of blood counts, total proteins, liver enzymes, urea and creatinine were evaluated. The mean plasma concentration of chlorpyrifos was 27.90 ug L-1 at 24 h. The findings indicate that the therapeutic treatment of castrated male bovines treated with chlorpyrifos, applied by pour-on according to the manufacturer's instructions, does not cause changes in the variables evaluated.
Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase/sangue , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Clorpirifos/toxicidade , Inibidores da Colinesterase/toxicidade , Animais , Argentina , Bovinos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Eritrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/fisiologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/enzimologia , Masculino , Resíduos de Praguicidas/toxicidade , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Birds have the potential to be considered valuable bioindicators of the quality of ecosystems and the environmental impact of pollutants. The aims of this study were to determine the micronuclei frequency and other nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes by analyzing a wild bird community from central Monte desert (Argentina) and to clarify if there were any differences among certain species. Frequencies of nuclear abnormalities were determined in 73 wild birds belonging to 17 species and two orders (Passeriformes and Columbiformes). A high proportion of individuals, 90.4 and 80.9 %, had erythrocytes with micronuclei and nuclear buds, respectively. Notched nuclei, binucleated cells, nuclear tails, and nucleoplasmic bridges were also recorded. Certain species appeared to be more informative than others with regard to the possibility of being used as bioindicators of genetic damage. Saltator aurantiirostris and Columbina picui were the only species that showed significantly different frequencies of nuclear alterations, in comparison with the other species. The frequencies here presented are the first reported for these bird species from the orders Passeriformes and Columbiformes. This research supports the notion that the use of these biomarkers could be effectively applied to evaluate spontaneous or induced genetic instability in wild birds.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens/genética , Columbiformes/genética , Micronúcleos com Defeito Cromossômico , Passeriformes/genética , Animais , Argentina , Núcleo Celular , Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental , Eritrócitos/citologia , Testes para Micronúcleos , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Introducción. En las últimas décadas, numerosos autores han investigado acerca de los daños genotóxicos producidos por la exposición a sustancias químicas, aunque no existen para Argentina reportes de estudios que analicen dichos efectos en los niños. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de micronúcleos en células exfoliadas de la mucosa bucal en niños de plantas urbanas con exposición ambiental (por inhalación) y compararla con la frecuencia de micronúcleos en niños que habitan en plantas urbanas alejadas de zonas donde se pulveriza. Población y métodos. Se estudiaron cincuenta niños que habitan la localidad de Marcos Juárez (Córdoba), ubicados a diferentes distancias de exposición a la aplicación de productos plaguicidas, y veinticinco niños de la ciudad de Río Cuarto (Córdoba), considerados no expuestos a dichos productos, y se aplicó el ensayo de micronúcleos en células de la mucosa bucal. Resultados. Se encontró diferencia significativa entre los expuestos a menos de quinientos metros con respecto al grupo de niños no expuestos. El 40% de los individuos expuestos sufren algún tipo de afección persistente, que se podría asociar a la exposición crónica a plaguicidas. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos permiten indicar que existe una exposición a sustancias genotóxicas en un grupo de niños con relación al otro y poner de manifiesto la relevancia del ensayo de micronúcleos en la mucosa bucal para el biomonitoreo genético y la vigilancia en salud pública. El ensayo utilizado detecta un nivel de daño que todavía es reversible.
Introduction. In the past decades, several authors have investigated the genotoxicity caused by exposure to chemicals, but there are no reports on studies analyzing such effects on children in Argentina. The objective of this study was to establish the micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells in children from urban areas with environmental exposure (through inhalation) and to compare it with the micronucleus frequency in children from urban regions far from areas subjected to spraying. Population and Methods. Fifty children living in the town of Marcos Juárez (Córdoba) at different distances from pesticide spraying areas and twenty-five children from the city of Río Cuarto (Córdoba), who are considered not exposed to pesticides, were studied; the micronucleus assay in buccal mucosa cells was used. Results. A significant difference was observed between exposed children living less than 500 m from areas subjected to spraying and those who were not exposed. Forty percent of exposed children suffer some type of persistent condition, which may be associated with chronic exposure to pesticides. Conclusions. Results indicate that genotoxicity is present in a group of children compared to the other one, and highlight the importance of the micronucleus assay in buccal mucosa cells for genetic biomonitoring and public health surveillance. This assay is capable of detecting a level of damage that can be reversible.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Testes para Micronúcleos , Exposição a Praguicidas , Monitoramento Ambiental , Mucosa Bucal , Praguicidas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Introducción. En las últimas décadas, numerosos autores han investigado acerca de los daños genotóxicos producidos por la exposición a sustancias químicas, aunque no existen para Argentina reportes de estudios que analicen dichos efectos en los niños. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia de micronúcleos en células exfoliadas de la mucosa bucal en niños de plantas urbanas con exposición ambiental (por inhalación) y compararla con la frecuencia de micronúcleos en niños que habitan en plantas urbanas alejadas de zonas donde se pulveriza. Población y métodos. Se estudiaron cincuenta niños que habitan la localidad de Marcos Juárez (Córdoba), ubicados a diferentes distancias de exposición a la aplicación de productos plaguicidas, y veinticinco niños de la ciudad de Río Cuarto (Córdoba), considerados no expuestos a dichos productos, y se aplicó el ensayo de micronúcleos en células de la mucosa bucal. Resultados. Se encontró diferencia significativa entre los expuestos a menos de quinientos metros con respecto al grupo de niños no expuestos. El 40% de los individuos expuestos sufren algún tipo de afección persistente, que se podría asociar a la exposición crónica a plaguicidas. Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos permiten indicar que existe una exposición a sustancias genotóxicas en un grupo de niños con relación al otro y poner de manifiesto la relevancia del ensayo de micronúcleos en la mucosa bucal para el biomonitoreo genético y la vigilancia en salud pública. El ensayo utilizado detecta un nivel de daño que todavía es reversible.(AU)
Introduction. In the past decades, several authors have investigated the genotoxicity caused by exposure to chemicals, but there are no reports on studies analyzing such effects on children in Argentina. The objective of this study was to establish the micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells in children from urban areas with environmental exposure (through inhalation) and to compare it with the micronucleus frequency in children from urban regions far from areas subjected to spraying. Population and Methods. Fifty children living in the town of Marcos Juárez (Córdoba) at different distances from pesticide spraying areas and twenty-five children from the city of Río Cuarto (Córdoba), who are considered not exposed to pesticides, were studied; the micronucleus assay in buccal mucosa cells was used. Results. A significant difference was observed between exposed children living less than 500 m from areas subjected to spraying and those who were not exposed. Forty percent of exposed children suffer some type of persistent condition, which may be associated with chronic exposure to pesticides. Conclusions. Results indicate that genotoxicity is present in a group of children compared to the other one, and highlight the importance of the micronucleus assay in buccal mucosa cells for genetic biomonitoring and public health surveillance. This assay is capable of detecting a level of damage that can be reversible.(AU)
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In the past decades, several authors have investigated the genotoxicity caused by exposure to chemicals, but there are no reports on studies analyzing such effects on children in Argentina. The objective of this study was to establish the micronucleus frequency in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells in children from urban areas with environmental exposure (through inhalation) and to compare it with the micronucleus frequency in children from urban regions far from areas subjected to spraying. POPULATION AND METHODS: Fifty children living in the town of Marcos Juárez (Córdoba) at different distances from pesticide spraying areas and twenty-five children from the city of Río Cuarto (Córdoba), who are considered not exposed to pesticides, were studied; the micronucleus assay in buccal mucosa cells was used. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed between exposed children living less than 500 m from areas subjected to spraying and those who were not exposed. Forty percent of exposed children suffer some type of persistent condition, which may be associated with chronic exposure to pesticides. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that genotoxicity is present in a group of children compared to the other one, and highlight the importance of the micronucleus assay in buccal mucosa cells for genetic biomonitoring and public health surveillance. This assay is capable of detecting a level of damage that can be reversible.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Testes para Micronúcleos , Mucosa Bucal , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Argentina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The Dogo Argentino (DA) is the first and only breed from Argentina recognized worldwide. Although its morphologic features have been well established, its normal reproductive parameters are not clearly known. The aim of this study was to determine the main DA bitch reproductive parameters. One hundred and forty-nine surveys were obtained from breeders from Córdoba province, Argentina: one for each intact DA bitch from 1 to 14 years old. The DA bitch reached puberty at an average of 8.93 months. The mean duration of vulval bleeding found in this study was 11.11 days. The clinical signs characteristic for proestrous-estrous were vulval edema (89.93%), bleeding during the time of mating (32.21%), holding the tail to the side (95.30%), and docility during mating (85.91%). DA bitches had a whelping rate of 84%. Out of 299 pregnancies, 89.30% exhibited a normal parturition, 6.69% presented dystocia, 2.68% needed Cesarean section, and 1.34% aborted. In conclusion, the reproductive parameters of the DA bitch are similar to those identified for other large breeds. DA often showed a prolonged vulval bleeding longer than proestrus. Its high whelping rate, its low incidence of dystocia, and its good maternal ability define the DA as a good reproductive breed with normal reproductive functions.
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El efecto de los plaguicidas sobre la salud humana, animal y ambiental es preocupación de la comunidad científica desde hace mucho tiempo. Numerosos estudios reportan que los plaguicidas no son inofensivos y que su uso puede conducir a efectos biológicos dañinos a mediano y a largo plazo, en los grupos humanos y animales expuestos, en el presente o en los descendientes. La importancia en la detección precoz del daño genético radica en que permite tomar las medidas necesarias para disminuir o suprimir la exposición al agente deletéreo cuando aún éste es reversible, y de ese modo prevenir y disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar neoplasias y otras alteraciones patológicas. En este trabajo se revisan los principales conceptos en la temática, la utilidad de los estudios de genotoxicidad y se hace referencia a los trabajos realizados en los últimos veinticinco años sobre monitoreo genético de personas expuestas laboralmente a plaguicidas. Los ensayos de genotoxicidad, que incluyen aberraciones cromosómicas, micronúcleos, intercambio de cromátidas hermanas y cometa, deberían ser considerados como herramientas indispensables en la implementación de una vigilancia médica completa en personas potencialmente expuestas a diversos contaminantes ambientales y en especial aquellas que habitan en el mismo lugar con personas que ya han desarrollado algún tipo de neoplasia en edades tempranas, con el fin de prevenir la ocurrencia de tumores de origen ambiental y especialmente laboral.
The effect of pesticides on human, animal and environmental health has been cause of concern in the scientific community for a long time. Numerous studies have reported that pesticides are not harmless and that their use can lead to harmful biological effects in the medium and long term, in exposed human and animals, and their offspring. The importance of early detection of genetic damage is that it allows us to take the necessary measures to reduce or eliminate the exposure to the deleterious agent when damage is still reversible, and thus to prevent and to diminish the risk of developing tumors or other alterations. In this paper we reviewed the main concepts in the field, the usefulness of genotoxicity studies and we compiled studies performed during the last twenty years on genetic monitoring of people occupationally exposed to pesticides. We think that genotoxicity tests, including that include chromosomal aberrations, micronucleous, sister chromatid exchanges and comet assays, should be considered as essential tools in the implementation of complete medical supervision for people exposed to potential environmental pollutants, particularly for those living in the same place as others who where others have already developed some type of malignancy. This action is particularly important at early stages to prevent the occurrence of tumors, especially from environmental origins.
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It was evaluated the genotoxicity of glyphosate which up to now has heterogeneous results. The comet assay was performed in Hep-2 cells. The level of DNA damage in the control group (5.42±1.83 arbitrary units) for tail moment (TM) measurements has shown a significant increase (p<0.01) with glyphosate at a range concentration from 3.00 to 7.50mM. In the chromosome aberrations (CA) test in human lymphocytes the herbicide (0.20-6.00mM) showed no significant effects in comparison with the control group. In vivo, the micronucleus test (MNT) was evaluated in mice at three doses rendering statistical significant increases at 400mg/kg (13.0±3.08 micronucleated erythrocytes/1000 cells, p<0.01). In the present study glyphosate was genotoxic in the comet assay in Hep-2 cells and in the MNT test at 400mg/kg in mice. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were quantified in their organs. The results showed an increase in these enzyme activities.
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In the present study, the antioxidant capacity of vitamin C was examined in the liver and the kidney tissues of mice with or without ciprofloxacin (CFX) treatment. The antioxidant capacity of the vitamin was evaluated in terms of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). The experimental design was 15 days of water (control and CFX groups) or vitamin C (vitamin C and vitamin C plus CFX groups) in drinking water. One dose of CFX was injected, 15 minutes before sacrifice, in the corresponding mice. The initial nmol of lipid hydroperoxides/g of tissue were 137 +/- 11 in the kidney and 145 +/- 15 in the liver, and the nmol of TBARs were 13 +/- 0.7 and 12 +/- 0.6, respectively. Pre-treatment with vitamin C reduced the levels of LOOH in the liver to 45 +/- 11 (p < 0.01) and vitamin C with CFX injection to 54 +/- 9 (p < 0.01). Vitamin C treatment also reduced the LOOH levels in the kidney roughly duplicated by CFX. Through the TBARs method we have not observed these effects. Quantification of LOOH is more sensitive than that of TBARs for estimating lipid peroxidation. CFX is used especially for urinary infections and can produce oxidative stress in the kidney. Pre-treatment with vitamin C may ameliorate this stress and also may improve the oxidative balance in the liver.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Dieta , Feminino , Rim/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMO
Las fluoroquinolonas son antimicrobianos de uso intensivo en medicina veterinaria. En Argentina la enrofloxacina es empleada en planteles avícolas y porcinos. La Ciprofloxacina, es un metabolito dela anterior que es empleada en medicina humana y es considerada una alternativa en medicina veterinaria. Niveles de residuos de enrofloxacina y ciprofloxacina se determinaron en forma simultánea en músculo de pollos naturalmente infectados con Mycoplasma spp. y tratados con estos antimicrobianos (5 mg/kg/12h oral) durante 5 días. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer el momento adecuado de sacrificio de los animales, para su comercialización en buenas condiciones clínicas y niveles aceptables de residuos. Se sacrificaron animales a cinco tiempos pos- tratamiento; 200 mg de músculo pectoral homogeneizados en buffer fosfato se desproteinizaron, evaporaron y eluyeron por cromatografía líquida de alta presión con detección por fluorescencia. La concentración de residuos de enrofloxacina fue máxima a las 24 h de finalizado el tratamiento (0.073 + 0.006 mg/g), inferior al límite máximo de residuos establecido por entes reguladores internacionales (0.3 mg/g). Los niveles máximos (0.027 + 0.015 mg/g) se detectaron para ciprofloxacina a las 72 h. Es necesario desarrollar y examinar métodossimples y precisos para cuantificar residuos en diferentes productos y tejidos comestibles, promover la aplicación de buenas prácticas agrícolas y elaborar regulaciones pertinentes.
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/veterinária , Fluoroquinolonas , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Drogas VeterináriasRESUMO
Ciprofloxacin (CFX) is an effective and relatively safe antimicrobial used in a variety of human infections. However, adverse drug reactions and positive results in genotoxic tests are reported. In order to understand the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the toxic effects informed for CFX, lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) -oxidative mediators of peroxidation- were quantified in liver and kidney of mice, after 15 to 360 minutes of the ciprofloxacin administration at doses of 10 mg/Kg or 100 mg/Kg by i.p. route. The peroxidation in the lipid fraction was evaluated by measuring the amount of hydroperoxides through the oxidation of 1-naphthyldiphenylphospine into its oxide and further quantification by high performance liquid chromatography. The initial content of lipid hydroperoxides (nmol/g tissue) was 253 +/- 3 in kidney and 143 +/- 12 in liver. CFX induced the maximal variation to 728 +/- 101 in kidney (P < 0.05) and 315 +/- 31 in liver (P < 0.01), after 15 min of 100 mg/Kg single dose. The variation in the LOOH levels was significant in kidney with both doses used and in liver after 100 mg/Kg until 60 min after the CFX administration, and then gradually fell to natural levels. The results demonstrated the effect of CFX on lipid oxidation, an indicator of oxidative effect. A natural protective capacity against this oxidation, more efficient in liver than in kidney, was observed.
Assuntos
Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Rim/metabolismo , Peróxidos Lipídicos/química , Fígado/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Feminino , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Químicos , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Ciprofloxacin (CFX) is an effective and relatively safe antimicrobial used in a variety of human infections. However, adverse drug reactions and positive results in genotoxic tests are reported. In order to understand the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the toxic effects informed for CFX, lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) -oxidative mediators of peroxidation- were quantified in liver and kidney of mice, after 15 to 360 minutes of the ciprofloxacin administration at doses of 10 mg/Kg or 100 mg/Kg by i.p. route. The peroxidation in the lipid fraction was evaluated by measuring the amount of hydroperoxides through the oxidation of 1-naphthyldiphenylphospine into its oxide and further quantification by high performance liquid chromatography. The initial content of lipid hydroperoxides (nmol/g tissue) was 253 +/- 3 in kidney and 143 +/- 12 in liver. CFX induced the maximal variation to 728 +/- 101 in kidney (P < 0.05) and 315 +/- 31 in liver (P < 0.01), after 15 min of 100 mg/Kg single dose. The variation in the LOOH levels was significant in kidney with both doses used and in liver after 100 mg/Kg until 60 min after the CFX administration, and then gradually fell to natural levels. The results demonstrated the effect of CFX on lipid oxidation, an indicator of oxidative effect. A natural protective capacity against this oxidation, more efficient in liver than in kidney, was observed.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Camundongos , Ciprofloxacina , Fígado/metabolismo , Rim , Peróxidos Lipídicos/química , Anti-Infecciosos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Químicos , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Peróxidos Lipídicos/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Ciprofloxacin (CFX) is an effective and relatively safe antimicrobial used in a variety of human infections. However, adverse drug reactions and positive results in genotoxic tests are reported. In order to understand the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the toxic effects informed for CFX, lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) -oxidative mediators of peroxidation- were quantified in liver and kidney of mice, after 15 to 360 minutes of the ciprofloxacin administration at doses of 10 mg/Kg or 100 mg/Kg by i.p. route. The peroxidation in the lipid fraction was evaluated by measuring the amount of hydroperoxides through the oxidation of 1-naphthyldiphenylphospine into its oxide and further quantification by high performance liquid chromatography. The initial content of lipid hydroperoxides (nmol/g tissue) was 253 +/- 3 in kidney and 143 +/- 12 in liver. CFX induced the maximal variation to 728 +/- 101 in kidney (P < 0.05) and 315 +/- 31 in liver (P < 0.01), after 15 min of 100 mg/Kg single dose. The variation in the LOOH levels was significant in kidney with both doses used and in liver after 100 mg/Kg until 60 min after the CFX administration, and then gradually fell to natural levels. The results demonstrated the effect of CFX on lipid oxidation, an indicator of oxidative effect. A natural protective capacity against this oxidation, more efficient in liver than in kidney, was observed.(AU)