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Introduction: Background: a healthy food intake pattern, specifically the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), is a factor associated with reduced risk, lower prevalence, and better management of chronic diseases. However, there is limited information regarding how patients integrate proposals for adherence to this food pattern in their daily lives. Objective: to identify factors and conditions that influence adherence to the MedDiet in Chile. Methods: an exploratory qualitative study was applied in 35 to 65-year-old patients of both sexes who presented at least one diagnostic criterion of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Through in-depth interviews and focal groups, knowledge, assessment, attitudes, and practices associated with changes and maintenance of healthy eating habits, with emphasis on the MedDiet, were investigated. Information analysis was carried out under the grounded theory approach using the ATLAS.ti software. Results: participants recognized the value of healthy eating, including the MedDiet, but declared low knowledge (identification of single foods items) together with facilitators (variety of ingredients) and limiting factors (taste, availability/cost of some items, family dynamics) for its routine adoption. In addition, change in eating habits generates a high initial cognitive and emotional load that requires not only individual but also relational effort as it implies modifications of family and collective practices. Conclusions: information obtained on barriers and opportunities to adhere to healthy eating such as the MedDiet is key to design and implement nutritional interventions based on this food pattern and that can be sustainable in time for chronic disease management in Chile.
Introducción: Antecedentes: un estilo de alimentación saludable, específicamente la dieta mediterránea (DMed), es un factor asociado a bajo riesgo, menor prevalencia y mejor manejo de las enfermedades crónicas. Sin embargo, existe información limitada respecto a cómo los pacientes incorporan propuestas de este patrón alimentario en su vida cotidiana. Objetivo: identificar factores y condiciones que pueden influir en la adherencia a la DMed en Chile. Métodos: estudio cualitativo exploratorio en 17 pacientes de ambos sexos de entre 35 y 65 años que presentaban algún criterio diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico (SMet). Mediante entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales se indagaron el conocimiento, la valoración, las actitudes y las prácticas asociadas a cambios y mantenimiento de alimentación con énfasis en la DMed. El análisis de la información se realizó bajo el enfoque de teoría fundada usando el software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: los participantes reconocieron el valor de una alimentación saludable tipo DMed, pero declararon bajo conocimiento (identificación de algunos alimentos aislados, dinámica familiar) de ella, junto con facilitadores (variedad de ingredientes) y limitantes (sabor, disponibilidad/costo de algunos alimentos) para su adopción rutinaria. Además, el cambio de hábitos alimentarios genera alta carga cognitiva y emocional inicial que requiere esfuerzo no solo individual sino también relacional, pues implica modificaciones de prácticas familiares y colectivas. Conclusiones: la información obtenida sobre barreras y oportunidades para adherir a una alimentación saludable como la DMed resulta clave para diseñar e implementar intervenciones nutricionales basadas en este patrón alimentario y que puedan ser sostenibles en el tiempo para el enfrentamiento de las enfermedades crónicas en Chile.
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Dieta Mediterrânea , Síndrome Metabólica , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introduction: The effects of seasonal upwelling on the conditions of the water column and mesozooplankton communities are poorly understood in the coastal zones of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), despite the important role of upwelling events in the modulation of productivity in these zones.Objective:To evaluate the influence of seasonal upwelling over the Panama Bight on the structure of the water column and mesozooplankton communities in a tropical cove of the ETP. Methods:Hydrographic data and mesozooplankton samples were collected during four field campaigns in Ensenada de Utría (December 2011, February 2012, October 2013, and February 2013), an estuary located in the Northern Pacific coast of Colombia. Non-parametric and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate seasonal differences in the environmental and biotic variables. Results:Surface waters were warm (> 25 °C) and presented low salinities ( 33), and presented low dissolved oxygen concentrations (< 2.0 ml l-1) during the dry season (January - March), whereas the water column was homogeneous during the rainy season (April - December). Despite the seasonal changes in the environmental conditions, the expected enhancement in the productivity of the system during the dry season (i.e., higher biomass and abundance of the mesozooplankton) only occurred in February 2012. Contrary to expectations, ichthyoplankton abundance was higher during the rainy season, when the assemblage was dominated by the larvae of anchovy (Cetengraulis mysticetus) and an unidentified Gobiidae.Conclusions: The entrance of upwelled waters into Ensenada de Utría is an important factor modulating the seasonal changes observed in the water column. However, there is high interannual variability in the response of mesozooplankton communities to the upwelling events. Because upwelled waters are oxygen-depleted and more acidic, the entrance of upwelled waters into Ensenada de Utría could be causing physiological stress to the benthic and pelagic organisms inhabiting the deepest zones of the cove. This condition may worsen in the future given the predicted increase of deoxygenation and ocean acidification due to climate change.
Introducción: Los efectos de surgencias estacionales sobre la estructura de la columna de agua y las comunidades del mesozooplancton son pobremente entendidos en zonas costeras del Pacífico Oriental Tropical (POT), a pesar de la importancia que tienen los eventos de surgencia en modular la productividad en estas zonas. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la surgencia estacional que ocurre en la Ensenada de Panamá sobre la columna de agua y las comunidades del mesozooplancton en una ensenada tropical del POT. Métodos: Los datos hidrográficos y las muestras de mesozooplankton fueron recolectados durante cuatro campañas de muestreo en la Ensenada de Utría (diciembre 2011, febrero 2012, febrero 2013, octubre 2013), un estuario ubicado en la costa norte del Pacífico colombiano. Las diferencias estacionales en las variables ambientales y bióticas se evaluaron mediante análisis no paramétricos y multivariados. Resultados: Las aguas superficiales fueron cálidas (> 25 °C) y presentaron bajas salinidades ( 33) y presentaron menores concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto (< 2.0 ml l-1) durante la época seca (enero - marzo), mientras que la columna de agua fue homogénea durante la época de lluvias (abril - diciembre). A pesar de los cambios estacionales en las condiciones ambientales, el incremento esperado en la productividad del sistema durante la época seca (i.e., mayor biomasa y abundancia del mesozooplancton) sólo se observó durante febrero 2012. Contrario a lo esperado, la abundancia del ictioplancton fue mayor durante la época de lluvias, periodo en el que el ensamblaje estuvo dominado por un Gobiidae sin identificar y la carduma (Cetengraulis mysticetus). Conclusión: La entrada de aguas de surgencia a la Ensenada de Utría es un factor importante que modula los cambios estacionales observados en la columna de agua. Sin embargo, la respuesta de las comunidades del mesozooplancton ante los eventos de surgencia presentó alta variabilidad interanual. Considerando que las aguas de surgencia son reducidas en oxígeno y más acídicas, la entrada de aguas de surgencia a la Ensenada de Utría podría estar causando estrés fisiológico a los organismos bentónicos y pelágicos que habitan las zonas más profundas de la ensenada. Esta condición podría volverse más severa en el futuro considerando las predicciones que sugieren un incremento de la desoxigenación y acidificación del océano debido al cambio climático.
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Abstract Euphausiids migrate vertically in the water column as part of their diel cycle. These migrations make them a key element in the biological pump of the pelagic environment. In order to evaluate the vertical distribution of euphausiids around Malpelo Island (3.8 - 4.2 N & 81.4 - 81.8 W), we took stratified zooplankton samples (0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 m) during the Pacífico-ERFEN campaign in September 2012. A total of 10 species belonging to four genera were identified. Euphausia diomedeae was the most abundant species in the 0-50 and 100-150 m layers, whereas E. distinguenda was the most abundant species in the 50-100 m layer. Based on quasi-Poisson generalized linear distribution models we found that abundance in the 50-100 m layer was significantly higher than in the 100-150 m layer (t= 3.05, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences associated with sampling hour (diurnal/nocturnal) (t= 0.07, p = 0.94). We calculated a vertical distribution index (VDI) based on abundance, showed that euphausiid species were concentrated in the 50-100 m layer during day and night. Calyptopis larvae dominated in abundance at all depth layers, followed by furcilia larvae, juveniles, and adults. The abundance of the latter increased gradually from the most superficial layer to the deepest layer, whereas juveniles showed the opposite pattern. This is the first study to describe the taxonomic composition, and vertical and spatial distribution of euphausiids associated with Malpelo Island, Colombian Pacific.(AU)
Resumen Los eufáusidos son organismos que realizan migraciones verticales en la columna de agua como parte de un ciclo nictemeral, estas migraciones los convierten en un elemento clave del ambiente pelágico. Con el propósito de evaluar la distribución vertical de los eufáusidos alrededor de la isla Malpelo (3.8-4.2 N & 81.4-81.8 W), se tomaron muestras estratificadas (0-50, 50-100 y 100-150 m) de zooplancton durante la campaña Pacífico-ERFEN de septiembre 2012. Se identificaron un total de 10 especies pertenecientes a cuatro géneros, siendo Euphausia diomedeae la especie más abundante en los estratos 0-50 y 100-150 m, mientras que E. distinguenda fue la especie más abundante en el estrato de 50-100 m. Con base en modelos lineales generalizados con distribución quasipoisson se encontró que la abundancia del estrato de 50-100 m fue significativamente mayor que la del estrato de 100-150 m (t= 3.05, p < 0.05), sin embargo no se detectaron diferencias significativas asociadas con la hora del muestreo (diurna/nocturna) (t= 0.07, p= 0.94). Con base en la abundancia se construyó un índice de distribución vertical (IDV) encontrando que las especies de eufáusidos estuvieron concentradas en el estrato de 50-100 m durante el día y durante la noche. En los tres estratos de profundidad dominaron en abundancia las larvas calyptopis, seguido de las larvas furcilias, los juveniles y los adultos. Estos últimos incrementaron su abundancia gradualmente desde el estrato más superficial hasta el más profundo mientras que los juveniles tuvieron un patrón opuesto. Este es el primer trabajo que describe la composición taxonómica y distribución vertical y espacial de los eufáusidos asociados a la isla Malpelo, Pacífico colombiano.(AU)
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Características de Residência , Migração Animal , Euphausiacea , Estudos de Amostragem , ColômbiaRESUMO
Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have a major impact on public health worldwide. Particularly, hospital surfaces contaminated with bacterial pathogens are often the origin of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of HAIs. It has been demonstrated that copper surfaces reduce the microbial burden of high touch surfaces in the hospital environment. Here we report the antimicrobial characterization of a novel composite coating with embedded copper particles, named Copper Armour™. Methods: The Copper Armour™ bactericidal activity was evaluated in in vitro assays against several bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties were also evaluated in a pilot study over a nine-week period at an adult intensive care unit. For this, four high touch surfaces, including bed rails, overbed table, bedside table and IV Pole, were coated with Cooper Armour™, and its microbial burden was determined over a nine-week period. Results: Copper Armour™ coated samples showed an in vitro reduction in bacterial burden of > 99.9% compared to control samples. Moreover, pilot study results indicate that Copper Armour™ significantly reduces the level of microbial contamination on high-touch surfaces in the hospital environment, as compared with standard surfaces. Conclusions: Based on its antimicrobial properties, Copper Armour™ is a novel self-sanitizing coating that exhibits bactericidal activity against important human pathogens and significantly reduces the microbial burden of hospital surfaces. This composite could be used as a self-sanitizing coating to complement infection control strategies in healthcare facilities.
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Cobre/farmacologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cobre/química , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Desinfetantes/química , Contaminação de Equipamentos/prevenção & controle , Equipamentos e Provisões Hospitalares/microbiologia , Humanos , Controle de Infecções , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
The development of a methodology for the determination of Se(IV) concentration via cathodic stripping voltammetry is described in this work. The methodology is based on the formation of copper selenide (Cu2Se), whose reduction signal at -0.60â¯V has been used as an analytical response to quantify the Se(IV) concentration in solution. The novelty of our methodology is the study of this system in the presence of a ligand such as ammonium diethyl dithiophosphate (ADTTP), which forms complexes with Cu(II) and Se(IV). The results showed that the presence of ADTTP plays an important role, increasing the sensitivity of the determination by almost a factor of two compared with the methodology in the absence of the ligand. The optimized conditions were pH 1.6 (phosphoric acid, 2.0â¯×â¯10-2â¯molâ¯L-1), CCu(II)â¯=â¯1.5â¯mgâ¯L-1, CADTTPâ¯=â¯2.0⯵molâ¯L-1, Eaccâ¯=â¯-0.40â¯V and taccâ¯=â¯45â¯s. The detection and the quantification limits obtained were 0.065 and 0.21⯵gâ¯L-1, respectively, and linearity was maintained up to 4.0⯵gâ¯L-1 of Se(IV). The sensitivity was 10.26â¯nAâ¯L⯵g-1. On the other hand, the relative standard deviation for 15 replicate measurements at 1.0⯵gâ¯L-1 of Se(IV) was 1.6%. The usefulness of the method was evaluated by determining Se(IV) in two certified reference materials (TMDW and TM-28.4) with relative errors of less than 2.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Se(IV) in spiked tap water and in a liquid pharmaceutical formulation with satisfactory results. The developed methodology presents a low detection limit, good repeatability, selectivity and linear range. Furthermore, the sensibility of the method was achieved by applying a short accumulation time (45â¯s).
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Cobre/química , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/métodos , Organotiofosfatos/química , Selênio/análise , Complexos de Coordenação/síntese química , Complexos de Coordenação/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ligantes , Limite de Detecção , Selênio/químicaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to investigate dual-task costs in several elderly populations, including robust oldest old, frail oldest old with MCI, frail oldest old without MCI, and frail elderly with dementia. Sixty-four elderly men and women categorized into frail without MCI (age 93.4 ± 3.2 years, n = 20), frail with MCI (age 92.4 ± 4.2 years, n = 13), robust (age 88.2 ± 4.1 years, n = 10), and patients with dementia (age 88.1 ± 5.1 years, n = 21). Five-meter gait ability and timed-up-and-go (TUG) tests with single and dual-task performance were assessed in the groups. Dual-task cost in both 5-m habitual gait velocity test and TUG test was calculated by the time differences between single and dual-task performance. The robust group exhibited better 5-m gait and TUG test performances in the single and dual-task conditions compared with the other three groups (P < 0.001), and the frail and frail + MCI groups exhibited better performances than the dementia group (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the frail and frail + MCI groups. However, all groups exhibited lower gait velocities in the verbal and arithmetic task conditions, but the dual-task cost of the groups were similar. Robust individuals exhibited superior single and dual-task walking performances than the other three groups, and the frail and frail + MCI individuals exhibited performances that were superior to those of the patients with dementia. However, the dual-task costs, i.e., the changes in gait performance when elderly participants switch from a single to a dual task, were similar among all four of the investigated groups. Therefore, these results demonstrated that the magnitude of the impairment in gait pattern is independent of frailty and cognitive impairment status.