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Introducción: la enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV) sigue siendo en el mundo la segunda causa de muerte. Colombia no cuenta con datos suficientes que permitan establecer diferencias en cuanto a los factores de riesgo y su curso clínico entre hombres y mujeres. Objetivo: caracterizar a los adultos hospitalizados con diagnóstico de enfermedad cerebrovascular isquémica (ECVI) atendidos en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá de marzo 1 de 2019 a enero 31 2020. Metodología: estudio tipo cohorte, descriptivo prospectivo, en mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de ECVI. Resultados: se incluyeron 106 pacientes con edad media de 69 años, los factores de riesgo fueron inactividad física 87.1%, sobrepeso 40.6%, hipertensión 41.5% y exposición al cigarrillo 22.7%. Se evidenció en el angiotac algún grado de estenosis carotídea en 18% y fibrilación auricular en 5.6%. La mayoría recibió asa y atorvastatina (83.6%), 8.1% fueron anticoagulados y la mayoría presentó un ACV leve (62.6%), 19% de los pacientes fueron trombolizados y se logró establecer la ateroesclerosis como causa del ACV en 41.8%. Discusión y conclusiones: la ECV se presenta con más frecuencia a partir de la séptima década en la población activa, generando importantes discapacidades que limitan la funcionalidad. Existen factores de riesgo modificables, que debidamente manejados disminuyen el riesgo de ACV.

Introduction: cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is ranked as the second leading cause of death worldwide. In Colombia, there is scarce data to distinguish the risk factors and clinical course among men and women. Objective: to characterize inpatients with a diagnosis of ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) treated at Hospital de San José in Bogotá from March 1, 2019, to January 31, 2020. Methodology: a prospective, descriptive, cohort study in inpatients older than 18 years, diagnosed with ICVD, treated at Hospital de San José in Bogotá. Results: 106 patients with mean age 69 years, were included. Risk factors included physical inactivity 87.1%; overweight 40.6%, hypertension 41.5 % and tobacco smoke exposure 22.7%. A CT angiogram scan evidenced some degree of carotid stenosis in 18% and atrial fibrillation was identified in 5.6%. Most patients received acetylsalicylic acid and atorvastatin (83.6%); 8.1% received anticoagulation therapy and most of them presented a mild stroke (62.6%); 19% of patients received thrombolytic therapy. Atherosclerosis was established as the cause in 41.8%. Discussion and conclusions: cerebrovascular events mostly occur in the seventh decade of life and above, in the active population, causing significant disabilities with functional limitation. The proper management of risk factors that are modifiable can reduce the risk of a stroke.

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Los edulcorantes no calóricos surgieron como una opción segura y saludable en el marco de la alimentación y, por lo tanto, han sido de gran interés en la cultura dietética adquirida en la actualidad; es importante mencionar que en esta cultura adquirida el consumo de comida rápida y con altos niveles de azúcar ha tomado especial fuerza, lo que repercute negativamente en la incidencia de enfermedades metabólicas. En este orden de ideas, los edulcorantes no calóricos se convierten en una mejor opción para la salud en la que no es necesario hacer un cambio drástico en el estilo de vida. No obstante, los beneficios de los edulcorantes artificiales no calóricos no han sido estudiados a profundidad y no se ha evidenciado que una dieta a base de estos sustitutivos provoque un cambio significativo en el desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas asociadas al consumo de azúcar, por el contrario, se han relacionado con enfermedades como obesidad, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico. Asimismo, estos pueden provocar una serie de cambios metabólicos a través de distintos mecanismos que terminan en proteinuria progresiva y descenso de la tasa de filtrado glomerular. A partir de lo anterior, se hace necesario un análisis del riesgo que se corre al elegir esta opción alimenticia, para así no dejarse llevar por los procesos mediáticos que los promocionan, sino más bien, regirse por los hallazgos científicos.

Non-caloric artificial sweeteners have emerged to offer a safe and healthy option in the framework of food. They have received special attention in recent decades, precisely because of the current food culture, where fast food and high sugar consumption have taken on special strength, which has a negative impact on the incidence of metabolic diseases. In that order of ideas, non-caloric artificial sweeteners propose better health without the need for a drastic change in lifestyle. However, its benefits have not been studied in depth, in addition to the fact that there has been no significant change in the development of metabolic diseases associated with sugar consumption, on the contrary, they have been related to diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Likewise, they cause a series of metabolic changes by different mechanisms that end in progressive proteinuria and a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. In order with the above, an analysis of the risk to which one is subjected when choosing this food option is necessary, and not be deafened, much less dazzled by the media processes, if not rather, be governed by scientific findings.

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Resumen Se presenta el caso de un paciente a quien se le diagnosticó una Infección de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) por la técnica de PCR múltiple y en quién se logró por esta técnica, detectar cuatro agentes diferentes simultáneamente: Neisseria gonorreae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum/parvum y Trichomonas vaginalis, situación esta, que no hubiera sido posible utilizando el procedimiento estándar.

Summary Here we report the case of a patient with a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STI) in whom four different agents were detected by a multiple PCR technique: Neisseria gonorreae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum / parvum and Trichomonas vaginalis. This detection of multiple agents would not have been possible using conventional procedures.

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Resumen: Objetivo: Definir la prevalencia y factores asociados de lesión renal aguda en el embarazo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital de la Mujer, Morelia, Michoacán, México. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo de enero de 2013 a agosto de 2018. Pacientes: 213 expedientes de pacientes obstétricas complicadas. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes obstétricas complicadas que ingresaron a la UCI, pacientes que cumplieron criterios para lesión renal aguda. Criterios de exclusión: pacientes con lesión renal crónica, expediente clínico no disponible. Sólo 154 cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Resultados: Se incluyeron 154 pacientes obstétricas complicadas; un promedio de 25.6p ± 1.6 por año. Treinta y seis por ciento tuvo diagnóstico de eclampsia; 35.3% preeclampsia; 29.3% síndrome de HELLP; 19.3% hemorragia obstétrica, 10% sepsis. Se demostró asociación de PR-AKI con síndrome de HELLP (p = 0.0003) y preeclampsia (p = 0.01). Se encontró un subdiagnóstico de 36.7% al buscar PR-AKI utilizando los criterios RIFLE y AKI (p = 0.000007). De las pacientes con PR-AKI grado 3, sólo 20% requirió terapia de reemplazo renal continua. Conclusiones: La lesión renal asociada al embarazo complicado tiene una prevalencia de 6.7%. Las complicaciones asociadas a PR-AKI son síndrome de HELLP y preeclampsia. La PR-AKI está subdiagnosticada hasta en 36.7%.

Abstract: Objective: To define the prevalence and associated factors of acute renal injury in pregnancy (PR-AKI) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Women's Hospital, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico. Material and methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study from January 2013-August 2018. Ambit: Intensive Care Unit of the Women's Hospital. Patients: We reviewed 213 files of complicated obstetric patients. Inclusion criteria: complicated obstetric patients that merit admission to the ICU, patients who met criteria for LRA. Exclusion criteria: patients with chronic. Main variables of interest: Complicated obstetric patients (preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, hemorrhagic shock and sepsis). It was investigated if they developed PR-AKI. Results: 154 complicated obstetric patients were included; an average of 25.6p ± 1.6 per year. 36% had a diagnosis of eclampsia; 35.3% pre-eclampsia; 29.3% HELLP syndrome; 19.3% obstetric hemorrhage, 10% sepsis. Association of PR-AKI with HELLP syndrome (p = 0.0003) and pre-eclampsia (p = 0.01) was demonstrated. A subdiagnosis of 36.7% was found when searching for PR-AKI using the RIFLE and AKI criteria (p = 0.000007). Of the patients with PR-AKI grade 3, 20% required continuous renal replacement therapy. Conclusions: Renal injury associated with complicated pregnancy has a prevalence of 6.7%. The complications that most develop PR-AKI are HELLP syndrome and preeclampsia. PR-AKI is underdiagnosed.

Resumo: Objetivo: Definir a prevalência e os fatores associados à Lesão Renal Aguda na gravidez na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital de la Mujer, Morelia, Michoacán, México. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, transversal e descritivo de janeiro de 2013 a agosto de 2018. Pacientes: 213 prontuários obstétricos complicados. Critérios de inclusão: pacientes obstétricas complicadas admitidas na UTI, pacientes que preencheram os critérios para Lesão Renal Aguda. Critérios de exclusão: pacientes com Lesão Renal Crônica, ficha clínica não disponível. Apenas 154 atenderam aos critérios de seleção. Resultados: 154 pacientes obstétricas complicadas foram incluídas; uma média de 25.6p ± 1.6 por ano. 36% tiveram diagnóstico de eclâmpsia; 35.3% pré-eclâmpsia; 29.3% síndrome HELLP; 19.3% hemorragia obstétrica, 10% sepse. Foi demonstrada uma associação de PR-AKI com síndrome HELLP (p = 0.0003) e pré-eclâmpsia (p = 0.01). Foi encontrado subdiagnóstico de 36.7% na busca de PR-AKI pelos critérios RIFLE e AKI (p = 0.000007). Dos pacientes com PR-AKI grau 3, 20% necessitaram de terapia de reposição renal contínua. Conclusões: Lesões renais associadas à gravidez complicada apresentam prevalência de 6.7%. As complicações associadas à PR-AKI são a síndrome HELLP e a pré-eclâmpsia. PR-AKI é subdiagnosticado em até 36.7%.

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Green waste (GW) management is a key issue due to its high production rate and its variety of physical properties and chemical composition. Composting is a promising alternative for GW treatment and valorization. However, the presence of recalcitrant components such as lignin and cellulose increase the processing time. Strategies such as addition of co-substrates and operative modifications have improved the processing time and compost quality. Therefore, in this study, three strategies have been implemented (i) addition of unprocessed food (UF) and processed foods (PF) as co-substrates for GW to improve the nutrients composition of the substrates at the beginning of the process, (ii) addition of phosphate rock (PR) to improve product quality, and (iii) the use of two-stage composting (TSC) to accelerate the degradation. For this purpose, three treatments with the same mixture (48% GW + 21% UF + 18% PF + 13% sawdust (SW)) were conducted: (i) TA (TSC + 15% PR), (ii) TB (traditional composting +15% PR), and (iii) TC (traditional composting). TSC did not show significant differences compared with TC regarding the process and compost quality, while the addition of PR increased the phosphorus content of the product. However, TC produced the compost with the highest quality according to the Colombian legislation for soil amendment.

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La enfermedad cerebrovascular es de alta prevalencia mundial, siendo objeto de estudios los factores de riesgo, los desencadenantes y los programas de prevención. Objetivo: describir las características demográficas y clínicas del ACV isquémico en urgencias de los Hospitales de San José e Infantil Universitario de San José de Bogotá DC, de abril 2012 a marzo 2013. Materiales y métodos: serie de casos valorando la severidad al ingreso y egreso con la escala NIHSS y el seguimiento intrahospitalario para reportar funcionalidad, discapacidad y mortalidad. Resultados: 157 pacientes con edad media de 67 años (DE: 17.5), 58% mujeres, 110 (70,1%) con hipertensión arterial como factor de riesgo conocido. En 72 (45,9%) se evaluó la funcionalidad al ingreso, 55 eran independientes (76.3%); al egreso se aplicó a 60, encontrando dependencia moderada en 16 (26.7%) e independencia 19 (31.7%). La severidad al ingreso se valoró en 142 pacientes (NIHSS), siendo leve en 100 (63.7%). Se registró mortalidad de diez por la enfermedad cerebrovascular (6.3%). Conclusión: el instrumento diseñado permitió reconocer los factores de riesgo modificables o no, en nuestra población, las terapias de prevención secundaria e identificar fallas en abordaje y tratamiento...

Cerebrovascular disease is of high prevalence worldwide. Risk and trigger factors, and prevention programs have been assessed. Objective: to describe the clinical and demographic features of ischemic cerebrovascular events in the emergency room of San José and Infantil Universitario de San José hospitals in Bogotá DC, from April 2012 to March 2013. Materials and Methods: case series evaluating severity at admission and dismissal using the NIHSS scale and in-hospital follow-up to report functionality, disability and mortality. Results: we identified 157 patients, mean age 67 years (SD: 17.5), 58% women. Hypertension was present in 110 (70.1%), as known risk factor. An admission functionality test was conducted in 72 (45.9%), 55 were independent (76.3%); this test was applied at dismissal on 60, finding moderate dependency in 16 (26.7%) and independency in 19 (31.7%). Severity was evaluated at admission in 142 (NIHSS), being mild in 100 (63.7%). A mortality of ten, due to cerebrovascular disease (6.3%), was reported. Conclusion: the designed instrument allowed modifiable or unmodifiable risk factors to be identified in our population, as well as, secondary prevention therapies and failure in approach and treatment...

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BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) is the etiologic agent of an emerging disease in the Western Hemisphere that can be transmitted to humans by blood transfusion. WNV first appeared in the United States in 1999, in Canada in 2001, and in Mexico in 2002. The aim of this nationwide study was to determine the prevalence of WNV in blood donors in Mexico as a first step in preventing its transfusion-associated transmission. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In July and August 2004, a total of 3856 fresh plasma specimens collected from each state's center for blood transfusion in 29 of 31 Mexican states were screened with an investigational WNV assay (Procleix,(R) Gen-Probe Inc. and Chiron Corp.), a nucleic acid test based on transcription-mediated amplification (TMA). Reactive specimens were confirmed with a second TMA-based test, the alternative WNV assay (Gen-Probe), and with WNV capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies. In addition, 3714 frozen plasma samples collected in 2002 and 2003 were similarly tested. RESULTS: One of 3856 fresh samples from an asymptomatic donor from Chihuahua was reactive by both TMA-based tests and IgM ELISA, suggesting a recently acquired infection. The observed percentage of viremic donors blood donors was 0.03 percent. Results from frozen samples were not included in the prevalence calculation and none were TMA-reactive for WNV. CONCLUSIONS: WNV is present in the Mexican blood supply and measures should be taken to reduce the risk of transfusion transmission.

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BACKGROUND: Experimental work indicates that the vestibular system participates in autonomic reflexes during body movement and postural changes. However, there are no studies of cardiovascular reflexes during vertigo due to human acute vestibular lesions. METHODS: We assessed the response to active change of posture and hand immersion in cold water in seven patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular failure (vestibular neuritis) and seven age/sex-matched healthy subjects in acute phase (72 h from vertigo onset) and at 2 weeks of follow-up. RESULTS: During acute phase, patients showed decreased blood pressure response during cold hand test (p < 0.05). Upright stance induced deficient decrease of the respiratory component of heart rate variability (p < 0.05) with lack of increase in low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio. At 2 weeks of follow-up, these abnormalities improved. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that acute vestibular lesions can interfere with cardiovascular autonomic responses in humans. This may reflect disruption of normal vestibulo-autonomic reflexes.

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