RESUMO
Abstract Pharmaceutical companies affect prescribing behavior through various means, including pharmaceutical salespeople (drug reps), drug samples, influential peers, and educational events. Information on drugs provided by industry representatives has been shown to be inaccurate. Drug samples are among the most effective marketing tools that companies have. "Thought leaders" or "key opinion leaders" are used to persuade peers to use drugs for unapproved uses, raise awareness of targeted diseases, and to shape perceptions of a drug's benefits and harms, as well as perceptions about competing drugs. Although grants provided for talks, seminars, and meetings are described as "unrestricted," it is understood that the company gets to select some speakers, and that speakers with views that undermine marketing messages will not be invited. Promotion has been shown to increase physicians' prescription of targeted drugs, and increases prescription costs.
Resumen Las empresas farmacéuticas influyen sobre la conducta para formular los medicamentos de diversas formas, incluyendo a los vendedores de las empresas farmacéuticas (representantes de medicamentos), las muestras de medicamentos, pares influyentes y eventos educativos. La información sobre los medicamentos suministrada por los representantes de la industria ha demostrado ser inexacta. Las muestras de medicamentos son una de las herramientas de mercadeo más efectivas con que cuentan las empresas. Se recurre a "Los líderes de pensamiento" o a los "principales líderes de opinión" (KOLs por sus siglas en inglés) para convencer a sus pares de que utilicen medicamentos para usos no aprobados, sensibilizar sobre patologías objetivo, y conformar percepciones sobre los beneficios y perjuicios de un medicamento, además de crear impresiones sobre medicamentos en competencia. A pesar de que se dice que las asignaciones monetarias para dictar charlas, celebrar seminarios y reuniones no deben tener restricciones, es claro que la empresa selecciona determinados conferencistas y que aquellos cuyas opiniones socaven los mensajes de mercadeo no serán invitados. Se ha demostrado que la promoción aumenta la prescripción de medicamentos específicos y aumenta los costos de esta.
Assuntos
Humanos , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Salários e Benefícios , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Indústria Farmacêutica , Amostras de Medicamentos , Conscientização , Volição , Congressos como Assunto , Custos e Análise de Custo , MarketingRESUMO
This ethnobotanical literature survey is part of an on-going study in New York City investigating Dominican and Chinese healing systems and the herbal treatments used for the following women's conditions: uterine fibroids (benign tumors of uterine smooth muscle); menorrhagia (excessive uterine bleeding); endometriosis (growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus); and hot flashes (sudden brief sensations of heat commonly experienced during menopause). The objectives of this survey were: (1) to search literature on medicinal plants used in the Dominican Republic and identify those used for the above listed conditions and their symptoms; (2) to compare the use between herbal treatments reported in the literature with those prescribed by Dominican healers in New York City; and (3) to evaluate the extent to which healers may have changed their use of plants in order to adapt to availability in the New York City environment. A total of 87 plant species were reported in the Dominican literature for these conditions and symptoms. Nineteen species overlapped from the literature survey and the fieldwork with Dominican healers in New York City, representing 29% (n=65) of the plants prescribed by healers in New York City. This study offers a model to investigate changes in plant use as people migrate to urban centers where they are surrounded by diverse cultures, healing systems, and new environments.