RESUMO

Three infant regulatory behavior patterns have been identified during the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm (FFSF) in prior research samples: a Social-Positive Oriented pattern (i.e., infants exhibit predominantly positive social engagement), a Distressed-Inconsolable pattern (i.e., infants display conspicuous negative affect that persists or increases across FFSF episodes), and a Self-Comfort Oriented pattern (e.g., infants primarily engage in self-comforting behaviors such as thumb-sucking). However, few studies have examined these patterns outside US and European countries or evaluated potential cross-country differences in these patterns. In this study, we compared the regulatory behavior patterns of 74 Brazilian and 124 Portuguese infants in the FFSF at 3 months of age, and evaluated their links to demographic and birth variables. The prevalence of the three regulatory patterns varied by country. The most frequent pattern in the Portuguese sample was the Social-Positive Oriented, followed by the Distressed-Inconsolable and the Self-Comfort Oriented. However, in the Brazilian sample, the Distressed-Inconsolable pattern was the most prevalent, followed by the Social-Positive Oriented and the Self-Comfort Oriented. Moreover, in the Brazilian sample, familial SES was higher among infants with a Social-Positive pattern whereas 1st-minute Apgar scores were lower among Portuguese infants with a Distressed-Inconsolable Oriented pattern of regulatory behavior. In each sample, Social Positive pattern of regulatory behavior was associated with maternal sensitivity, Self-Comfort Oriented pattern of regulatory behavior with maternal control, and Distressed-Inconsolable pattern with maternal unresponsivity.

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RESUMO

Abstract Some studies indicate differences in self-regulatory behaviors of infants, depending on their gestational age. This paper aimed to compare interactive behaviors of full-term and preterm infants in the Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm. Thirty prematurely born infants and thirty full-term infants were observed in the FFSF's experimental procedure, which consists in exposing the infant to two episodes of interaction with the mother plus another episode in which the interaction gets interrupted. The Coding System and Analysis of Infant Behaviors Expressed in Still-Face adapted was used to analyze the infants' interactive behaviors. Significant differences were observed in self-comfort behaviors. All the infants showed the still-face and the recovery effect, and full-term infants showed a carry-over effect. Results contribute to planning interventions that will help mothers promote more positive dyadic interactions.

Resumo Estudos têm apresentado diferenças nos comportamentos de autorregulação de bebês quando considerada a idade gestacional. Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar comportamentos interativos de bebês nascidos a termo e prematuros segundo paradigma experimental do Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). Trinta bebês nascidos prematuros e trinta a termo foram observados no procedimento experimental do FFSF que consiste na exposição do bebê a dois episódios de interação com a mãe e a um episódio em que se interrompe a interação. Utilizou-se uma adaptação do Sistema de Codificação e de Análise dos Comportamentos Infantis Expressos no Still-Face para analisar os comportamentos interativos dos bebês. Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos comportamentos de autorregulação. Todos os bebês apresentaram o efeito still-face e de recuperação e os bebês a termo apresentaram o efeito carry-over. Os resultados contribuem para o planejamento de intervenções que auxiliem as mães a promoverem interações diádicas mais positivas.

Resumen Estudios han mostrado diferencias en las conductas de autorregulación de bebés, de acuerdo con su edad gestacional. Este estudio buscó comparar las conductas interactivas de bebés nacidos a término y prematuros en el paradigma experimental Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). Treinta bebés nacidos prematuros y treinta a término fueron observados en el procedimiento experimental del FFSF que consiste en la exposición del bebé a dos episodios de interacción con la madre y a un episodio en el que se interrumpe la interacción. Se utilizó de una adaptación del Sistema de Codificación y Análisis de las Conductas Infantiles expresadas en Still-face para analizar las conductas interactivas de los bebés. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las conductas de autorregulación. Los bebés mostraron los efectos still-face y de recuperación, y los bebés a término presentaron un efecto carry-over. Los resultados contribuyen para planificar intervenciones que auxilien a las madres a promover interacciones diádicas más positivas.

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RESUMO

Infant's patterns of regulatory behavior contribute to infant socioemotional development and attachment. These behavioral patterns affect and are affected by the quality of mother-infant interaction. In most studies with full-term infants, the Social-Positive Oriented pattern (i.e., the infant's ability to soothe his/her emotions in the context of reciprocal and positive interactions) is the most prevalent pattern, followed by the Distressed-Inconsolable and by the Self-Comfort Oriented patterns. However, these patterns are understudied in other populations beyond the US and European countries. The current research addresses this gap by studying the regulatory behavior patterns and their association with mother-infant interactions in Brazilian dyads and evaluating the association of these regulatory patterns with demographics. Analyses were based on data collected for 40 infants (20 boys, 20 girls) and their mothers. Infants' regulatory behavior patterns were evaluated in the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm and mother-infant interaction was evaluated during free play at 3 months age. Notably, our findings indicate that Distressed-Inconsolable was the most prevalent pattern in this sample; followed by the Social-Positive Oriented and the Self-Comfort Oriented patterns. Furthermore, we found that maternal sensitivity and family SES (social-economic status) predicted infant patterns of regulatory behavior.

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Prior research in Western countries (mostly the US, Canada and northern Europe) indicates that mothers' representations are associated with mother-infant interaction quality and their child's attachment security later in the first year. Fewer studies, however, have evaluated whether these associations hold for mother-infant dyads in other countries, such as Brazil and Portugal. Although these countries share a similar language and culture, they differ on societal dimensions that may affect parenting attitudes and mother-infant relationships, such as economic stress, social organisation, social policy, and the availability of services for young families. In this longitudinal study, we followed two independent samples of Brazilian and Portuguese mother-infant dyads from the perinatal period to 12 months post-partum. We assessed mothers' perinatal representations using semi-structured interviews in the first 48 hours after the infant's birth, and evaluated the associations of these representations with mother interaction quality at 9 months and infant attachment at 12 months. Results were similar in each country, corroborating prior research in single Western countries: Mothers with more positive perinatal representations were more sensitive to their infants during free play at 9 months and were more likely to have infants classified as securely attached at 12 months.

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The present study compared and correlated interactive behaviors of 15 mothers and their very preterm infants (gestational age: 28-32 weeks). Mothers and infants were observed in the experimental Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm, consisting of three episodes: in the first and third episodes (play and reunion episodes), mother and infant interact freely; in the second (still-face episode), the mother maintains a still-face expression. The behaviors of the infants were allocated in three categories: positive social orientation, negative social orientation and self-regulation. Maternal behaviors were classified into positive and negative social orientation. Intragroup comparisons indicated that maternal vocalizations were significantly higher in the play episode. Compared to other studies with preterm infants, babies in this study exhibit fewer interactive behaviors and more self-soothing behaviors in the still-face episode. In addition, in the reunion episode, values of the behaviors presented in the play episode were recovered. Correlations between intrusive maternal behaviors and noninteractive or negative-interaction behaviors of the infant suggest the relevance of providing intervention to promote maternal sensitivity.

O presente estudo buscou comparar e descrever a correlação entre comportamentos interativos de quinze mães e seus bebês nascidos muito prematuros (idade gestacional: 28-32 semanas). As díades foram observadas com base no paradigma experimental do Face-to-Face Still-Face, composto por três episódios: nos Episódios 1 e 3 mãe e bebê interagem e, no Episódio 2, a mãe mantém-se inexpressiva. Os comportamentos dos bebês foram analisados conforme três categorias: orientação social positiva, orientação social negativa e autorregulação. Os comportamentos maternos foram classificados em orientação social positiva e negativa. Comparações intragrupo apontaram que as vocalizações maternas foram significativamente maiores no Episódio 1. Comparativamente a outros estudos com prematuros, os bebês deste estudo apresentaram menos comportamentos interativos e mais comportamentos de autoconforto no Episódio 2. No Episódio 3 os comportamentos interativos, tanto das mães quanto dos bebês, recuperaram as frequências apresentadas no Episódio 1. As correlações entre comportamentos maternos intrusivos e comportamentos não interativos ou de interação negativa com o bebê sugerem a relevância de se oferecerem intervenções para promover a sensibilidade materna.

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Neste estudo são comparadas a interação e a linguagem dirigida aos filhos(as) pelos pais e mães, para analisar as diferenças e semelhanças entre as díades. Para o efeito, foram videogravadas durante uma situação de brincadeira livre 80 díades - 40 crianças (25 meninas e 15 meninos) de 15 meses em interação com os respetivos pai e mãe. Os resultados revelam que não há diferenças significativas na forma de os pais e as mães interagirem com seus filhos e filhas. Contudo, observam-se diferenças na linguagem dirigida às crianças por pais e mães, em particular em comportamentos de nomeação e avaliação positiva. Para além das diferenças são de sublinhar correlação positiva quer na interação, quer na comunicação de pais que coabitam.

Cet étude compare l'interaction et la communication de père-enfant et de mère-enfant pour analyser les différences et les similitudes entre les dyades. Dans ce but, 80 dyades ont été filmées dans une situation de jeu libre - 40 enfants âgés de quinze mois en interaction à la fois avec son père et sa mère (25 garçons et 15 filles). Les résultats révèlent qu'il n'y a pas de différences significatives dans l'interaction des parents avec leurs enfants. Cependant, en ce qui concerne la communication, des différences ont été observées dans le langage adressé aux enfants par les parents, en particulier, dans les énoncés ciblant des noms et d'évaluation positive. Au-delà des différences, nous soulignons la corrélation positive trouvée soit dans l'interaction soit dans la communication entre des parents qui cohabitent.

En este estudio se comparan la interacción y la comunicación entre padre-hijo(a) y madre-hijo(a) con el objetivo de analizar las diferencias y similitudes entre las díadas. Para esto, se grabaron en vídeo durante una situación de juego libre 80 díadas con 40 niños de 15 meses en interacción con sus respectivos padre y madre. Los resultados revelan que no hay diferencias significativas en la manera en que los padres y las madres interactúan con sus hijos e hijas. Sin embargo, se observan diferencias en el lenguaje que los padres dirigen a los niños, en particular en comportamientos de nombrar y valoración positiva. Más que las diferencias, es notable la correlación positiva, ya sea en la interacción, ya sea en la comunicación de padres que cohabitan.

In this study we compare maternal and paternal interaction and speech directed to their children, in order to analyze differences and similitudes between the dyads. For that purpose, 80 dyads were taped in a free play situation ­ forty 15 months old children (25 girls, 15 boys) interacting with their parents. Results demonstrate no significant differences regarding the way mothers and fathers interact with their sons and daughters. However, differences in mothers versus fathers' style of communication toward their children were found, particularly naming and positive evaluation behaviors. Although differences were found, we underline positive correlation in interaction and communication of cohabiting parents.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association between receptive vocabulary performance and intellectual quotient (IQ) in preterm born children compared to children born at term. METHOD: A total of 72 preschool-age children participated in the study. Participants were divided in four groups: EG-I, including 20 moderate to late preterm born children; EG-II, comprehending 16 extremely preterm born children; CG-I and CG-II with correspondingly 20 and 16 children born at term. EG-I and CG-I as well as EG-II and CG-II groups were matched according to gender, chronological age, and family SES. The mean age of children in each group was: EG-I and CG-I: 30.3months; EG-II and CG-II: 29.1months. The assessment information was collected using an anamnesis protocol, the Brazilian criterion of economic classification, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. RESULTS: Mean scores for receptive vocabulary were significantly lower in both preterm groups (EG-I and EG-II) than in the corresponding matched groups (CG-I and CG-II). However, no significant differences were found among the preterm groups. Moreover, high correlations between vocabulary and IQ scores were found in both preterm groups (EG-I and EG-II). In contrast, no significant correlations were found when analyses considered each group of full-term born children (CG-I and CG-II). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that prematurity status has an impact on receptive language performance and on the pattern of relationships between receptive vocabulary and general intellectual functioning.

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Numa amostra com 99 díades mãe-filho (sem condições evidentes de risco), tendo os bebês entre 3 e 6 meses, analisamos breves sequências de jogo livre. Pretendíamos estudar a interacção mãe-filho num registo próximo do dia a dia. Para o efeito, avaliamos: a expressão facial, expressão vocal, posicionamento e manipulação, expressão afetiva, reciprocidade, directividade e jogo proporcionados pelas mães. Nos bebês observamos as respostas faciais, vocais, afectivas, a capacidade de responder reciprocamente e comportamento em jogo. Os resultados indicam que os comportamentos maternos muito sensíveis e adequados e os seus opostos - muito desajustados - são minoritários. De fato, a maioria das mães combina sensibilidade com alguma intrusão. A generalidade das crianças apresenta receptividade às solicitações maternas, mas não são raros os comportamentos difíceis e de resistência. A sensibilidade materna e a cooperação infantil apresentaram uma forte associação. Por fim, verificamos que os comportamentos maternos e infantis foram afectados pelo sexo da criança, pela educação e pelas idades maternas e o nível socioeconômico das famílias(AU)

In this study, the authors investigate mother-child interaction in free play. Brief sequences of interaction were analyzed in a sample of 99 mother-infant dyads (with no evidence of risk). The infants' ages ranged between 3 and 6 months old. Mothers' facial and vocal expression, positioning and handling, affective expression, reciprocity, directiveness and appropriateness of play were assessed. In addition, infants were observed concerning to facial, vocal and affective responses, the ability to respond reciprocally and the quality of play presented. Results showed that highly sensitive and adequate maternal behavior and its opposite - highly insensitive and inadequate - are relatively uncommon. Moreover, a great number of mothers combined sensitivity with some level of intrusion. Infants presented, in general, receptivity to mother turns, but moment's resistance and difficult behaviors were found in many cases. These findings suggest a strong association between maternal sensitivity and infant cooperation. Results were affected by several variables like: infant's sex, mother's level of education, mother's age and family social economical status(AU)

Dans un échantillon de 99 paires maman et bébé (sans être dans les conditions de risque), avec des enfantes entre 3 et 6 mois, nous avons analysé de brèves séquences du jeux libre. On voudrait étudier l'interaction maman et bébé justement comme ça se passe pendant la journée. A cet effet, on a évalué: l'expression facial, la vocalisation, la manipulation de la mère sur le bébé, l'expression des affects, la réciprocité, la directivité et les jeux proportionnés par les mères. Dans les bébés on a observé les réponses faciales, vocales et affectives, la capacité de répondre avec réciprocité et le type d'interaction dans le jeu. Les résultats montre que les comportements maternels, qui sont trop sensibles et adéquats, bien comme, lesquelles trop désajustés, sont en minorité. En fait, la majorité des mères fait une combinaison entre sensibilité et intrusion. La généralité des enfants présent réceptivité aux sollicitations de leurs mères mais ils ne sont pas rares les comportements difficiles et de résistance. La sensibilité maternelle et la coopération enfantine on présenté une forte association. Finalement, on a vérifié que les comportements maternels et enfantines on été affecté par le sexe de l'enfant, l'éducation, les ages maternels et le niveaux socio-économique des familles(AU)

En una muestra de 99 parejas madre-hijo (sin riesgo evidente), teniendo los bebés entre 3 y 6 meses, analizamos breves sequencias de juego libre. Pretendíamos estudiar la interacción madre-hijo en un registro que se asemejase a su dia a dia. Para ello evaluamos: la expresividad facial y oral, la postura y la manipulación, la afectividad y reciprocidad, la capacidad de dirigir y la capacidad lúdica proporcionadas por las madres. En los bebés analizamos la expresividad facial, oral y afectiva, la capacidad de respuesta recíproca y su comportamiento durante el juego. Los resultados indican que tanto las actitudes maternales muy sensibles y adecuadas como sus opuestas - muy inadecuadas, son minoritarias. De hecho, la mayoría de las madres combina la sensibilidad con algún grado de intrusismo. La mayoría de los bebés es receptiva a las actitudes maternas, pero no son infrecuentes los comportamientos difíciles y rebeldes. La sensibilidad materna y la cooperación infantil mostraron una fuerte asociación. Finalmente, verificamos que las actitudes maternas e infantiles dependieron del sexo del niño, de la educación, de la edad materna y del nivel sócio-económico de las famílias(AU)

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RESUMO

Numa amostra com 99 díades mãe-filho (sem condições evidentes de risco), tendo os bebês entre 3 e 6 meses, analisamos breves sequências de jogo livre. Pretendíamos estudar a interacção mãe-filho num registo próximo do dia a dia. Para o efeito, avaliamos: a expressão facial, expressão vocal, posicionamento e manipulação, expressão afetiva, reciprocidade, directividade e jogo proporcionados pelas mães. Nos bebês observamos as respostas faciais, vocais, afectivas, a capacidade de responder reciprocamente e comportamento em jogo. Os resultados indicam que os comportamentos maternos muito sensíveis e adequados e os seus opostos - muito desajustados - são minoritários. De fato, a maioria das mães combina sensibilidade com alguma intrusão. A generalidade das crianças apresenta receptividade às solicitações maternas, mas não são raros os comportamentos difíceis e de resistência. A sensibilidade materna e a cooperação infantil apresentaram uma forte associação. Por fim, verificamos que os comportamentos maternos e infantis foram afectados pelo sexo da criança, pela educação e pelas idades maternas e o nível socioeconômico das famílias.

In this study, the authors investigate mother-child interaction in free play. Brief sequences of interaction were analyzed in a sample of 99 mother-infant dyads (with no evidence of risk). The infants' ages ranged between 3 and 6 months old. Mothers' facial and vocal expression, positioning and handling, affective expression, reciprocity, directiveness and appropriateness of play were assessed. In addition, infants were observed concerning to facial, vocal and affective responses, the ability to respond reciprocally and the quality of play presented. Results showed that highly sensitive and adequate maternal behavior and its opposite - highly insensitive and inadequate - are relatively uncommon. Moreover, a great number of mothers combined sensitivity with some level of intrusion. Infants presented, in general, receptivity to mother turns, but moment's resistance and difficult behaviors were found in many cases. These findings suggest a strong association between maternal sensitivity and infant cooperation. Results were affected by several variables like: infant's sex, mother's level of education, mother's age and family social economical status.

Dans un échantillon de 99 paires maman et bébé (sans être dans les conditions de risque), avec des enfantes entre 3 et 6 mois, nous avons analysé de brèves séquences du jeux libre. On voudrait étudier l'interaction maman et bébé justement comme ça se passe pendant la journée. A cet effet, on a évalué: l'expression facial, la vocalisation, la manipulation de la mère sur le bébé, l'expression des affects, la réciprocité, la directivité et les jeux proportionnés par les mères. Dans les bébés on a observé les réponses faciales, vocales et affectives, la capacité de répondre avec réciprocité et le type d'interaction dans le jeu. Les résultats montre que les comportements maternels, qui sont trop sensibles et adéquats, bien comme, lesquelles trop désajustés, sont en minorité. En fait, la majorité des mères fait une combinaison entre sensibilité et intrusion. La généralité des enfants présent réceptivité aux sollicitations de leurs mères mais ils ne sont pas rares les comportements difficiles et de résistance. La sensibilité maternelle et la coopération enfantine on présenté une forte association. Finalement, on a vérifié que les comportements maternels et enfantines on été affecté par le sexe de l'enfant, l'éducation, les ages maternels et le niveaux socio-économique des familles.

En una muestra de 99 parejas madre-hijo (sin riesgo evidente), teniendo los bebés entre 3 y 6 meses, analizamos breves sequencias de juego libre. Pretendíamos estudiar la interacción madre-hijo en un registro que se asemejase a su dia a dia. Para ello evaluamos: la expresividad facial y oral, la postura y la manipulación, la afectividad y reciprocidad, la capacidad de dirigir y la capacidad lúdica proporcionadas por las madres. En los bebés analizamos la expresividad facial, oral y afectiva, la capacidad de respuesta recíproca y su comportamiento durante el juego. Los resultados indican que tanto las actitudes maternales muy sensibles y adecuadas como sus opuestas - muy inadecuadas, son minoritarias. De hecho, la mayoría de las madres combina la sensibilidad con algún grado de intrusismo. La mayoría de los bebés es receptiva a las actitudes maternas, pero no son infrecuentes los comportamientos difíciles y rebeldes. La sensibilidad materna y la cooperación infantil mostraron una fuerte asociación. Finalmente, verificamos que las actitudes maternas e infantiles dependieron del sexo del niño, de la educación, de la edad materna y del nivel sócio-económico de las famílias.

Assuntos