RESUMO
Coffee pulp is a by-product of the coffee industry. Due to conventional management techniques, it represents a severe environmental problem due to its negative impact on the soil (anaerobic fermentation and pH changes), water sources (the infiltration of pollutants into streams, acidification of water sources, and modification of microorganisms), and biodiversity (soil microbiology, fish, crustaceans, and other vertebrates). Therefore, it is essential to develop protocols for the treatment of this waste so that it can be used again in other productive activities under the circular economy approach. This means that all the waste from a production process can be reused, can generate value for the benefit of the producer, and, in turn, mitigate the environmental impact. The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of 5 levels of wheat bran (WB) with extruded coffee pulp flour (ECPF) as an alternative to a conventional fiber source in broiler finisher diets. A total of 300 Cobb 500 chickens in the finishing phase were assessed in the study, grouped in 5 treatments: T1, a conventional diet or control treatment (100% WB and 0% ECPF), T2 (75% WB and 25% ECPF), T3 (50% WB and 50% ECPF), T4 (25% WB and 75% ECPF), and T5 (0% WB and 100% ECPF). Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and intestinal morphometry (villus length: VL, villus width: VW, crypt depth: CD, villus height/crypt depth ratio: V/C, and villus surface area: VSA) were evaluated at the level of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Feed intake decreased correspondingly as the ECPF in the diet was increased, with statistical differences (p < 0.01) between their averages; the most significant weight gain (834.61 g) was evidenced with the T2 treatment, this being statistically different (p < 0.01) from T4 and T5; similarly, the best FCR (1.58) was evidenced with the T2 treatment, followed by the control treatment T1 (with 1.64); however, they were not statistically different (p > 0.05). All treatment results were similar to the VL control samples in the three intestinal portions, except for the T5 in the jejunum, which showed statistical differences from the control. In VW, the treatment results were similar to the control samples of the jejunum and ileum; however, in the duodenum, the T5 results showed the highest value (172.18 µm), being statistically different (p < 0.05) from the other treatments being evaluated. For CD, it was only in the duodenum that the T2 and T3 treatments were similar to the control. Likewise, for V/C in the duodenum, only the T2 results were similar to the control. There was no significant difference in the VSA among the different treatment groups. T2 showed better production parameters without altering the intestinal villi. In conclusion, ECPF is a potential input for use to replace up to 25% of WB in the feed of broilers in the finishing phase.
RESUMO
Ocular complications are common among end-stage renal disease patients and some complications had been linked to increments of intraocular pressure (IOP) during hemodialysis. The changes of IOP during hemodiafiltration (HDF) have been scarcely investigated and the potential influence of the sodium dialysate concentration is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the IOP changes during HDF with sodium dialysate concentration, either fixed or individualized. Thirteen end-stage renal disease patients participated in the study; they were treated with HDF using a dialysate sodium profile fixed at 138 mmol and another session with an individualized sodium profile. The intraocular pressure was measured before and after each session and every 30 min during HDF. Both groups had a similar HDF prescription, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters. At the end of hemodiafiltration, sodium concentration decreased only in the fixed sodium profile group. The number of patients with at least an episode of intraocular hypertension during HDF ranged from 5 (19%) to 8 (31%) without significant differences between right and left eye nor between dialysate sodium concentration. During HDF, there is a large variability of IOP; transient events of intraocular hypertension are highly prevalent in this sample, and they are not related to the sodium dialysate concentration.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure during hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration. Fifteen patients were enrolled (seven treated with hemodialysis therapy and eight with hemodiafiltration). The intraocular pressure was measured before and after dialysis and every 30 min during dialysis. Before dialysis, both groups had similar dialysis prescription, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters. At the end of dialysis, potassium, and osmolarity decreased in both groups, while systolic blood pressure and sodium decreased in the hemodialysis group, and glucose decreased in the hemodiafiltration group. Mean intraocular pressure was similar between groups at all measured times and had no significant changes during hemodialysis. During minute 120 of hemodiafiltration, mean intraocular pressure in the left eye decreased significantly compared to minute 90. This suggests a high intra-individual variability of intraocular pressure during both types of dialysis, which could be relevant particularly among those with the risk of glaucoma.