RESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on food surfaces and surfaces in public spaces in 3 districts of Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in three districts of the Lima metropolitan area. Surfaces that were most exposed to users were selected. Samples were swabbed for 4 weeks and transported to the laboratory to determine the presence of the virus. One thousand ninety-five inert surface samples and 960 food surface samples were evaluated for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 by the real time-PCR molecular test, whereby only one sample from an automated teller machine was positive. Most of the inert and food surfaces evaluated did not show the presence of SARS-CoV-2 during the time of sample collection. Despite the negative results, the frequency of disinfection and hygiene measures on high-contact surfaces should be maintained and increased to prevent other highly contagious infectious diseases.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Peru , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the presence of SARS-CoV-2 on food surfaces and surfaces in public spaces in 3 districts of Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in three districts of the Lima metropolitan area. Surfaces that were most exposed to users were selected. Samples were swabbed for 4 weeks and transported to the laboratory to determine the presence of the virus. One thousand ninety-five inert surface samples and 960 food surface samples were evaluated for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 by the real time-PCR molecular test, whereby only one sample from an automated teller machine was positive. Most of the inert and food surfaces evaluated did not show the presence of SARS-CoV-2 during the time of sample collection. Despite the negative results, the frequency of disinfection and hygiene measures on high-contact surfaces should be maintained and increased to prevent other highly contagious infectious diseases.
RESUMO
La práctica docente obliga a innovar con metodologías que faciliten el aprendizaje y resguarden los principios éticos que fundamentan el quehacer profesional, como es el caso del uso de los pacientes estandarizados (PE). Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto en los conocimientos sobre esquizofrenia y trastornos del ánimo de una intervención que combina clases teóricas estandarizadas y uso de PE en estudiantes universitarios de pregrado de la asignatura de enfermería psiquiátrica. Método: Diseño cuantitativo descriptivo sobre un universo de 157 estudiantes de enfermería de quinto y sexto semestre de formación. La recolección de los datos se realizó a través de un instrumento de medición de conocimientos sometido a pruebas de validación de contenido. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el programa SPSS(r). Resultados: Al medir el efecto de la intervención en la adquisición de conocimientos, se observa que la metodología de clase estandarizada incrementa en promedio un 34% los conocimientos de los estudiantes y el uso de PE contribuye con sobre un 10% adicional. Al combinar ambas estrategias, los conocimientos de los estudiantes se incrementan en 49.3% y 41.9% para esquizofrenia y trastornos del ánimo respectivamente, sin que el estudiante participe de otra instancia de estudio o profundización de los contenidos. Conclusión. El uso de estrategias metodológicas combinadas contribuye a la adquisición de los conocimientos necesarios para la formación de estudiantes de pregrado de enfermería psiquiátrica.
Teaching needs to innovate with methodologies which foster learning while, at the same time, maintain the ethical principles which give base to the professional activities. Such is the case of the use of standardized patients (SP). Objective: To assess the effects of an intervention which combines standardized theoretical classes with the use of SP, on the knowledge which undergraduate students, undergoing their psychiatric nursing subject, have on schizophrenia and mood disorders. Method This was a qualitative and descriptive study on a universe of 157 nursing students from the fifth and sixth semesters of their program. Data collection was conducted through a knowledge assessment instrument which was submitted to content validity tests. The SPSS(r) program was used to analyze these data. Results: From the intervention, it was observed that the methodology of standardized class increments in an average of 34% the students' knowledge, while the use of SP contributes with an additional 10%. When combining both methodologies, and without any other content-deepening technique, the students' knowledge on schizophrenia increased 49.4% while their knowledge on mood disorders increased 41.9%. Conclusion: The use of combined methodological strategies contributes to the acquisition of formation-needed knowledge by undergraduate psychiatric nursing students.
A prática docente obriga a inovar com metodologias que facilitem a aprendizagem e a salvaguardar os princípios éticos que fundamentam o fazer profissional, como é o caso do uso 2 pacientes estandardizados (PE). Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito nos conhecimentos sobre esquizofrenia e transtornos de ânimo de uma intervenção que combina aulas teóricas estandardizadas e uso de PE nos estudantes universitários de pregado da matéria de enfermagem psiquiátrica. Método: Desenho quantitativo descritivo sobre o universo de 157 estudantes de enfermagem de quinto e sexto semestre de formação. A recoleta 2 dados realizou-se a través de um instrumento de medição de conhecimentos submetido a testes de validação de conteúdo. Para a análise de dados utilizou-se o programa SPSS(r). Resultados Ao medir o efeito da intervenção na aquisição de conhecimentos, observa-se que a metodologia de classe estandardizada incrementa em média um 34% os conhecimentos 2 estudantes e o uso de PE contribui sobre um 10% adicional. Ao combinar ambas as estratégias, os conhecimentos 2 estudantes incrementam-se em 49.4% e 41.9% para esquizofrenia e transtornos de ânimo respectivamente, sem que o estudante participe de outra instância de estúdio e/ou aprofundamento 2 conteúdos. Conclusão: O uso de estratégias metodológicas combinadas contribui à aquisição de conhecimentos necessários para a formação de estudantes de pregado de enfermagem psiquiátrica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has developed resistance to anti-tuberculosis first-line drugs. Multidrug-resistant strains complicate the control of tuberculosis and have converted it into a worldwide public health problem. Mutational studies of target genes have tried to envisage the resistance in clinical isolates; however, detection of these mutations in some cases is not sufficient to identify drug resistance, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved. Therefore, the identification of new markers of susceptibility or resistance to first-line drugs could contribute (1) to specifically diagnose the type of M. tuberculosis strain and prescribe an appropriate therapy, and (2) to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance in multidrug-resistant strains. In order to identify specific genes related to resistance in M. tuberculosis, we compared the gene expression profiles between the pansensitive H37Rv strain and a clinical CIBIN:UMF:15:99 multidrug-resistant isolate using microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that in the clinical multidrug-resistant isolate, the esxG, esxH, rpsA, esxI, and rpmI genes were upregulated, while the lipF, groES, and narG genes were downregulated. The modified genes could be involved in the mechanisms of resistance to first-line drugs in M. tuberculosis and could contribute to increased efficiency in molecular diagnosis approaches of infections with drug-resistant strains.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Transcriptoma , Genes Bacterianos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
CIMAvax-EGF consists of a human recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF), coupled to P64k, a recombinant carrier protein from N. meningitis, and Montanide ISA 51 as adjuvant. The vaccine immunization induces a specific antibody production, inhibiting the EGF/EGF-R interaction through EGF deprivation. The objective of this study was to assess the CIMAvax-EGF toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats after intramuscular administration of repeated doses (6 months) and at the same time to determine if rat is a relevant species for studying CIMAvax-EGF vaccine. Rats were randomly distributed into four groups: control, Montanide ISA 51, treated with 1× and 15× of human total dose of the antigen. Animals were immunized weekly during 9 weeks, plus 9 immunizations every 14 days. Rats were inspected daily for clinical signs. Body weight, food consumption, and rectal temperature were measured during the administration of doses. Blood samples were collected for hematological, serum biochemical determinations and EGF titles at the beginning, three months and at the end of experimentation. Gross necropsy and histological examination of tissues were performed on animals at the end of the assay. Vaccine provoked the apparition of antibodies against EGF in the rats, demonstrating rat species relevance in these studies. Body weight gain, food and water consumption were not affected. CIMAvax-EGF and Montanide ISA 51 produced local damage at the administration site, showing multiple cysts and granulomas. Both vaccine-treated groups showed neutrophil elevation, besides an AST increase probably related to the damage at the administration site. Rectal temperature was found to be significantly higher in 15× treated group after immunizations, probably induced by the inflammatory process at the injection site. In summary, the clinical pathology findings together with the body temperature results, appear to be caused by the inflammatory reaction at the administration site of the vaccine, mainly mediated by the oil-based adjuvant Montanide ISA 51, probably enhanced by the immunological properties of the antigen. This study showed evidences that intramuscular administration during 26 weeks of CIMAvax-EGF at doses up to 15× human total dose is well tolerated in rats and it has a clinical importance since this long lasting study in relevant species allows to treat cancer patients with tumors during long periods with relative weight safety margin.
Assuntos
Vacinas Anticâncer/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Anticâncer/efeitos adversos , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacinação/métodos , Animais , Anticorpos/sangue , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Temperatura Corporal , Peso Corporal , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Histocitoquímica , Injeções Intramusculares , Masculino , Músculos/patologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Soro/químicaRESUMO
La punción aspiración guiada por ultrasonido endoscópico (PAAF-USE) se ha convertido en una herramienta fundamental en el diagnóstico de los tumores de páncreas. Es un procedimiento con baja tasa de complicaciones que además provee información determinante que puede modificar la conducta terapéutica. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de tumor de páncreas referidos para la realización PAAF-USE en el período comprendido entre 2008-2009. Resultados: 36 pacientes fueron estudiados, 58.30% (n=21) del sexo femenino. Se evidenciaron tumores sólidos en el 80.5%. Según la histología, fueron reportados adenocarcinoma en el 47.05% (n=16), cistoadenoma mucinoso en el 8.88% (n=3), cistoadenocarcinoma en el 5.88% (n=2), linfoma no Hodgkin en el 5.88% (n=2), tumor neuroendocrino (insulinoma) en el 2.94 % (n=1), cistodenoma seroso en el 2.94% (n=1), tumor sólido pseudopapilar en el 2.94% (n=1), tumor metastásico a páncreas en el 2.94% (n=1) y el 17.64% (n=6) fueron reportados negativos para malignidad. No hubo complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos obtenidos por PAAF-USE permiten establecer el diagnóstico en un alto porcentaje de las lesiones tumorales del páncreas, con una baja tasa de complicaciones, permitiendo seleccionar conductas terapéuticas adecuadas.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle-aspiration (EUS-FNA) has become an essential tool for the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic neoplasms. It is a procedure with low complication rates and also provides crucial information which could alter the therapeutic management. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients referred for USE-FNA with presumed pancreatic neoplasms between January 2008 and December 2009. Results: 36 patients were studied, 58.30% (n = 21) were females. Solid tumors were evident in 80.5%. According to their histology, adenocarcinoma were reported in 47.05% (n = 16), mucinous cystadenoma in 8.88% (n = 3), cystadenocarcinoma in 5.88% (n = 2), non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 5.88% (n = 2), neuroendocrine tumor (insulinoma) in 2.94% (n = 1), serous cystoadenoma in 2.94% (n = 1), solid pseudopapillary tumor in 2.94% (n = 1), metastatic tumor 2.94 % (n = 1) and 17.64% (n = 6) were reported negative for malignancy. There were no complications associated with the procedure. Conclusions: The fi ndings obtained by EUS-FNA make diagnosis possible in a high percentage of tumoral lesions of the pancreas, with no procedural complication rates overall in this study. Consequently, the accurate histological diagnosis will have the potential to affect the selection of an appropriate treatment.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Biópsia por Agulha , Endoscopia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Ultrassonografia , Diagnóstico por Imagem , GastroenteropatiasRESUMO
Las neoplasias quísticas del páncreas representan menos del 10 % de las neoplasias pancreáticas, comprendiendo una gama de lesiones benignas, limítrofes y malignas, según la OMS. Dentro de estos tumores reviste importancia el Tumor sólido pseudopapilar, a pesar de su baja incidencia a nivel mundial, entre 1-2% de las neoplasias pancreáticas, y ser considerado como de bajo potencial maligno, es decir limítrofe. Sin embargo, son tumores invasivos, con la capacidad de diseminarse localmente o a distancia hasta en un 15 % aproximadamente. Se ha descrito la resección quirúrgica radical como tratamiento de elección para esta patología; pancreatoduodenectomía para los tumores localizados en la cabeza del páncreas, y pancreatectomía distal combinada o no con esplenectomía, para los ubicados en cuerpo y cola. A propósito de esta infrecuente neoplasia quística del páncreas, reportamos dos (2) casos evaluados y tratados por el Departamento de Vías digestivas del Servicio Oncológico Hospitalario del IVSS, durante el año en curso, con resultados satisfactorios.
Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas represent less than 10% of pancreatic tumors, comprising a range of benign, borderline and malignant, according to WHO. Within these tumors is important solid pseudopapillary tumor, despite its low incidence worldwide (1-2% of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas), and be considered of low malignant potential, considered borderline. However, despite these features, are invasive tumors, with the ability to spread locally or remotely up to 15%. It has been described radical surgical resection as treatment of choice for this disease; pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic head tumor and Distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy, for pancreatic body and/or tail tumor. About this rare cystic neoplasm of the pancreas, we report two (2) cases evaluated and treated by the Digestive tract disease department at the Oncology Hospital Service of IVSS, during this year, with satisfactory results.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Diagnóstico por Imagem , GastroenteropatiasRESUMO
Despite the growing evidence of poor psychosocial adjustment, at present there is no formal method of assessment of social adjustment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). First, we assessed social adjustment in patients with TLE using a self-report questionnaire and compared the results with those from quality-of-life (QOL) scales. Second, we verified the influence of cognitive performance and clinical variables of epilepsy on social adjustment and QOL. We evaluated 35 people with TLE and 38 healthy controls. Patients had worse social adjustment, and it was correlated with worse perception of cognitive function. Attention and verbal memory dysfunctions were negatively correlated with social adjustment. However, there was no significant correlation between cognitive performance and QOL. Regarding clinical variables, persons with left TLE showed worse social adjustment and patients with frequent seizures showed worse QOL. These findings indicate the relevance of evaluating social adjustment and emphasize the importance of cognitive rehabilitation to improved social adjustment.
Assuntos
Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Ajustamento Social , Adaptação Psicológica , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been evaluated for actively induced immunotherapy with encouraging results. However, rational combination of cancer vaccines with chemotherapy may improve the therapeutic efficacy of these two approaches used separately. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effect of the co-administration of 1E10 (Racotumomab), a monoclonal anti-idiotype tumor vaccine against an IgM mAb, named P3 that reacts specifically with NeuGc-containing gangliosides and low-dose Cyclophosphamide in a mammary carcinoma model. F3II tumor-bearing mice were immunized subcutaneously with 100 microg of 1E10 mAb in Alum or with 150 mg/m(2) of Cyclophosphamide intravenously 7 days after the tumor inoculation. While a limited antitumor effect was induced by a single 1E10 mAb immunization; its co-administration with low-dose Cyclophosphamide reduced significantly the F3II mammary carcinoma growth. That response was comparable with the co-administration of the standard high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer based on 60 mg/m(2) of Doxorubicin and 600 mg/m(2) of Cyclophosphamide, without toxicity signs. Combinatorial chemo-immunotherapy promoted the CD8(+) lymphocytes tumor infiltration and enhanced tumor apoptosis. Furthermore, 1E10 mAb immunization potentiated the antiangiogenic effect of low-dose Cyclophosphamide. Additionally, splenic myeloid cells Gr1(+)/CD11b(+) associated with a suppressor phenotype were significantly reduced in F3II tumor-bearing mice immunized with 1E10 mAb alone or in combination with low-dose Cyclophosphamide. This data may provide a rational for chemo-immunotherapy combinations with potential medical implications in breast cancer.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Anti-Idiotípicos/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Vacinas Anticâncer/uso terapêutico , Gangliosídeos/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/terapia , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Vacinas Anticâncer/imunologia , Ciclofosfamida/farmacologia , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/imunologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neovascularização Patológica/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Background: Acute infectious diarrhea in children represents a worldwide problem and it relates to desnutrition, morbility and death. Objective: Determine the usefulness of probiotics in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children by reviewing the scientific information available in the form of meta-analysis. Methods: A detailed search was performed in electronic databases. Four of the articles found met inclusion criteria. Results: The four meta-analysis studied demonstrated that the administration of probiotics in children with acute infectious diarrhea decreased the episode duration in approximately one day with minimal adverse events. Conclusions: Despite methodological limitations of the analysed articles, the studies showed the same trend towards observing a benefit in the use of probiotics in acute infectious diarrhea in children. The latter supports the consistency of this association. In general, the use of probiotics in children with acute infectious diarrhea would be useful in general practice reducing diarrhea duration in approximately one day.
Antecedentes: La diarrea aguda infecciosa en niños constituye un problema a nivel mundial y se traduce en desnutrición, morbilidad y muerte. Objetivos: Determinar la utilidad de los probióticos en el tratamiento de la diarrea aguda infecciosa en los niños mediante la revisión de la información científica disponible en forma de meta-análisis. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda detallada en bases de datos electrónicas de uso frecuente. Cuatro de los artículos encontrados cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Los cuatro meta-análisis revisados evidenciaron que la administración de probióticos en niños con diarrea aguda infecciosa disminuía la duración del cuadro en aproximadamente un día con mínimos efectos adversos. Conclusiones: A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas de los trabajos analizados, la mayoría de los estudios presentan una misma tendencia al observar beneficio en el uso de los probióticos en diarrea aguda infecciosa en niños. Lo anterior le otorga mayor consistencia a la asociación. En general, el uso de probióticos en niños con diarrea aguda infecciosa sería útil en la práctica clínica diaria, disminuyendo la duración de la diarrea en aproximadamente un día.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Viroses/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Aguda , Diarreia Infantil/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Baseada em EvidênciasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anxiety related to dental treatment is a fairly common phenomenon. Some studies have shown that there is an association between dental anxiety and general fears and anxiety, neuroticism and general psychological distress. AIM: This study was designed to examine the relationship between dental anxiety and trait anxiety. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 1,030 individuals (688 women; 342 men), aged 30.8 +/- 11.7 years. The Portuguese version of Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) were used. RESULTS: A statistically significant association between high DAS and high STAI-T, but not between high STAI-T and high DAS, was found. The data indicated that subjects with high dental anxiety tend to present with high trait anxiety, but high trait anxiety seems not to predispose to high dental anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that dental anxiety is specific, with its own features, and its development is not necessarily associated with trait anxiety.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/psicologia , Ansiedade ao Tratamento Odontológico/psicologia , Adulto , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Medo/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Neuróticos/psicologia , Fatores Sexuais , Estresse Psicológico/psicologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The frequency of group A rotavirus and the molecular G and P characterization of strains in beef cattle were determined from July 2003 to July 2004, in herds of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Samples came from 649 calves, aged between 1 and 60 days, from 14 beef cattle herds, regardless of clinical manifestation of diarrhea. A 64.3% (9/14) frequency of rotavirus among herds and 6.2% (40/649) among animals were detected by ELISA and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The higher frequency infection was detected in animals aged between 16 and 30 days (10.5%). Rotavirus infection was diagnosed in animals with (25.8%; 22/85) or without (3.2%; 18/564) clinical signs of diarrhea. A correlation was found between the presence of infection and the clinical manifestation of diarrhea (p 0.05). PAGE analysis of the rotaviruss genome profile identified 7 distinct electropherotypes which indicated extensive genomic diversity of the rotavirus in the region under analysis. Genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the rotavirus strains revealed the genotypes G6P[5], G6P[11], G6P[5]P[11] and G10P[11].
RESUMO Foi determinada a ocorrência de rotavírus do grupo A e a caracterização molecular G e P de estirpes detectadas em bezerros de rebanhos de corte em propriedades rurais do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisadas amostras de fezes de 649 bezerros de 14 rebanhos de corte com idade entre 1 e 60 dias, independentemente da manifestação clínica de diarréia, colhidas de julho de 2003 a julho de 2004. Por meio das técnicas de ELISA e de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE), determinou-se a ocorrência de rotavírus do grupo A em 64,3% (09/14) dos rebanhos e em 6,2% (40/649) dos animais. A maior freqüência de infecção foi detectada em animais com idade entre 16 e 30 dias (10,5%). Foram diagnosticados bezerros infectados por rotavírus tanto em animais com sinais clínicos de diarréia (25,8%; 22/85) quanto naqueles assintomáticos (3,2%; 18/ 564), existindo, porém, uma correlação entre a presença da infecção e a manifestação clínica da diarréia (p 0,01). A análise do perfil do genoma do rotavírus por PAGE identificou sete eletroferótipos distintos, indicando grande diversidade genômica dos rotavírus na região estudada. A genotipagem pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) das amostras de rotavírus revelou que as estirpes circulantes nos rebanhos eram G6P[5], G6P[11], G6P[5]P[11] e G10P[11].
RESUMO
Com o objetivo de monitorar a imunidade passiva em bezerros alimentados com colostro de vacas imunizadas e não imunizadas com vacina contra rotavírus, foram determinados títulos de anticorpos em amostras de sangue e colostro de 26 vacas da raça Holandesa no dia do parto e de seus bezerros, à zero, às 24, 48 horas e aos sete, 14, 21, 28 dias de idade, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático. Tanto no soro sangüíneo como no colostro, os títulos dos isótipos IgG, IgG1 e IgG2 foram mais elevados no grupo dos animais vacinados, porém somente no colostro o aumento foi significativo. Os bezerros alimentados com o colostro das vacas vacinadas apresentaram títulos mais altos dos isótipos IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA e IgM, após a ingestão do colostro, sendo constatado aumento significativo apenas para os títulos do isótipo IgG2. Amostras positivas para rotavírus foram detectadas nos dois grupos experimentais a partir dos sete dias de idade. A vacinação materna não protegeu efetivamente os bezerros das infecções naturais por rotavírus, pois, apesar de aumentar os títulos séricos de anticorpos anti-rotavírus nos animais vacinados, não foi capaz de impedir a ocorrência da rotavirose nos bezerros alimentados com o colostro das vacas imunizadas.
Passive immune response in calves fed colostrum from immunized and nonimmunized cows by anti-rotavirus vaccine was monitored. Titers of antibodies were determined by immunoenzymatic assay in blood and colostrum sampled at parturition day from 26 Holstein cows as well as in blood from their calves collected at 0, 24, and 48 hours and seven, 14, 21, and 28 days after birth. In serum and colostrum, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 antibody titers were higher in vaccinated animals; however, this increase was only significant in colostrum. The calves fed colostrum from vaccinated cows showed higher IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM isotypes titers after the ingestion of colostrum, being evidenced significant increase only for IgG2 titers. Positive samples for rotavirus were detected in both experimental groups since seven days after birth. Results showed that maternal vaccine failed to protect effectively the calves from natural infections by rotavirus, though it increased the anti-rotavirus antibody titers in vaccinated animals, but was not capable to impair the occurrence of rotaviruses in the calves fed colostrum from immunized cows.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Colostro/metabolismo , Imunização Passiva/métodos , Rotavirus/imunologia , Soro , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/métodosRESUMO
Com o objetivo de monitorar a imunidade passiva em bezerros alimentados com colostro de vacas imunizadas e não imunizadas com vacina contra rotavírus, foram determinados títulos de anticorpos em amostras de sangue e colostro de 26 vacas da raça Holandesa no dia do parto e de seus bezerros, à zero, às 24, 48 horas e aos sete, 14, 21, 28 dias de idade, pelo ensaio imunoenzimático. Tanto no soro sangüíneo como no colostro, os títulos dos isótipos IgG, IgG1 e IgG2 foram mais elevados no grupo dos animais vacinados, porém somente no colostro o aumento foi significativo. Os bezerros alimentados com o colostro das vacas vacinadas apresentaram títulos mais altos dos isótipos IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA e IgM, após a ingestão do colostro, sendo constatado aumento significativo apenas para os títulos do isótipo IgG2. Amostras positivas para rotavírus foram detectadas nos dois grupos experimentais a partir dos sete dias de idade. A vacinação materna não protegeu efetivamente os bezerros das infecções naturais por rotavírus, pois, apesar de aumentar os títulos séricos de anticorpos anti-rotavírus nos animais vacinados, não foi capaz de impedir a ocorrência da rotavirose nos bezerros alimentados com o colostro das vacas imunizadas.(AU)
Passive immune response in calves fed colostrum from immunized and nonimmunized cows by anti-rotavirus vaccine was monitored. Titers of antibodies were determined by immunoenzymatic assay in blood and colostrum sampled at parturition day from 26 Holstein cows as well as in blood from their calves collected at 0, 24, and 48 hours and seven, 14, 21, and 28 days after birth. In serum and colostrum, IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 antibody titers were higher in vaccinated animals; however, this increase was only significant in colostrum. The calves fed colostrum from vaccinated cows showed higher IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM isotypes titers after the ingestion of colostrum, being evidenced significant increase only for IgG2 titers. Positive samples for rotavirus were detected in both experimental groups since seven days after birth. Results showed that maternal vaccine failed to protect effectively the calves from natural infections by rotavirus, though it increased the anti-rotavirus antibody titers in vaccinated animals, but was not capable to impair the occurrence of rotaviruses in the calves fed colostrum from immunized cows.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Imunização Passiva/métodos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas/métodos , Colostro/metabolismo , Soro , Rotavirus/imunologia , BovinosRESUMO
The present study considers the debate generated in developed countries by genetically modified foods, the importance of this variable to consumers in Temuco (Araucanía Region, Chile) when purchasing tomato sauce and different market segments were studied through a personal survey administered to 400 people. Using conjoint analysis, it was determined that the presence of genetic modification in food was generally more important than the brand and purchase price. Using cluster analysis, three segments were distinguished, with the most numerous (49.3%) placing the greatest importance on the presence of genetic modification (GM) in food and rejecting the transgenic product. The second group (39.4%) gave the greatest importance to the brand and preferred tomato sauce with genetically modified ingredients. The smallest segment (11.3%) placed the greatest value on price and preferred transgenic tomato sauce. The three segments prefer the national brand, reject the store brand and react positively to lower prices. The segment sensitive to the presence of GM in food comprised mainly those younger than 35 years of age, single and with no children. The absence of GM in food of vegetable origin is desirable for young consumers in the Araucanía Region, but a significant proportion accepts genetic modification in food (50.7%).
Assuntos
Preferências Alimentares , Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Opinião Pública , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Adulto , Chile , Análise por Conglomerados , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Considerando el debate generado por los alimentos genéticamente modificados en los países desarrollados, se estudió la importancia de esta variable en la compra de la salsa de tomate en consumidores de Temuco (Región de La Araucanía, Chile) y la existencia de diferentes segmentos de mercado, mediante una encuesta personal a 400 personas. Utilizando análisis conjunto se determinó, en general, que la presencia de modificación genética en el alimento fue más importante que la marca y el precio en la compra. Mediante análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos se distinguieron tres segmentos, el más numeroso (49,3 por ciento) dio mayor importancia a la presencia de manipulación genética (MG) en el alimento y rechaza el producto transgénico. El segundo grupo (39,4 por ciento) asignó mayor relevancia a la marca y prefiere salsa de toma con ingredientes genéticamente modificados. El segmento minoritario (11,3 por ciento) presentó la mayor valoración del precio y prefiere salsa de tomate transgénico. Los tres segmentos prefieren el producto de marca nacional, rechazan la marca propia y reaccionan positivamente a menores precios. El segmento sensible a la presencia de MG en el alimento, estuvo constituido en mayor proporción por personas menores de 35 años, solteros y pertenecientes a hogares sin hijos. La ausencia de MG en alimentos de origen vegetal es una condición deseable para consumidores jóvenes de la Región de La Araucanía, pero una proporción importante (50,7 por ciento) acepta la manipulación genética del alimento.
Assuntos
Humanos , Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados/efeitos adversos , Alimentos , Concentrados de Tomates , Chile , Ciências da NutriçãoRESUMO
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. Impulsivity persists in adults with ADHD and might be the basis of much of the impairment observed in the daily lives of such individuals. The objective of this study was to address the presence, and more importantly, the three dimensions of impulsivity: attentional, non-planning and motor, in how they may relate to neuropsychological mechanisms of impulse control. We studied a sample of 50 adults with ADHD and 51 healthy comparison controls using the Barratt Impulsivity Scale Version 11 (BIS), and neuropsychological tasks, namely the Continuous Performance Task (CPT-II) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The ADHD group showed more signs of impulsivity on the three dimensions of BIS, committed more errors of omission and commission on the CPT-II, and made more disadvantageous choices on the IGT. These results support the existence of deficits related to three components of impulsivity: motor, cognitive, and attentional among adults with ADHD. Most importantly, this study also highlights the complementary nature of self-report questionnaires and neuropsychological tasks in the assessment of impulsivity in ADHD adults.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Atenção/fisiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Comportamento Impulsivo/etiologia , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Jogo de Azar , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Tempo de ReaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Shigella spp is a frequent cause of diarrhea in children. Antimicrobials decrease the duration of diarrhea and pathogen excretion. However, the increasing resistance limits their therapeutic value. AIM: To study Shigella serotype distribution in the Metropolitan Region in Chile, and its relationship with severity of disease, antimicrobial resistance pattern and clonality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During summer 2004-2005, stool samples from children with diarrhea were collected in Cary Blair transpon medium and cultured. Shigella isolates were serotyped using monoclonal and polyclonal commercial antibodies. In vitro activity of ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and azythromycin was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Clonality was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using Xbal as restriction enzyme. RESULTS: One hundred thirty nine Shigella strains were isolated (77 S sonnei and 62 S flexneri). S sonnei and S flexneri 2a serotypes were responsible for 95% of episodes. Children aged 2-4 years, showed a greater incidence of Shigella infections and 77% of episodes were treated on an ambulatory basis. High resistance levels were observed for ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and chloramphenicol (67%, 60%, 56% and 45%, respectively). We found 11 resistance patterns and 61,2% of strains were multiresistant. There were multiple clones without a strict relationship with resistance patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Shigella infections in Metropolitan Region in Chile are associated to a restricted number of serotypes, representing a clonal expansion associated to different antimicrobial resistant patterns.