RESUMO
Peppers are fruits that grow on plants of the genus Capsicum and are popular for their use in gastronomy as a condiment and for their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties due to their phytocompounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, or alkaloids. Semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a green approach employing natural aqueous extracts of several varieties of peppers (jalapeño, morita, and ghost). The obtained NPs were characterized by different techniques, and their photocatalytic and antibacterial activity was studied. The signal at 620 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra belonging to the Zn-O bond, the appearance of the main peaks of a hexagonal wurtzite structure in the XRD pattern, and the characteristic signals in the UV-Vis spectra confirm the correct formation of ZnO NPs. The photocatalytic activity was analyzed against Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RB), and Methyl Orange (MO) under UV and sunlight. All syntheses were able to degrade more than 93% of the pollutants under UV light. Antibacterial assays were performed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All syntheses exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacteria and maximum growth inhibition against Bacillus subtilis. The prominent results demonstrate that natural aqueous extracts obtained from peppers can be used to synthesize ZnO NPs with photocatalytic and biomedical applications.
Assuntos
Nanopartículas Metálicas , Nanopartículas , Óxido de Zinco , Óxido de Zinco/farmacologia , Óxido de Zinco/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Young people have the highest rate of drug use worldwide. Recent data from Mexico in this population show that the prevalence of illicit drug use doubled between 2011 and 2016 (2.9%-6.2%), with marijuana being the one with the highest increase (2.4%-5.3%), but also point out that alcohol and tobacco use have remained steady or decreased. Mexican adolescents are at high risk for drug use owing to a low perception of risk and the availability of drugs. Adolescence is an ideal period to reduce or prevent risky behaviors using evidence-based strategies. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to test the short-term effectiveness of a mobile intervention app ("What Happens if you Go Too Far?" ["¿Qué pasa si te pasas?"]) that seeks to increase risk perception of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use in a sample of Mexican high school students. METHODS: A nonexperimental evaluation based on pretest-posttest design was used to measure the effectiveness of a preventive intervention using a mobile app, "What Happens If You Go Too Far?" The dimensions analyzed were knowledge of drugs and their effects, life skills, self-esteem, and risk perception. The intervention was conducted on a high school campus with 356 first-year students. RESULTS: The sample included 359 first-year high school students (mean 15, SD 0.588 years; women: 224/359, 62.4% men: 135/359, 37.6%). The intervention increased the overall risk perception of tobacco (χ24=21.6; P<.001) and alcohol use (χ24=15.3; P<.001). There was no significant difference in the perception that it is dangerous to smoke 5 cigarettes, and there was a marginal difference in the perception that it is very dangerous to smoke 1 cigarette or to use alcohol or marijuana. We used a generalized estimating equation method to determine the impact of the variables on risk perception. The results showed that knowledge about smoking increased the risk perception of smoking 1 cigarette (odds ratio [OR] 1.1065, 95% CI 1.013-1.120; P=.01), and that knowledge about marijuana use (OR 1.109, 95% CI 1.138-1.185; P=.002) and self-esteem (OR 1.102, 95% CI 1.007-1.206; P=.04) produced significant increases in the risk perception of consuming 5 cigarettes. Resistance to peer pressure and assertiveness also increased the perceived risk of using tobacco and alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention has the potential to increase the perception of risk toward drug use in high school students by providing knowledge about the effects and psychosocial risks of drug use and by strengthening life skills that are associated with increased risk perception. The use of mobile technologies in intervention processes may broaden the scope of preventive work for adolescents.
Assuntos
Uso da Maconha , Aplicativos Móveis , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Masculino , Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Nicotiana , México/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Etanol , Estudantes/psicologia , PercepçãoRESUMO
RESUMEN: Introducción: El Ataque Cerebro Vascular (ACV) es la segunda causa de muerte a nivel mundial y primera causa de discapacidad en el adulto. Su complejidad requiere de una atención integral a través de un equipo multiprofesional, implementado en las denominadas Unidades de Tratamiento del Ataque Cerebrovascular (UTAC). Considerando su relevancia e impacto en el pronóstico, es fundamental conocer las acciones desarrolladas en el ámbito de la rehabilitación neuromotora en estas unidades, información que actualmente es limitada. Método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, la muestra fue por conveniencia, participaron 5 kinesiólogos de establecimientos públicos de salud. La recolección de información se realizó con una encuesta en línea enfocada a las acciones que se realiza en la UTAC. El análisis de datos se realizó con STATA 15 y ATLAS TI 8.0. Resultados: El inicio y frecuencia de la rehabilitación neuromotora es variable, ocurre entre las 24 y 48 horas posterior al diagnóstico. Diariamente se realizan entre una a tres sesiones por usuario, su duración varía desde 25 a 90 minutos. Las acciones neuromotoras son de carácter integral y multiprofesional, el abordaje incluye el componente neuromotor, respiratorio y estado cognitivo. Las acciones neuromotoras incorporan técnicas de facilitación de la postura más alta lograda por el usuario y estimulación sensorial, entre otras. Conclusiones: La rehabilitación neuromotora en las UTAC de Chile muestra realidades diferentes en cuanto a la identificación, funcionamiento y la intervención neuromotora.
ABSTRACT Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world and the first cause of disability in adults. Its complexity requires comprehensive care provided by a multiprofessional team, implemented in the so-called Stroke Treatment Units (STUs). In view of their relevance and impact on the prognosis, identifying activities developed in the framework of neuromotor rehabilitation is of fundamental importance, information which, at present, is not readily available. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, convenience sampling with the participation of 5 kinesiologists from public health centers in Chile. Information was collected by means of an online survey focused on the work being carried out in the STUs. Data analysis was performed using STATA 15 and ATLAS TI 8.0 software. Results: Initiation and frequency of neuromotor rehabilitation is variable and occurs between 24 and 48 hours after diagnosis. Between one and three daily sessions per user are performed and their duration varies from 25 to 90 minutes. Neuromotor activities are integral and multiprofessional; the approach includes neuromotor, respiratory and cognitive components. Neuromotor activities incorporate facilitation techniques for the most advanced user posture achieved and sensory stimulation, among others. Conclusions: Neuromotor rehabilitation in Chile´s STUs shows different realities in terms of identification, functioning and neurokinetic intervention.
Assuntos
Humanos , Reabilitação do Acidente Vascular Cerebral/métodos , Chile , Doença Aguda , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , HospitalizaçãoRESUMO
Once the collection of data from a study has been completed and the respective database is available, the researcher is often impatient to answer the research question and ventures into the final steps of the analysis. However, a key stage, prior to a more complex or sophisticated statistical analysis, is data exploration and descriptive statistics. Unfortunately, the exploratory analysis of the data is often performed without much dedication, or is simply "skipped", which can have important consequences on the results obtained and lead to the report of erroneous conclusions. On the one hand, exploration allows to detect errors in the data and, if possible, to correct them from the source of origin or take them into account to make decisions about what to do with them. On the other hand, exploration allows to know the behavior of the variables evaluated in terms of their distribution (key concept in Statistics) and possible relationships among them, which is essential for subsequent descriptive and inferential analysis. The objective of this article is to show graphic tools for the exploration of quantitative data, in order to visualize its distribution and compare groups according to categories of qualitative variables.
Una vez finalizada la recolección de datos de un estudio y contado con la respectiva base de datos, es frecuente que el investigador esté impaciente por responder a la pregunta de investigación y se aventure a realizar los pasos finales del análisis. No obstante, una etapa clave, previa a un análisis estadístico más complejo o sofisticado, es la exploración de datos y la estadística descriptiva. Lamentablemente, el análisis exploratorio de los datos muchas veces es realizado sin mucha dedicación, o simplemente es "saltado", lo que puede tener consecuencias importantes en los resultados obtenidos y conducir al reporte de conclusiones erróneas. Por un lado, la exploración permite detectar errores en los datos y, si es posible, corregirlos desde la fuente de origen o tenerlos en cuenta para tomar decisiones respecto a qué hacer con ellos. Por otra parte, la exploración permite conocer el comportamiento de las variables evaluadas en términos de su distribución (concepto clave en Estadística) y posibles relaciones entre ellas, lo cual es fundamental para los análisis descriptivo e inferencial posteriores. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar herramientas gráficas para la exploración de datos cuantitativos, con el fin de visualizar su distribución y comparar grupos según categorías de variables cualitativas.
Assuntos
Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Publicações Científicas e Técnicas , Apresentação de Dados , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study is to assess the type, frequency and severity of complications after the implantation of the modular monopolar radial head prosthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients with 48 radial head prostheses implanted between 2009 and 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were evaluated clinical and radiographically for a mean follow-up of 43.55 months (range: 12-89). RESULTS: The same type of prosthesis was implanted in every patient (Ascension Modular Radial Head). The average score in the Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 88.29 ± 9.9 points. During the follow-up, three patients (6.25%) suffered from continuous pain. Twelve cases (25.5%) showed radiological oversizing, though only five were symptomatic. Heterotopic ossification was detected in twenty-seven cases (57.4%). Eleven patients (23.4%) developed postoperative stiffness. Nineteen cases (40.42%) showed periprosthetic osteolysis, from which seven were symptomatic. Thirteen patients (27%) developed surgery-related complications: three cases of infection, four cases of symptomatic loosening, two neurapraxies, one instability and three cases of oversizing with associated stiffness. Nine patients (18.75%) required reintervention. DISCUSSION: Our study obtains a 27% of overall complications, mostly related to oversizing and prosthetic loosening, and 19% of reinterventions. These results are similar to those presented in previous studies, with variations depending on the time of follow-up. Further research is also required to evaluate long-term results and the potential progression of the radiographic findings. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data stress the need for improvement in both the surgical technique and the design of the implants.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el tipo, la frecuencia y la gravedad de las complicaciones después de la implantación de la prótesis monopolar modular de cabeza radial. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se revisaron retrospectivamente 47 pacientes con 48 prótesis de cabeza radial implantadas entre 2009 y 2017 durante una media de 43.55 meses (rango: 12-89). RESULTADOS: Se implantó el mismo tipo de prótesis en cada paciente (Ascension Modular Radial Head). La puntuación media obtenida en la clasificación Mayo Elbow Performance Score fue de 88.29 ± 9.9 puntos. Durante el seguimiento tres pacientes (6.25%) sufrieron dolor continuo. Doce casos (25.5%) mostraron sobredimensión radiológica, aunque sólo cinco fueron sintomáticos. Se detectó osificación heterotópica en 27 casos (57.4%), 11 pacientes (23.4%) desarrollaron rigidez postoperatoria, 19 casos (40.42%) mostraron osteólisis periprotésica, de los cuales siete fueron sintomáticos, 13 pacientes (27%) presentaron complicaciones: tres casos de infección, cuatro casos de aflojamiento sintomático, dos neuroapraxias, una inestabilidad y tres casos de sobredimensionamiento con rigidez asociada. Nueve pacientes (18.75%) fueron reintervenidos. DISCUSIÓN: Presentamos 27% de complicaciones globales, principalmente relacionadas con la sobredimensión y el aflojamiento protésico y 19% de reintervenciones. Estos resultados son similares a los descritos en estudios previos con variaciones en función del tiempo de seguimiento. Asimismo, se requieren nuevos estudios para evaluar los resultados a largo plazo y la posible progresión de los hallazgos radiográficos. CONCLUSIÓN: En conjunto, estos datos ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de mejoría tanto de la técnica quirúrgica como del diseño de los implantes.
Assuntos
Articulação do Cotovelo , Prótese Articular , Fraturas do Rádio , Rádio (Anatomia) , Humanos , Prótese Articular/efeitos adversos , Desenho de Prótese , Rádio (Anatomia)/patologia , Rádio (Anatomia)/cirurgia , Fraturas do Rádio/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas do Rádio/cirurgia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
When formulating a quantitative research question, implicitly the terms or variables included in it are being considered. The definition of the variables is necessary for the people who review or read the research to understand what the researcher is referring to when he/she mentions them, to make sure that they can be observed or measured, to be able to compare with similar investigations, and to analyze and adequately communicate the results. This article aims to highlight the importance of defining the variables in the process of an investigation.
Al formular una pregunta de investigación cuantitativa, de manera implícita se están planteando los términos o variables incluidas en ésta. La definición de las variables es necesaria para que las personas que revisen o lean la investigación entiendan a que se está refiriendo el investigador cuando las menciona, para asegurarse de que éstas puedan ser observadas o medidas, para poder comparar con investigaciones similares, y para analizar y comunicar adecuadamente los resultados. Este artículo tiene por objetivo destacar la importancia de la definición de las variables en el proceso de una investigación.
Assuntos
Fatores Epidemiológicos , Análise de Variância , Pesquisa Biomédica , Publicações Científicas e TécnicasRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Because of high variability, tear film osmolarity measures have been questioned in dry eye assessment. Understanding the origin of such variability would aid data interpretation. This study aims to evaluate osmolarity variability in a clinical setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty dry eyes and 20 control patients were evaluated. Three consecutive osmolarity measurements per eye at 5min intervals were obtained. Variability was represented by the difference between both extreme readings per eye. Machine learning techniques were used to quantify discrimination capacity of tear osmolarity for dry eye. RESULTS: Mean osmolarities in the control and dry eye groups were 295.1±7.3mOsm/L and 300.6±11.2mOsm/L, respectively (P=.004). Osmolarity variabilities were 7.5±3.6mOsm/L and 16.7±11.9mOsm/L, for the control and dry eye groups, respectively (P<.001). Based on osmolarity, a logistic classifier showed an 85% classification accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: In the clinical setting, both mean osmolarity and osmolarity variability in the dry eye group were significantly higher than in the control group. Machine learning techniques showed good classification accuracy. It is concluded that higher variability of tear osmolarity is a dry eye feature.
Assuntos
Síndromes do Olho Seco/diagnóstico , Aprendizado de Máquina , Lágrimas/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Variação Biológica Individual , Síndromes do Olho Seco/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Concentração Osmolar , Adulto JovemRESUMO
New eating habits and diversification of tastes of consumers have led to the scientific community and the food industry to expand the range of probiotic foods and novel probiotic ingredients. Scant information is available about the viability and functionality of probiotics during shelf life and its effect on the nutritional characteristics of dairy-free products. The aim of the study was to formulate a fermented dairy-free dessert using a novel food ingredient based on a pumpkin by-product and containing Lactobacillus casei (ATCC®393™) (NFI). The effect of NFI and the soluble solids (SS) of soy milk on the probiotic viability, physical stability, colour, and firmness of dairy-free dessert was studied using a response surface methodology. The different levels of SS and NFI significantly (p < 0.05) affected the response variables. Thereafter, two formulations were selected and the physico-chemical, nutritional and organoleptic characterization were evaluated. The L. casei count reached the desired therapeutic level (>107 UFC mL-1) after gastrointestinal digestion at 21 days of storage. In general, both the fermentation process and storage reduced (p < 0.05) the content of phytic acid, raffinose and stachyose, which implies a nutritional improvement of the final product. Scores above 5.0 on a 9-point scale were obtained for colour, odour, texture and overall acceptability in the consumer acceptance test. Therefore, a dairy-free dessert with good physical properties, suitable nutritional characteristics, and sensorial acceptability could be successfully formulated with the NFI.
Assuntos
Ingredientes de Alimentos/análise , Ingredientes de Alimentos/microbiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Probióticos , Adulto , Fenômenos Químicos , Comportamento do Consumidor , Feminino , Fermentação , Análise de Alimentos , Manipulação de Alimentos , Humanos , Lacticaseibacillus casei , Masculino , Viabilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Nutritivo , Oligossacarídeos/análise , Ácido Fítico/análise , Rafinose/análise , Leite de Soja , Paladar , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The remediation of contaminated dredged sediments is necessary to eliminate the risk towards human beings or the environment when there is disposal on land. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the chemically assisted phytoextraction to clean up dredged sediment contaminated with Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The ability of castor bean and chicory to absorb, translocate, and accumulate metals from sediment to root and shoot was evaluated by applying EDTA (5 mM), NTA (5 mM), and citric acid (60 mM) to sediment, before the harvest. Citric acid 60 mM was the most effective treatment in increasing Cr, Cu, and Pb in castor bean and chicory shoot. Chicory could accumulate 1730 mg Cr kg-1 in shoot, and had greater values than one for the bioaccumulation and translocation factors when citric acid was added to the sediment. But, the Cr percentages removed per harvest of chicory were 0.05% and were lower for Cu, Pb, and Zn due to low biomass obtained. Citric acid-assisted phytoextraction with chicory can be a promising short time solution to reduce Cr concentration in sediment and reach the Cr level guide for industrial land use only if suitable agronomic practices could be implemented to increase crop yield.
Assuntos
Cichorium intybus , Metais Pesados/análise , Ricinus communis , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Biodegradação Ambiental , Ácido Cítrico , Ácido Edético , Humanos , RicinusRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La ventilación mecánica no invasiva domiciliaria (VMNID) se entrega en Chile desde el año 2008 mediante un programa público. Incluye equipamiento y profesionales. Objetivos: 1) Caracterizar el perfil socio-demográfico y clínico del usuario adulto con VMNID y 2) Proponer mejoras de atención socio-sanitaria. Método. Estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante entrevista presencial domiciliaria y revisión de bases de datos oficiales. Muestra de 267 sujetos, ambos géneros, mayores de 20 años, con Falla Respiratoria Global Crónica (FRGC) en VMNID. En 2016 había 413 pacientes activos. Resultados: Mujeres 144 (53,9%), edad media 58,6 ± 18 años. 25,5% tienen EPOC y 24% síndrome hipoventilación obesidad, la PaCO2 promedio de ingreso al programa fue de 59 ± 11 mmHg. Ventilados desde 3,2 ± 2,4 años, por 7,6 ± 2,4 h/día. Sujetos "sin instrucción" y con "educación básica incompleta" representan el 40,7% de la muestra. 46,4% eran jubilados, 3% vive en mediaguas, 19,8% reside como allegado, 49% no contaba con pareja, el 4,8% vivía solo, 68,6% eran dependientes de oxígeno. Test de Golberg estuvo alterado en un 40%. 17,7% "posee mayor limitación, incapaz de realizar el autocuidado". Conclusiones: Nuestros pacientes tienen un deterioro socio-demográfico y clínico severo, por baja escolaridad, predominio de adultos mayores, mayor incapacidad laboral, son enfermos más graves con niveles basales de PaCO2 más altos, en comparación a estudios europeos. Los programas de VMNID deben adoptar un enfoque socio-sanitario y estar insertos en la red de salud tanto en servicio social, salud cardiovascular y mental.
Introduction: Non-invasive home mechanical ventilation (NIHMV) is delivered in Chile since 2008 throughout a public program, including equipment and professionals. Objectives: 1) Characterize the socio-demographic and clinical profile of the adult patient under NIHMV and 2) Propose improvements in social health care. Methodology: Descriptive cross-sectional study, through face-to-face home interview and review of official databases. Sample of 267 subjects, both gender, over 20 years-old, with Chronic Global Respiratory Failure (CGRF) in NIHMV. In 2016 there were 413 active patients. Results: Women 144 (53.9%), mean age 58.6 ± 18 years-old; 25.5% had COPD and 24% had a hypoventilation obesity syndrome, average PaCO2 at the time of admission to program was 59 ± 11 mmHg, they were ventilated since 3.2 ± 2.4 years, 7.6 ± 2.4 h a day. Subjects "without instruction" and with "incomplete basic education" represents 40.7% of the sample. 46.4% were retired persons; 3% lived in a precarious hut; 19.8% cohabited with relatives or close friends; 49% did not have a partner; 4.8% lived alone; 68.6% was oxygen dependent; 40% had an altered Golberg test; 17.7% "has a major limitation, unable to perform self-care". Conclusions: Our patients have a severe socio-demographic and clinical deterioration, due to low schooling level, predominance of older adults, a major incapacity for working and patients have a more severe disease with higher baseline PaCO2 levels, compared to European studies. NIHMV programs must adopt a social health approach and be inserted into the health network in social service, and cardiovascular and mental health programs.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Respiração Artificial , Ventilação não Invasiva/métodos , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar , Síndrome de Hipoventilação por Obesidade , Chile , Demografia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Fatores Etários , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/fisiopatologia , Programação de Serviços de SaúdeRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the cytotoxicity, osteogenic bioactivity and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) induced by the extracts of set MTA Plus (MTA P) (Avalon Biomed Inc. Bradenton, FL, USA) in comparison with MTA (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). METHODOLOGY: Cell viability was assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymatic (MTT) assay, and the mechanism of cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry. Bioactivity was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and detection of calcium deposits with alizarin red staining (ARS). The gene expression of BMP-2, OC and ALP was quantified with real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and Bonferroni or Tukey post-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: MTA and MTA P were not cytotoxic and did not induce apoptosis. MTA P had significant higher ALP activity in relation to MTA and the control (P < 0.05). MTA had a significantly higher percentage of mineralized area than MTA P (P < 0.05). The expression of BMP2 and OC mRNA was significantly higher in cells exposed to MTA than MTA P after 1 day (P < 0.05). At day 3, the mRNA expression of ALP was significantly higher in MTA P compared with MTA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MTA and MTA Plus were noncytotoxic, increased mineralization processes in vitro and induced the expression of osteogenic markers.
Assuntos
Compostos de Alumínio/farmacologia , Compostos de Cálcio/farmacologia , Cimentos Dentários/farmacologia , Polpa Dentária/citologia , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/genética , Óxidos/farmacologia , Materiais Restauradores do Canal Radicular/farmacologia , Silicatos/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fosfatase Alcalina/genética , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 2/genética , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Polpa Dentária/efeitos dos fármacos , Combinação de Medicamentos , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Osteocalcina/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Craniomandibular electromyographic (EMG) studies frequently include several parameters, e.g. resting, chewing and tooth-clenching. EMG activity during these parameters has been recorded in the elevator muscles, but little is known about the respiratory muscles. The aim of this study was to compare EMG activity in obligatory and accessory respiratory muscles between subjects with different breathing types. Forty male subjects were classified according to their breathing type into two groups of 20 each: costo-diaphragmatic breathing type and upper costal breathing type. Bipolar surface electrodes were placed on the sternocleidomastoid, diaphragm, external intercostal and latissimus dorsi muscles. EMG activity was recorded during the following tasks: (i) normal quiet breathing, (ii) maximal voluntary clenching in intercuspal position, (iii) natural rate chewing until swallowing threshold, (iv) short-time chewing. Diaphragm EMG activity was significantly higher in the upper costal breathing type than in the costo-diaphragmatic breathing type in all tasks (P < 0·05). External intercostal EMG activity was significantly higher in the upper costal breathing type than in the costo-diaphragmatic breathing type in tasks 3 and 4 (P < 0·05). Sternocleidomastoid and latissimus dorsi EMG activity did not show significant differences between breathing types in the tasks studied (P > 0·05). The significantly higher EMG activity observed in subjects with upper costal breathing than in the costo-diaphragmatic breathing type suggests that there could be differences in motor unit recruitment strategies depending on the breathing type. This may be an expression of the adaptive capability of muscle chains in subjects who clinically have a different thoraco-abdominal expansion during inspiration at rest.
Assuntos
Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Respiração , Músculos Respiratórios/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Eletromiografia/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Mastigação/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introducción: Los niños con hemiparesia presentan disminución de habilidades motrices y funcionales de la extremidad afectada, con escasa integración de ésta en actividades cotidianas; la terapia restrictiva ha sido escasamente estudiada en la realidad nacional. Objetivo: Evaluar eficacia de terapia restrictiva con yeso y terapia restrictiva más infiltración de onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®), en funcionalidad de extremidad superior parética, en niños de 3-8 años de edad, con hemiparesia y compromiso funcional leve o moderado del Instituto Teletón Valparaíso-Chile. Método: Estudio experimental, controlado, aleatorio, simple ciego en 42 pacientes con consentimiento informado. Se distribuyen en tres grupos: sólo terapia convencional (control); con terapia convencional más restricción de extremidad indemne con yeso y terapia convencional con restricción de extremidad indemne con yeso más infiltración de onabotulinumtoxinA. Concluyen el estudio 29 niños, sometidos a tratamiento durante 6 semanas, con 3 sesiones semanales de 45 min cada una. Un terapeuta ocupacional ciego al grupo de pertenencia del paciente, evalúa calidad de movimiento (prueba Quest), actividades de la vida diaria (WeeFIM) y posicionamiento del pulgar (prueba House) al inicio, final del tratamiento y seguimiento en 3 meses. Resultados: Dentro de los grupos experimentales, las medianas de las pruebas WeeFIM y Quest, disminuyen al término del tratamiento y al seguimiento en relación al momento basal. La prueba House no cambia durante el proceso. No se registran diferencias significativas respecto del grupo control. Conclusión: No se comprueba mejoría de funcionalidad motriz de la extremidad superior parética y nivel de independencia en las AVD, con terapia restrictiva y adicionada con onabotulinumtoxina .
Introduction: Children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy show decreased motor and functional skills of their paretic extremity, along with scarce integration of it in daily activities. Constraint-induced movement therapy has been scantily studied in our country. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of plaster constraint-induced movement therapy alone and plaster constraint-induced movement therapy plus a onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®) infiltration, on paretic upper limb function, in children from 3 to 8 years old, with hemiparetic cerebral palsy, and mild or moderate functional impairment, all patients at Valparaísos Teleton Institute in Chile. Method: An experimental, controlled, randomized and simple blind clinical trial was conducted with 42 patients who were distributed into three groups: only conventional therapy (control); conventional therapy with plaster constraint of undamaged upper extremity; and conventional therapy with plaster constraint of undamaged upper extremity plus a onabotulinum toxin A (Botox) infiltration.The protocol was completed by 29 children who participated during 6 weeks of treatment, with three 45 minutes sessions each week. A blind occupational therapist assessed quality of movement (QUEST), daily live activities (WEE FIM) and position of thumb at onset and end of treatment; and at 3 months follow-up. Results: WEE FIM and QUEST median scores for the experimental groups declined by the end of treatment and at follow-up, when compared to baseline measures. HOUSE test results showed no improvement either. No differences between control and experimental groups were observed. Conclusion: Motor functionality improvement of hemiparetic upper extremity and level of independence in daily activities, was not demonstrated for plaster constraint induced movement therapy alone or with infiltration of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Paralisia Cerebral/reabilitação , Paresia/reabilitação , Extremidade Superior , Paralisia Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Paresia/fisiopatologia , Restrição FísicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed in all female reproductive organs. Therefore, inhibitors of COX-2 may affect reproductive function. We evaluated the effect of extended administration of meloxicam on ovulation and the menstrual cycle. Our hypothesis was that meloxicam administered from menstrual cycle day 5- 22 could interfere with follicular rupture, without disrupting the menstrual cycle, and could be a potential non-hormonal contraceptive method. METHODS: The study was conducted in 56 healthy sterilized women. Before the onset of treatment and after the end of treatment, participants were observed during a control cycle to ensure that they had progesterone (P4) serum levels (>12 nmol/l) consistent with ovulation. Participants were treated for 18 days, during three consecutive cycles. They were randomized to 15 or 30 mg/day. The menstrual cycle was monitored with serial ultrasound and hormone assays in blood. RESULTS: Fifty-six volunteers completed the study. In 55% of cycles treated with 15 mg/day and in 78% of cycles treated with 30 mg/day (p<0.001) we observed dysfunctional ovulation defined as follicular rupture not preceded 24-48 h earlier by an LH peak or preceded by a blunted LH peak (<21 IU/l) or not followed by an elevated serum P4 level >12 nmol/l. Ovulation was observed in 44.6% and in 21.7% of women in the lower dose group and the higher dose group, respectively. There were no differences between the two doses in other parameters measured. There were no serious adverse events and adverse events were not different between doses or between control and treated cycles. CONCLUSIONS: Although administration of meloxicam on menstrual cycle days 5- 22 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of ovulation, more than 20% of subjects had normal ovulation with the highest dose. IMPLICATIONS: Previous studies have shown that oral meloxicam can delay follicle rupture. This study investigated daily oral meloxicam as a non-hormonal contraceptive. Since ovulation occurs in over 20% of cycles even with a high dose of 30 mg daily, it is not likely that the approach would be a highly effective contraceptive strategy.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Orais/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/administração & dosagem , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Tiazinas/administração & dosagem , Tiazóis/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Adulto , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Chile , Anticoncepcionais Orais/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/efeitos adversos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Meloxicam , Ciclo Menstrual/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/diagnóstico por imagem , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/sangue , Tiazinas/efeitos adversos , Tiazóis/efeitos adversos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Although, the Yaqui and Mayo valleys are the most important agricultural areas in Sonora, there is only limited data of the pesticides residue in soils in these valleys. This study measured the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 234 soil samples (residential and agricultural) from 24 communities. The global results (mean, range) indicated that benzene hexachloride (19.2, ND-938.5 µg g(-1)), endrin (6.6, ND-377.3 µg g(-1)) and DDTs (36.45, ND-679.7 µg g(-1)) were the dominant contaminants. Soil is one of the most important routes of exposure to OCPs in the population of southern Sonora and this study can be used to establish background levels of OCPs.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Poluição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , MéxicoRESUMO
Las férulas o planos oclusales han sido utilizadas desde hace más de un siglo, generando controversia acerca de su verdadero valor terapéutico. Esto motivó una revisión histórica y actualizada que permitiera evaluar sus efectos de acuerdo a la evidencia científica. Se discuten múltiples aspectos como el concepto de relación céntrica y su determinación como punto de inicio de tratamiento en la rehabilitación oral; el uso de las férulas para deprogramar; su efecto sobre la conducta motora oral que conocemos como bruxismo; su efecto en la actividad electromiográfica tónica, durante la deglución y el máximo apriete en los músculos masticatorios y cervicales; su influencia en la eficiencia muscular; su efecto en la carga articular y las evidencias experimentales del uso de distintas férulas sobre signos y síntomas especíicos como dolor y ruido articular. Se plantean desafíos para la investigación sobre cambios degenerativos en las articulaciones, en la relación craneovertebral y en la curvatura e inclinación de la columna cervical. Se concluye que es necesario utilizar una férula diseñada para el trastorno específico del paciente y que su verdadero valor terapéutico queda demostrado al mejorar algunos signos y síntomas, en músculos masticatorios y cervicales. El conocimiento parcial del mecanismo de acción de las férulas contribuye a que persista la controversia de su utilización en el tratamiento de ruidos articulares y para revertir cambios degenerativos en las articulaciones. Persiste el desafío de nuevas investigaciones, que sustenten el uso de estos dispositivos como un método eficaz para tratar a nuestros pacientes, utilizando protocolos de manejo y controles periódicos.
Occlusal appliances or splints have been used for over a century, generating controversy about their real therapeutic value. This led to an updated review to assess their effects according to scientific evidence. The concept of centric relation and its determination as a starting point of treatment; the use of splints to deprogram; their effect on the oral motor behaviour known as bruxism are discussed. Their effect on EMG activity during resting, swallowing and maximal clenching in the masticatory and neck muscles; their effect on muscular eficiency; their effect decreasing the joint overload; and experimental evidence of the use of several appliances on speciic symptoms such as pain and joint noise, are also treated. The true challenge is to generate new knowledge about joint degenerative changes, the craniocervical relationships, tilt and curvature of the cervical spine. In conclusion, it's necessary to use an occlusal appliance designed for the specific condition of the patient, and its real therapeutic value is demonstrated by the improvement of some signs and symptoms in masticatory and cervical muscles. However, the action mechanisms of occlusal appliances are not fully understood. The lack of scientiic support contributes to the persistent controversy of the use of these appliances in the treatment of temporomandibular joint sounds and reversing degenerative changes. It is still a challenge to carry out new researches supporting the use of these appliances as an effective method to treat our patients using management protocols and periodic evaluations.
Assuntos
Humanos , Bruxismo/terapia , Placas Oclusais , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/terapia , Bruxismo/fisiopatologia , Relação Central , Eletromiografia , Músculos da Mastigação/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
La concentración sérica de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25-OHD) es utilizada como indicador del estado nutricional de Vitamina D (VD). El método más utilizado para medirla es el RIA. El desarrollo reciente de métodos automatizados no radiactivos facilitaría la práctica diaria de laboratorio y el diagnóstico de necesidad de suplementación. Objetivos: Comparar los datos de 25-OHD obtenidos usando un RIA y un método de quimioluminiscencia (QLIA) automatizado disponible en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: Concentraciones de 25-OHD se midieron en suero de 45 pacientes: 8 hombres y 37 mujeres; 18 no suplementados y 27 suplementados con VD (n=5 con VD2 y n=22 con VD3). Las mediciones de 25-OHD se realizaron con un RIA y un QLIA automatizado (LIAISON), ambos DiaSorin. Se calcularon los coeficientes de variación intraensayo (CV intra) e interensayo (CV inter) para ambos métodos. Análisis estadístico: la comparación entre métodos se realizó con los programas Analyse-it y Med Calc Se consideró significativa una p<0.05. Resultados: Los CV% intra e inter fueron: para RIA menores de 10,6 y 19,9 vs QLIA menores de 8,0 y 13.2, respectivamente. En la población total y en el subgrupo no suplementado con VD los datos de RIA vs QLIA fueron: coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (0,9259 vs 0,9412), Bias%: (6.1 vs 2.7), coeficiente de concordancia (0,9244 vs 0,9329). Conclusiones: 1) Ambas metodologías son adecuadas para mediciones de 25OHD, especialmente en casos no medicados con VD, 2) La tendencia hacia un mayor bias% observado en pacientes suplementados con VD no parecería ser atribuible a variabilidad metodológica, y sugeriría que la VD exógena o alguno de sus metabolitos interactuaría en forma diferente en la medición de 25-OHD por cada una de las metodologías utilizadas. Mayor número de casos es necesario a fin de confirmar esta hipótesis.
Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) is used as an indicator of nutritional status of Vitamin D (VD). The methodolgy more frequently used for its measurement is RIA. The recent development of automated non-radioactive methodologies would help the laboratory daily practice to diagnose the need for supplementation. Objectives: To compare the data of 25-OHD obtained using a RIA and an automated chemiluminescence method (CLIA) automated available in our country. Materials and methods: Concentrations of 25-OHD were measured in serum of 45 patients: 8 men and 37 women, 18 unsupplemented and 27 supplemented with VD (n=5 with VD2 and n=22 with VD3). For 25-OHD measurements we used a RIA and a QLIA under an automated platform (LIAISON), both DiaSorin. We calculated intra-assay (intra) and interassay (inter) coefficients of variation (CV%) for both methods. Statistical analysis: comparison between methods was conducted with Analyse-it and Med Calc softwares; p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The intra and inter CV% were below 19.9 and 10.6 for RIA vs 8.0 and 13.2 for CLIA, respectively. In the overall population and in the subgroup never supplemented with VD, data for RIA vs CLIA were: Pearson correlation coefficient (0.9259 vs 0.9412), Bias% (6.1 vs. 2.7), concordance coefficient (0.9244 vs 0.9329). Conclusions: 1) Both methods are suitable for measurements of 25OHD, particularly in cases not medicated with VD, 2) The trend toward greater bias% observed in patients supplemented with VD does not appear to be attributable to methodological variability, and suggests that exogenous VD or its metabolites interact differently in the measurement of 25-OHD by each of the methodologies used. A higher number of cases is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Imunoensaio/métodos , 24,25-Di-Hidroxivitamina D 3/análise , Vitamina D/análiseRESUMO
Endometriosis is a benign gynecological pathology in which immune system deregulation may play a role in its initiation and progression. In endometriotic lesions, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) is released from the cell membrane by proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular domain, a process that coincides with increased expression and proteolytic activity of metalloproteinases such as MMP1 and MMP9. The objective of our study was to investigate the association between MMP1 and MMP9 activities and ICAM1 cleavage mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in eutopic endometrial stromal cells from women with and without (control) endometriosis during culture. The RNA was evaluated by RT-PCR, and the protein was determined by western blot (ICAM1, MMP1), casein or gelatin zymographies (secreted active MMP1 or MMP9 respectively), ELISA (soluble ICAM1 (sICAM1)), and fluorescence assay (secreted active MMP1). Under basal conditions, proMMP9 dimer and MMP9 were higher in endometriosis cell cultures. In stromal cultures derived from control women and those with endometriosis, TNF augmented the intracellular proMMP1 (1.2-fold in control stromal cells) and ICAM1 (1.4- and 1.9-fold), greatly increased MMP1 and proMMP9 levels, and the sICAM1 concentration (2.3- and 4.3-fold) in their media compared with basal levels. The combination of TNF and MMP9 increased the sICAM1 concentration 14-fold in the endometriosis cell media, whereas GM6001 inhibited the stimulatory effect of TNF in both cell cultures. The deregulation of MMP9, and the TNF participation in the MMP1 and proMMP9 secretions, in the MMP9 expression and in the expression and cleavage of ICAM1 may contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease.
Assuntos
Endometriose/patologia , Endométrio/patologia , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Células Estromais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Doenças Uterinas/patologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Células Cultivadas , Endometriose/genética , Endometriose/metabolismo , Endométrio/efeitos dos fármacos , Endométrio/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/genética , Ativação Enzimática/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Molécula 1 de Adesão Intercelular/genética , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/genética , Cultura Primária de Células , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Células Estromais/patologia , Doenças Uterinas/genética , Doenças Uterinas/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the abundance, localization, and/or activity of cell cycle regulators CDK2, Cyclin E, p27, and survival proteins AKT and Ras in PCOS-associated endometria (with and without hyperplasia) differ from non-PCOS endometria. METHODS: The expression of CDK2, Cyclin E, p27, AKT and Ras was measured by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blot in 9 normal endometria (NE), 12 endometria from PCOS patients without endometrial hyperplasia (PCOSE), 7 endometria from PCOS women with endometrial hyperplasia (HPCOSE), and 9 endometria from patients with endometrial hyperplasia (HE). The activity of CDK2 was assessed by an in vitro kinase assay. RESULTS: CDK2, Cyclin E and p27 proteins were expressed mainly in the endometrial epithelial cells of the studied groups. No change in the activity of CDK2 was observed in total extracts obtained from the tissue samples. However, the nuclear expression of CDK2 in epithelial cells was slightly elevated in PCOSE and significantly increased in HPCOSE when compared to NE. Higher expression of p27 was detected in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of PCOSE and HPCOSE when compared to NE. Also, we found an increment in Ser473-AKT phosphorylation and an over-expression of the Ras oncogene in endometria of patients with PCOS. CONCLUSION: The PCOS condition is associated with increased Ser473-AKT phosphorylation, elevated expression of Ras, increased cytoplasmic abundance of p27, and increased nuclear abundance of CDK2 in the endometrial epithelial cells. These biological events could potentially provide a chance for endometrial cells from PCOS patients to exit the controlled cell cycle and become hyperplastic at a later stage.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/biossíntese , Hiperplasia Endometrial/metabolismo , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/biossíntese , Proteínas ras/biossíntese , Adulto , Western Blotting , Ciclina E/biossíntese , Quinase 2 Dependente de Ciclina/biossíntese , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p27 , Hiperplasia Endometrial/enzimologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/enzimologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismoRESUMO
We synthesized and determined the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as 1O2, *-O2, *OH, H2O2 during the photolysis with UV-A light of three antibacterial quinolones and their naphthyl ester derivatives. Singlet oxygen and ROS dose-dependant generation from norfloxacin (1), enoxacin (2), ciprofloxacin (3) and their respective naphthyl ester derivatives 4-6 were detecting in cell-free systems by the histidine assay and by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (LCL). Both the electronic absorption and emission spectra were quantified and their photostability determined. The antibacterial activity in darkness and under irradiation of compounds 4, 5 and 6 was tested on E. coli and compared with their parent drugs.