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AIM: To evaluate the influence of functional training on cardiorespiratory parameters and cardiac autonomic modulation in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A total of 39 apparently healthy postmenopausal women were randomized into two groups and analyzed: the group that carried out the functional training (FTG; n = 19; age 60 ± 4.5 years; weight 67.64 ± 11.64 kg) for 18 weeks, and the control group (CG) who did not undergo the training (n = 20; age 58.45 ± 4.8 years; weight 66.91 ± 13.24 kg). Blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and autonomic modulation trough heart rate variability were evaluated. The Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the differences (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The results obtained from the training showed improvement of the following cardiac parameters in the FTG: systolic blood pressure (CG -5.50 ± 12.76 vs FTG -18.36 ± 18.05, P = 0.021), diastolic blood pressure (CG 5.00 ± 20.13 vs FTG -9.47 ± 10.25, P = 0.002), heart rate (CG 7.00 ± 9.79 vs FTG -4.73 ± 8.41, P = 0.000), root mean square of the successive differences index (CG -0.18 ± 5.66 vs FTG 5.10 ± 11.93, P = 0.035) and RR intervals (CG -22.66 ± 75.75 vs FTG 70.17 ± 104.30, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Functional training promoted beneficial effects on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory parameters in postmenopausal women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 823-828.

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Background: The aim of this study was to explore whether postmenopausal breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy differ from healthy postmenopausal women in their response to the same aerobic + resistance training. Methods: The participants were separated into two groups: postmenopausal breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy for an average of 20 months (18 women) and healthy postmenopausal women (24 women). We assessed aerobic capacity (predicted maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximum running velocity test (Vmax)) through a walking test, upper and lower body muscle strength using an estimated one-repetition maximum test, and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and at three, six, and nine months, respectively. The exercise program was performed three times/week over nine months and consisted of 40 min of machine-based strength training (seated cable row, bench press, leg extension, leg press, and leg curl, as well as bridge, abdominal, and standard plank exercises) followed by 30 min of treadmill walking. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used to compare the groups over time. Results: Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy and healthy postmenopausal women presented similar improvements in estimated lower body strength, predicted VO2max and Vmax, and body fat mass. For maximal upper body strength, there was a significant group x time interaction after six months of training (p = 0.01). The healthy postmenopausal women presented a significant increase in upper body strength after six months, while postmenopausal breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy demonstrated an improvement only at nine months of training. The breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy presented increased lean mass while healthy postmenopausal women maintained values over time (Breast cancer: 33.7 ± 3.9(Pre) vs. 34.1 ± 3.4 kg (Post) and healthy women: 36.4 ± 5.1 (Pre) vs. 36.4 ± 5.0 kg (Post), p = 0.004). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that postmenopausal women undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy for breast cancer demonstrated adaptations and similar trainability to the same regimen of resistance + aerobic training as healthy postmenopausal women. Implications for Rehabilitation Combined exercise program (aerobic plus resistance) is an important non-pharmacological strategies to improve strength, aerobic capacity, and body composition in breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that the time of intervention seems to influence the upper body strength response in this population. This study showed that trainers and other specialists do not need to modify the prescription of exercise related to healthy women, since the combined exercise program induced similar benefits in strength, aerobic capacity, and body composition in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors undergoing aromatase inhibitor therapy and healthy postmenopausal women.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the reproducibility of an oscillometric device in the measurement of resting heart rate (RHR) in breast cancer survivors. METHODS: This study included 85 breast cancer survivors with a mean age of 58.87±10.03 years. For the RHR evaluation, the equipment used was the Omron HEM 742, electronic and digital arm device, for measurement of blood pressure and heart rate (HR), with automatic cuff inflation and deflation. At the same time as the oscillometric measurement, HR was measured by the HR monitor Polar RS800 CX, which has been validated previously for HR uptake. The HR value obtained by the cardiofrequency meter was registered at the same time that the Omron device measured blood pressure and HR values. RESULTS: It was observed that the RHR values were very close in both devices and that the correlation values and intraclass correlation coefficient were high. These results were replicated when the female breast cancer survivors were stratified by age group. The agreement values presented by the Bland-Altman analysis showed good values; both for the entire sample and stratified by age, few cases were outside beyond 95% confidence interval range. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the oscillometric device used presented good values of reproducibility in the detection of RHR values in breast cancer survivors compared with a cardiac monitor.

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BACKGROUND: To evaluate the influence of functional training on the geometric indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and fractal correlation properties of the dynamics of heart rate in menopausal women. METHODS: Of 39 women who were in the period of menopause for more than a year and who did not practice any regular physical activity were divided into: Functional training group (FTG = 50 ± 4.5 years; 67.64 ± 11.64 kg; 1.5 ± 0.05 m) that executed the functional training (FT) and all proposals by reviews and the Control group (58.45 ± 4.8 years; 66.91 ± 13.24 kg; 1.55 ± 0.05 m) who performed all assessments but not FT. The training consisted of 18 weeks (three times a week) and the volunteers performed three sets of 11 functional exercises followed by a walk in each of the sessions. The autonomic nervous system modulation was evaluated by analysis of HRV and the indices obtained were: RR intervals, RRTRI, TINN, SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2, qualitative analysis of Poincaré plot and DFA (alfa-1, alfa-2 and alfa-1/alfa-2). The Student's t-test for unpaired samples (normal data) or Mann-Whitney test nonnormal data) were used to compare the differences obtained between the final moment and the initial moment of the studied groups (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Were observed in the FTG: increased SD1 (CG 0.13 ± 4.00 vs. 3.60 ± 8.43), beat-to-beat global dispersion much greater as an increased in the dispersion of long-term RR intervals and increased fractal properties of short-term (α1) (CG -0.04 ± 0.13 vs. 0.07 ± 0.21). FT promoted a beneficial impact on cardiac autonomic modulation, characterized by increased parasympathetic activity and short-term fractal properties of the dynamics of the heart rate.

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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in mediating the relationship between central adiposity and immune and metabolic profile in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study comprising 49 postmenopausal women (aged 59.26 ± 8.32 years) without regular physical exercise practice. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood samples were collected for assessment of nonesterified fatty acids, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, insulin and estimation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Physical activity level was assessed with an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3x) and reported as a percentage of time spent in sedentary behavior and MVPA. All analyses were performed using the software SPSS 17.0, with a significance level set at 5%. RESULTS: Sedentary women had a positive relationship between trunk fat and IL-6 (rho = 0.471; p = 0.020), and trunk fat and HOMA-IR (rho = 0.418; p = 0.042). Adiponectin and fat mass (%) were only positively correlated in physically active women (rho = 0.441; p = 0.027). Physically active women with normal trunk fat values presented a 14.7% lower chance of having increased HOMA-IR levels (ß [95%CI] = 0.147 [0.027; 0.811]). CONCLUSIONS: The practice of sufficient levels of MVPA was a protective factor against immunometabolic disorders in postmenopausal women.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in mediating the relationship between central adiposity and immune and metabolic profile in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study comprising 49 postmenopausal women (aged 59.26 ± 8.32 years) without regular physical exercise practice. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood samples were collected for assessment of nonesterified fatty acids, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, insulin and estimation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Physical activity level was assessed with an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3x) and reported as a percentage of time spent in sedentary behavior and MVPA. All analyses were performed using the software SPSS 17.0, with a significance level set at 5%. Results Sedentary women had a positive relationship between trunk fat and IL-6 (rho = 0.471; p = 0.020), and trunk fat and HOMA-IR (rho = 0.418; p = 0.042). Adiponectin and fat mass (%) were only positively correlated in physically active women (rho = 0.441; p = 0.027). Physically active women with normal trunk fat values presented a 14.7% lower chance of having increased HOMA-IR levels (β [95%CI] = 0.147 [0.027; 0.811]). Conclusions The practice of sufficient levels of MVPA was a protective factor against immunometabolic disorders in postmenopausal women.

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BACKGROUND: Although there is some evidence for reliability and validity of self-report physical activity (PA) questionnaires in the general adult population, it is unclear whether we can assume similar measurement properties in people with chronic low back pain (LBP). OBJECTIVE: To determine the test-retest reliability of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) long-version and the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ) and their criterion-related validity against data derived from accelerometers in patients with chronic LBP. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Patients with non-specific chronic LBP were recruited. Each participant attended the clinic twice (one week interval) and completed self-report PA. Accelerometer measures >7 days included time spent in moderate-and-vigorous physical activity, steps/day, counts/minute, and vector magnitude counts/minute. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and Bland and Altman method were used to determine reliability and spearman rho correlation were used for criterion-related validity. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients were included in our analyses. The reliability analyses revealed that the BPAQ and its subscales have moderate to excellent reliability (ICC2,1: 0.61 to 0.81), whereas IPAQ and most IPAQ domains (except walking) showed poor reliability (ICC2,1: 0.20 to 0.40). The Bland and Altman method revealed larger discrepancies for the IPAQ. For the validity analysis, questionnaire and accelerometer measures showed at best fair correlation (rho < 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Although the BPAQ showed better reliability than the IPAQ long-version, both questionnaires did not demonstrate acceptable validity against accelerometer data. These findings suggest that questionnaire and accelerometer PA measures should not be used interchangeably in this population.

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The objective of this study was to compare moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), minutes per week (min/wk), and fulfillment of the current recommendation (150 min/wk of MVPA) based on different cut-points in postmenopausal women. The sample was composed of 233 postmenopausal women aged 59.8 ± 6.7 years old. MVPA was measured using triaxial accelerometers. Accelerometers were initialized to collect in 60-s epochs. Participants were included if using at least 5 days. MVPA min/wk were obtained using Freedson, Troiano, Copeland, and Sasaki cut-points. Box-plot indicated large mean differences between almost all cut-points, except for Freedson and Troiano (9.3 [95% LoA: -5.6; 24.3] min/wk). The proportion of women who achieved 150 min/wk of MVPA was similar between Freedson and Troiano (31% vs. 30%). Sasaki and Copeland cut-points resulted in a greater proportion than other cut-points. We concluded that the cut-points analyzed generated different results in MVPA min/wk and low agreement when using current guidelines for MVPA pattern classification, except for the comparisons between Freedson and Troiano cut-points.

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This study examined the relationship between resting heart rate (RHRr) and anthropometric, metabolic and hemodynamic parameters in subjects aged 80 years and over. One hundred thirteen individuals were divided into two groups (RHR:<66 beats/min and ≥66 beats/min). Anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Hemodynamic parameters (systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure) were measured and pulse pressures (PP) were obtained. Metabolic parameters were fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. In elderly aged 80 and over, RHR influenced the changes observed in DBP, PP and triglycerides. Additionally, subjects with RHR≥66 beats/min had higher DBP, glucose, total cholesterol and lower PP as compared with elderly with RHR<66 beats/min. Men demonstrated greater weight, height, and WC than women while women had higher percentage of body fat, trunk fat, and higher total cholesterol. Thus, subjects with 80 years old and over who present RHR≥66 have higher DBP and lower PP and heart rate variability compared with the elderly with RHR<66.

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Study design: Cross-sectional study. Objective: To analyze the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) according to the pattern of body fat distribution, in Brazilians aged 80 years or over. Methods: The sample consisted of 113 subjects, of 83.4 years, of both sexes. The percentages of total and abdominal body fat, hypertension and lipid profile were used for characterization of CRFs. The chisquare test was used to assess proportions of CRFs and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the results of adiposity. Results: Eutrophic subjects presented lower triglycerides (p=0.017), total cholesterol (p=0.001) and prevalence of both hypertension (p=0.003) and hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.007). Subjects with higher abdominal adiposity presented higher total cholesterol (p=0.026) and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.011) and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.026) than those with no excess abdominal adiposity. Those with excess fat (total, abdominal or both), with the exception of glucose(p=0.877), presented a high prevalence of CRFs. Those with both types of excess fat presented differences, with a higher prevalence level when compared to those with only one or neither of the excesses. Conclusion: Obesity, whether abdominal or total, is similarly associated with CRFs in subjects aged 80 years and over.

Modelo do estudo: Estudo transversal. Objetivo: Analisar a presença de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) de acordo com o padrão de distribuição de gordura corporal em brasileiros com 80 anos ou mais. Materiais e Método: A amostra foi composta de 113 idosos, com média de idade de 83,4 anos, de ambos os sexos. O percentual de gordura corporal total e abdominal, hipertensão e perfil lipídico foram usados para caracterização dos FRC. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliação das proporções de FRC e o teste Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar os resultados de adiposidade. Resultados: Idosos eutróficos apresentaram baixo triglicerídeos (p=0,017) e colesterol total (p=0,001) além de menores prevalências de hipertensão (p=0,003) e hipertrigliceridemia (p=0,007). Idosos com maior adiposidade abdominal apresentaram maior colesterol total (p=0,026) e prevalência de hipertrigliceridemia(p=0,011) e hipercolesterolemia (p=0,026) quando comparados com os de menor adiposidade abdominal. Aqueles com excesso de gordura (total, ou abdominal ou ambos), com exceção da glicemia (p=0,877), apresentaram alta prevalência de FRC. Aqueles com ambos os excessos de gordura apresentam diferenças, com maior nível de prevalência quando comparados aqueles com apenas um ou nenhum dos excessos. Conclusão: A obesidade, sendo abdominal ou total, é associada, da mesma maneira, com FRC em sujeitos com 80 anos ou mais.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a 16-week program of combined aerobic and resistance training on the body composition of postmenopausal women who are obese. The participants were divided into two groups: training group (TG, n = 37) and non-trained control group (CG, n = 18). The trunk fat, fat mass, percentage of fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated using DXA. Three nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were conducted. The training protocol consisted of 50 minutes of resistance training followed by 30 minutes of aerobic training. After the 16-week training program, differences were observed in trunk fat (CG= 0.064 x TG= -0.571 Kg; p-value = .020), fat mass (CG= -0.088 x TG= -1.037 Kg; p-value = .020) and fat-free mass (CG= -0.388 x TG= 1.049 Kg; p = .001). Therefore, a 16-week program of systematic combined aerobic and resistance training in obese postmenopausal women was effective in improving fat-free mass and decreasing both whole and abdominal adiposity.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de 16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinados na composição corporal de mulheres na pós-menopausa. As participantes foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo treinamento (GT, n = 37) e grupo controle (GC, n = 18). A gordura de tronco, massa gorda, percentual de gordura e massa livre de gordura foram estimadas pelo DEXA. O recordatório alimentar de 24 h foi realizado três dias não consecutivos para controle alimentar. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu de 50 minutos de treinamento resistido seguido por 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio. Após 16 semanas de treinamento diferenças foram observadas na gordura de tronco (GC= 0,064 x GT= -0,571 Kg; p-valor= 0,020), massa gorda (GC= -0,088 x GT= -1,037 Kg; p-valor= 0,020) e massa livre de gordura (GC= -0,388 x GT= 1,049 Kg; p-valor=0,001). Assim, 16 semanas de treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado em mulheres obesas na pós-menopausa é efetivo em aumentar a massa livre de gordura e reduzir adiposidade total e abdominal.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de 16 semanas de entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia combinada en la composición corporal en mujeres posmenopáusicas obesas. Los participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos: grupo de entrenamiento (GE, n = 37) y control (C, n = 18). La grasa del tronco, la masa grasa, porcentaje de masa grasa y masa libre de grasa se ​​ utilizó el DXA. El recordatorio de 24 horas se realizó tres días no consecutivos para el control de los alimentos. El protocolo de entrenamiento consistió en 50 minutos de entrenamiento de resistencia, después 30 minutos de entrenamiento aeróbico. Después de 16 semanas de entrenamiento, no se observaron diferencias en la grasa del tronco (C= 0,064 x GE= -0,571 Kg; p-valor= 0,020), la masa grasa (C= -0,088 x GE= -1,037 Kg; p-valor = 0,020 Kg) y libre de grasa (C= -0,388 x GE= 1,049 Kg; p= 0,001). Así, 16-semana de entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia combinada en las mujeres posmenopáusicas con obesidad es eficaz en la mejora de la masa libre de grasa y la disminución de la masa grasa y la adiposidad abdominal.

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BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether early physical activity has a greater influence on intima-media thickness and metabolic variables than current physical activity. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between current and early physical activity, metabolic variables, and intima-media thickness measures in adults. METHOD: The sample was composed of 55 healthy subjects of both sexes (33 men and 22 women). Total body fat and trunk fat were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Carotid and femoral intima-media thickness were measured using a Doppler ultrasound device. A 12-hour fasting blood sample collection was taken (fasting glucose and lipid profile). Early physical activity was assessed through face-to-face interview, and the current physical activity was assessed by pedometer (Digi-Walker Yamax, SW200), which was used for a period of seven days. RESULTS: Current physical activity was negatively related to total cholesterol (rho=-0.31), while early physical activity was negatively related to triglycerides (rho=-0.42), total cholesterol (rho=-0.28), very low density lipoprotein (rho=-0.44), and carotid intima-media thickness (rho=-0.50). In the multivariate model, subjects engaged in sports activities during early life had lower values of very low density lipoprotein (b=-8.74 [b95%CI=-16.1; -1.47]) and carotid intima-media thickness (b=-0.17 [95%CI: -0.28; -0.05]). CONCLUSION: Early 95%CI physical activity has a significant influence on carotid intima-media thickness, regardless of the current physical activity.

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Background: It is unclear whether early physical activity has a greater influence on intima-media thickness and metabolic variables than current physical activity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between current and early physical activity, metabolic variables, and intima-media thickness measures in adults. Method: The sample was composed of 55 healthy subjects of both sexes (33 men and 22 women). Total body fat and trunk fat were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Carotid and femoral intima-media thickness were measured using a Doppler ultrasound device. A 12-hour fasting blood sample collection was taken (fasting glucose and lipid profile). Early physical activity was assessed through face-to-face interview, and the current physical activity was assessed by pedometer (Digi-Walker Yamax, SW200), which was used for a period of seven days. Results: Current physical activity was negatively related to total cholesterol (rho=-0.31), while early physical activity was negatively related to triglycerides (rho=-0.42), total cholesterol (rho=-0.28), very low density lipoprotein (rho=-0.44), and carotid intima-media thickness (rho=-0.50). In the multivariate model, subjects engaged in sports activities during early life had lower values of very low density lipoprotein (b=-8.74 [b=-16.1; -1.47]) and carotid intima-media thickness (b=-0.17 [95%CI: -0.28; -0.05]). Conclusion: Early 95%CI physical activity has a significant influence on carotid intima-media thickness, regardless of the current physical activity. .

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Objective: To measure the accuracy of predictive equations of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in obese teenagers in relation to indirect calorimetry (IC). Methods: This study was conducted with 116 obese teenagers (60 males; 13.7±1.1 years). The RMR was calculated from Harris and Benedict, Schofield, WHO, Henry and Rees equations. The RMR was measured by the QUARK-RMR system. The comparison between predictive equations and IC was by the Student's t test. The reliability of data between predictive equations and IC was verified by the typical error of measurement (TEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV%). Results: Henry's equation was significantly different from IC (p<0.02). The CV% found for each equations compared to IC turned was low. However, when the TEM was measured it was considered high in absolute values which can cause errors when estimating the RMR. Therefore, it is important that specific predictive equations are developed for Brazilian obese teenagers.

Objetivo: Medir la precisión de las ecuaciones predictivas de la tasa metabólica de reposo (TMR) en los adolescentes obesos en relación con la calorimetría indirecta (CI). Métodos: El estudio se realizó en 116 adolescentes obesos (60 niños, 13,7 ± 1,1 años). La TMR se calculó a partir de las ecuaciones predictivas de Harris y Benedict, Schofield, OMS, Henry y Rees. La TMR se midió por el sistema de QUARK-TMR. La comparación entre las ecuaciones de predicción y IC se realizó mediante el test t de Student. La fiabilidad de los datos entre IC y ecuaciones de predicción fue verificada por el error típico de la medición (TEM) y el coeficiente de variación (CV%). Resultados: La ecuación de Henry fue significativamente diferente de IC (p <0,02). El CV% encontrado para cada ecuación en comparación con IC fue bajo; no obstante, cuando se midió el TEM, este fue considerado alto en valores absolutos que puede provocar errores al estimar la TMR. Por lo tanto, es importante que ecuaciones de predicción específicas sean desarrolladas para adolescentes obesos brasileños.

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Objetivo: Examinar a relação entre a prática habitual de atividade física (AF) com a gordura corporal total, gordura do tronco e glicemia de jejum em mulheres na menopausa. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 60 mulheres na menopausa com média de idade de 61,0 anos, da cidade de Presidente Prudente – SP. A massa corporal (MC) e a estatura foram mensuradas para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). A gordura corporal total (GC) e a gordura de tronco (TrG) foram estimadas por meio do DEXA. A glicemia sanguínea foi dosada e classificada de acordo com os valores de referência da American Diabetes Association (1997). A prática habitual de AF foi estimada utilizando acelerômetro triaxial (Actigraph) e classificada de acordo com Sasaki (2010). Foi realizada a comparação entre mulheres com valores de glicemia normal e glicemia alterada por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e em seguida a regressão logística binária para verificar a associação entre nível de AF e composição corporal com glicemia de jejum. Resultados: Mulheres que apresentavam hiperglicemia obtiveram maiores valores de MC (p=0,040), IMC (p=0,002) e GC (p=0,046), além de valores menores de AF leve (p=0,019), moderada (p=0,041) e de moderada+vigorosa (p=0,041). A variável AF moderada e moderada+vigorosa apresentaram, respectivamente, correlação negativa significante com o percentual de GC (p=0,003 e p=0,003) e com TrG (p=0,021 e p=0,021), quando analisado os valores absolutos de GC foi observado correlação negativa com a soma moderada+vigorosa (p=0,049)

Objective: To examine the relationship between the practice of physical activity (PA) with total body fat, trunk fat and fasting glucose in postmenopausal women. Methods: Sixty postmenopausal women, meanage of 61.0 years, from the city of Presidente Prudente SP, were assessed. Body mass (BM) and height were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Total body fat (BF) and trunk fat mass (TFM) were estimated using DEXA. Fasting glucose was measured and classified according to the reference values of the American Diabetes Association (1997). The usual practice of PA was estimated using triaxial accelerometer, model GT3X (Actigraph,Pensacola,FL,USA) and classified according to Sasaki (2010). Comparisons were made between women with normal blood fasting glucose levels (NBG) and high blood fasting glucose(HBG) levels by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Spearman correlation coefficient was used and then the binary logistic regression to test the association between PA level and body composition with fasting glucose. Results: Women with HBG showed higher values of BM (p=0.040), BMI (p=0.002) and BF (p=0.046), and lower values of light (p=0.019), moderate (p=0.041) and moderate+vigorous (p=0.041) PA. The moderate and moderate+vigorous PA showed, respectively, a significant negative correlation with BF (p=0.003 and p=0.003) and TFM (p=0.021 and p=0.021). The FM presented negative correlation with moderate+vigorous (p=0.049). Women with lower TFM and classified as active showed protective factor (OR=0.133 [CI 0.023 to 0.784]) for impaired fasting glucose. Conclusion: The practice of moderate+vigorous intensity PA, held at least 150 minutes per week, is associated with lower trunk fat, and presents protective factor for impaired fasting glucose and risk of diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown an association between adiposity, especially intra-abdominal adipose tissue, and hemodynamic/metabolic comorbidities in adults, however it is not clear in pediatric population. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and components of metabolic syndrome (MS) with values of intra-abdominal (IAAT) and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissue in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: 182 obese sedentary children and adolescents (aged 6 to 16 y), identified by the body mass index (BMI). MEASUREMENTS: Body composition and trunk fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry- DXA; lipid profile, blood pressure and pubertal stage were also assessed. NAFLD was classified as absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2) and severe (3), and intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat thickness were identified by ultrasound. The MS was identified according to the cut offs proposed by World Health Organization adapted for children and adolescents. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, and the binary logistic regression indicated the magnitude of the associations adjusted by potential cofounders (sex, age, maturation, NAFLD and HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Higher quartile of SCAT was associated with elevated blood pressure (p = 0.015), but not associated with NAFLD (p = 0.665). Higher IAAT was positively associated with increased dyslipidemia (p = 0.001), MS (p = 0.013) and NAFLD (p = 0.005). Intermediate (p = 0.007) and highest (p = 0.001) quartile of IAAT were also associated with dyslipidemia, independently of age, sex, maturation, NAFLD and HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance). CONCLUSION: Obese children and adolescents, with higher IAAT are more prone to develop MS and NAFLD than those with higher values of SCAT, independent of possible confounding variables.

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Modelo do estudo: Estudo transversal. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a associação entre composição corporal, mobilidade e equilíbrio de idosos com idade igual ou superior a 80 anos. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 123 idosos com idade entre 80 e 95 anos (83,2±2,7 anos), sendo 78 mulheres (83,2±2,9 anos) e 45 homens (83,2±2,4 anos) residentes na área urbana de Presidente Prudente- SP. A avaliação da composição corporal foi feita pelo método de Absorciometria por Dupla Emissão de Raios-X (DEXA). A mobilidade e o equilíbrio foram avaliados por meio dos testes de velocidade para caminhar, equilíbrio estático e força de membros inferiores. Para tratamento estatístico realizou-se o teste qui-quadrado, o software utilizado foi SPSS (13.0) e o nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5%. Resultados: No grupo masculino, os idosos com maior desempenho nos testes funcionais apresentaram maiores valores percentuais de massa muscular (MM) (35,6%) comparados aos de menor desempenho (15,6%), p=0,026. No grupo feminino, as idosas com maior desempenho nos testes apresentaram maiores valores de densidade mineral óssea (DMO) (30,8%) comparadas as de menor desempenho (20,5%) p=0,041. Conclusão: A MM para idosos do sexo masculino e a DMO para o sexo feminino foram os componentes da composição corporal que se associaram com a capacidade funcional.

Study design: cross-sectional study. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the association between body composition, mobility and balance of elderly aged 80 years or older. Methods: The sample consisted of 123 elderly aged 80 and 95 years (83.2 ± 2.7 years) with 78 women (83.2 ± 2.9 years) and 45 men (83.2 ± 2, 4 years) residing in the city of Presidente Prudente - SP. Assessment of body composition was made by absorpiometria dual energy X-ray (DXA). The mobility and balance were assessed by means of tests of speed walking, and static balance lower limb strength. For statistical analysis we carried out the chi-square test, the software used was SPSS (13.0) and the significance level was set at 5%. Results: In males, those with higher performance in the functional tests showed higher percentages of muscle mass (MM) (35.6%) compared to lower performance (15.6%), p = 0.026. In the female group,the elderly with higher performance on tests showed higher bone mineral density (BMD) values (30.8%) compared with those with lower performance (20.5%) p = 0.041. Conclusion: MM for elderly males and BMD for females were the components of body composition that is associated with functional capacity.

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Model of the study: Controlled clinical trial. Objective: To verify the effects of 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training on cardiac autonomic modulation in menopausal women. Methods: 17 menopausal women were divided into two groups: the training group (TG: n=11) and control group (CG:n=6). The body composition variables were estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The cardiac autonomic modulation was evaluated by heart rate variability using linear indexes. The training protocol consisted of 16 weeks of 50 minutes of resistance training and 30 minutes of aerobic training. Results: For the TG there was an increase in the rMSSD(ms) index (pre:17,4±3,7 and post:24,8±13,1,p<0,045), an increase in the duration of the intervals between the cardiac beats (ms) (pre:891,2±80,2 andpost:974,1±71,4, p<0,003) and in the values of heart rate (bpm) (pre:68,1±6,4 and post:62,0±4,7, p<0,003), additionally for the spectral indexes in normalized units, changes for LF (pre:52,2±13,1 and post:44,5±12,4, p<0,025) and HF (pre:47,8±13,3 and post:55,5±12,4, p<0,025) were noticed, demonstrating increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic. There were no significant differences to CG. Conclusion: combined aerobic and resistance training promoted benefits to the autonomic modulation in menopausal women.

Modelo do estudo: Ensaio clínico controlado. Objetivo: Verificar a resposta de 16 semanas do treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado sobre a modulação autonômica em mulheres na menopausa. Métodos: 17 mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo treino (GT: n=11) e grupo controle (GC:n=6). As variáveis de composição corporal foram estimadas pela absorptiometria radiológica de dupla energia. A modulação autonômica foi avaliada pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca usando índices lineares. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em 16 semanas, por 50 minutos de treinamento resistido e 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio. Resultados: Para o GT houve incremento do índice rMSSD (ms) (pre:17,4±3,7 e pos: 24,8±13,1, p<0,045), aumento dos intervalos entre batimentos cardíacos consecutivos (pre:891,2±80,2 e pos:974,1±71,4, p<0,003) e dos valores de frequência cardíaca (bpm) (pre:68,1±6,4 e pos:62,0±4,7, p<0,003), para os índices espectrais em unidades normalizadas, houve redução de LF (pre:52,2±13,1 e pos:44,5±12,4, p<0,025) e incremento de HF (pre:47,8±13,3 e pos:55,5±12,4, p<0,025).Não houve diferenças significantes para o GC. Conclusão: o treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado promoveu benefícios sobre a modulação autonômica em mulheres na menopausa.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de um protocolo de treinamento concorrente com duração de 16 semanas sobre fatores de risco para o acúmulo de gordura hepática de jovens obesos. Metodologia: A amostra foi formada por 38 indivíduos obesos de ambos os sexos e com idade entre 12 e 15 anos. A obesidade foi atestada pelo percentual de gordura corporal, o qual foi estimado pela absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DEXA). Adicionalmente, a quantidade de gordura localizada no tronco (kg) foi estimada também. Antes e após a intervenção, os jovens foram submetidos a exames bioquímicos de sangue(perfil lipídico completo em jejum [mg/dL]) e a ultrassonografia do fígado (tamanho dos lobos direito [LDem cm] e esquerdo [LE em cm]). A Intervenção consistiu de treinamento concorrente (treino resistido [30 minutos] e aeróbio [30 minutos]) com três sessões semanais, totalizando 180 minutos por semana. A análise estatística foi composta pelo teste t de Student para dados pareados, utilizando o software SPSS (17.0), e significância estatística fixada em p<5%. Resultados: Após a intervenção, foram observadas melhoras significantes no percentual de gordura total (PRÉ: 45,1±5,3 e PÓS: 41,7±5,6; p= 0,001) ena região do tronco (PRÉ: 46,5±5,6 e PÓS: 42,9±6,3; p= 0,001). Para o perfil lipídico, houve redução no colesterol total (PRÉ: 164±34 e PÓS: 148±29; p= 0,001), triglicérides (PRÉ: 118±59 e PÓS: 104±53; p=0,002) e lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (PRÉ: 100±29 e PÓS: 85±26; p= 0,001), porém, não para as de alta densidade (p= 0,981). Tanto o LE (PRÉ: 8,8±1,4 e PÓS: 7,8±1,3; p= 0,001) como o LD (PRÉ:13,6±1,3 e PÓS: 12,9±1,1; p= 0,001) sofreram diminuição em suas proporções. Conclusão: Em jovens obesos, o treinamento concorrente foi eficiente no combate a alguns fatores de risco ao acúmulo de gordura no fígado, bem como, na redução da gordura em ambos os lobos do órgão.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a protocol of concurrent training lasting 16 weeks on risk factors for the accumulation of hepatic fat in obese youth. Methods: 38 obese children and adolescents of both sexes, between 12 and 15 years old. The obesity was attested by the percentage of body fat, which was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Additionally, the amount of fat located in the trunk (kg) was estimated too. Before and after the intervention, the youths underwent biochemical blood tests (fasting complete lipid profile [mg / dL]) and ultrasonography of the liver (right size Wolves [LD cm] and left [LE in cm]). The intervention consisted of concurrent training (strength training [30 minutes] and endurance training [30 minutes]) with three sessions per week, totaling 180 minutes a week, for ten weeks. Statistical analysis was made by the test t of Student for paired data using SPSS software (17.0) and significance statistical fixed at p <5%. Results: After the intervention, significant improvements were observed in the percentage of total fat (PRE: 45.1 ± 5.3 and POST: 41.7 ± 5.6, p = 0.001) and in the trunk region (PRE: 46, 5 ± 5.6 and POST: 42.9 ± 6.3, p = 0.001). For lipid profile, reduction in total cholesterol (PRE: 164 ± 34 and POST: 148 ± 29, p = 0.001), triglycerides (PRE: 118 ± 59 and POST: 104 ± 53, p =0.002) and lipoproteins density (PRE: 100 ± 29 and POST: 85 ± 26, p = 0.001), but not for high-density (p= 0.981). Both the LE (PRE: 8.8 ± 1.4 and POST: 7.8 ± 1.3, p = 0.001) and LD (PRE: 13.6 ± 1.3 and POST:12.9 ± 1, 1, p = 0.001) experienced a decrease in its proportions. Conclusion: The concurrent training was effective in combating some risk factors to the accumulation of fat in the liver, as well as in reducingfat in both lobes of the organ in young obese.

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Modelo do estudo: Estudo transversal. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a presença de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) e a capacidade funcional de idosos longevos. Materiais e Método: A amostra foi composta por 91 idosos com idade entre 80 e 90 anos (83,0±2,3 anos), sendo 60 mulheres (82,9±2,1anos) e 31 homens (83,2±2,6 anos) residentes na cidade de Presidente Prudente/SP. Os FRC analisados foram: Hipertensão Arterial (HA) e excesso de gordura corporal (total e tronco). A presença de Hipertensão foi verificada por meio do questionário auto-referido baseado no Standard Health Questionnaire (SHQ). A avaliação da gordura corporal foi feita pela absorpiometria de dupla energia de raios-X (DEXA) e a capacidade funcional foi avaliada por meio dos testes funcionais (equilíbrio estático, velocidade usual de caminhada e força de membros inferiores). Para tratamento estatístico realizou-se o teste qui-quadrado, o software utilizado foi SPSS (13.0) e o nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5%. Resultados: Os idosos com a presença de HA e excesso de %GC apresentaram menor desempenho no teste de membros inferiores (83,3% menor e 16,7% maior), p=0,011 comparados aqueles com apenas um FCR. As idosas com a presença de HA e excesso de %GTron também apresentaram menor desempenho no mesmo teste (80,6% menor e 19,4% maior), p=0,018 e no teste de velocidade de caminhada (80,6% menor e 19,4% maior), p=0,034. Conclusão: A HA e o excesso de gordura corporal (total e tronco) agregados são FRC, que estão associados à redução da capacidade funcional de idosos longevos.

Study design: cross-sectional study. Objective: To assess the association between the presence of cardiovascular risk factor (CRP) and functional capacity of the oldest old. Methods: The sample 9onsisted of 91 elderly aged 80 and 90 years (83.0 ± 2.5 years) with 60 women (82.2 ± 2.1 years) and 31 men (83.2± 2,6 years) residing in the city of Presidente Prudente - SP. The FRC were analyzed: arterial hypertension(AH) and excess body fat (total and trunk). The presence of hypertension was verified by means of self reported questionnaire based on the Standard Health Questionnaire (SHQ). Assessment of body was made by absorpiometria dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and functional capacity was assessed by the functional tests (static balance, normal walking speed and force of the lower limbs). For statistical analysis we carried out the chi-square test, the software used was SPSS (13.0) and the significance level was set at 5%. Results. In males, with hypertension and the presence of excess %BF had lower performance in the lower limbs (83.3% lower and 16.7% higher), p = 0.011 compared to those with only a VCF. The elderly women with hypertension and the presence of excess GTron% also had lower performance on the same test (80.6% lower and 19.4% higher), p = 0.018 and the test of walking speed (80.6% lower and 19.4% higher), p = 0.034. Conclusion: Arterial hypertension and excess body fat (total and trunk) aggregated are FRC, which are associated with reduced functional capacity of the oldest old.

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