RESUMO
AIM: To evaluate antimalarial prescriptions according to quality indicators and to describe adverse events reports among pregnant women with uncomplicated malaria. METHODS: Descriptive study of medical files of pregnant women 15 years and older, residents in high-risk municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon. Antimalarial medicines were characterized by frequency of prescription, type of plasmodium and health care facilities where prescribing took place, and by possible adverse events. Variables were compared by Pearson's chi-square. RESULTS: A total of 262 medical files were evaluated. Most patients were diagnosed for Plasmodium vivax 71,2%. Chloroquine was the commonest prescribed antimalarial (65.6%). Of P. vivax prescriptions, 9.0%, and 16.2% of P. falciparum prescriptions presented antimalarials not recommended in the official protocol. Prescriptions for P. falciparum , in significantly higher proportion, did not adhere to the official protocol in regard to type of antimalarial and dose/duration of treatment (p = 0,001). They also lacked information on dose and dosing interval (p = 0,004). There were no significant differences among reference centers and basic health care units in respect to the prescribed antimalarials, to prescriptions containing antimalarials not recommended in the official protocol or in respect to lack of dosing information. Chloroquine was the antimalarial most related to the occurrence of adverse events. CONCLUSION: THE findings indicate that there are flaws in antimalarial prescribing for pregnant women, especially in respect to their adequacy to the official protocol.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Brasil , Prescrições de Medicamentos/normas , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
Objetivos: Avaliar prescrições de antimaláricos segundo indicadores de qualidade e descrever relatos de eventos adversos entre gestantes com malária não complicada. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de prontuários de gestantes maiores de 15 anos, residentes em municípios de alto risco na Amazônia Legal. Antimaláricos caracterizados segundo frequência de prescrição, tipo de plasmódio e de unidade de saúde de atendimento, e de possíveis eventos adversos. Para comparação das variáveis estudas utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. Resultados: Foram avaliados 262 prontuários de gestantes. A maioria das gestantes pesquisadas recebeu diagnóstico de infecção por P. vivax (71,2%). Cloroquina foi o fármaco mais prescrito (65,6%). Fármacos não recomendados foram encontrados em 9,0% e 16,2% das prescrições para P. vivax e P. falciparum , respectivamente. Prescrições para P. falciparum , em proporção significativamente maior, contiveram esquemas e posologia e/ou duração do tratamento não adequados ao protocolo oficial (p = 0,001), bem como sem especificação da posologia (p = 0,004). Não houve diferenças significativas entre hospitais de referência e unidades básicas de saúde quanto aos esquemas de tratamento, proporções de prescrições contendo esquemas de tratamento não adequados e sem especificação da posologia. Cloroquina foi o fármaco mais envolvido em ocorrências de eventos adversos. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram deficiências na prescrição de antimaláricos para gestantes, especialmente ...
Aim: To evaluate antimalarial prescriptions according to quality indicators and to describe adverse events reports among pregnant women with uncomplicated malaria. Methods: Descriptive study of medical files of pregnant women 15 years and older, residents in high-risk municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon. Antimalarial medicines were characterized by frequency of prescription, type of plasmodium and health care facilities where prescribing took place, and by possible adverse events. Variables were compared by Pearson's chi-square. Results: A total of 262 medical files were evaluated. Most patients were diagnosed for Plasmodium vivax 71,2%. Chloroquine was the commonest prescribed antimalarial (65.6%). Of P. vivax prescriptions, 9.0%, and 16.2% of P. falciparum prescriptions presented antimalarials not recommended in the official protocol. Prescriptions for P. falciparum , in significantly higher proportion, did not adhere to the official protocol in regard to type of antimalarial and dose/duration of treatment (p = 0,001). They also lacked information on dose and dosing interval (p = 0,004). There were no significant differences among reference centers and basic health care units in respect to the prescribed antimalarials, to prescriptions containing antimalarials not recommended in the official protocol or in respect to lack of dosing information. Chloroquine was the antimalarial most related to the occurrence of adverse events. Conclusion: The findings indicate that there are flaws in antimalarial prescribing for pregnant women, especially in respect to their adequacy to the official protocol. .
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Brasil , Prescrições de Medicamentos/normasRESUMO
Malaria in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of maternal anemia, spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, premature delivery and other adverse effects on health. In Brazil, disease transmission is highly concentrated in the multi-state region that constitutes the Brazilian Amazon (more than 99% of all cases). This study, conducted between the first bimesters of 2007 and 2008, aims to identify the local barriers to prompt and effective case management of malaria in pregnancy and was carried out in health facilities located in three endemic municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon (Manaus, Presidente Figueiredo and Porto Velho). The study design combined both qualitative and quantitative descriptive methods. The qualitative design involved semi-structured interviews with health personnel who routinely deal with malaria care. The quantitative design involved a review of medical records of pregnant women in the visited health facilities. Additionally, data were abstracted from SIVEP-Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Brasil, 2007) and Primary Care Information System (SIAB) databases. Flaws were detected in diagnosis (only 6.8% of women tested for malaria) and treatment (for Plasmodium falciparum infections, only 44.8% of patients received recommended first-line therapy; 10.2% of prescription presented treatments were not found in national guideline and 7.3% of the prescriptions for Plasmodium vivax and 17.9% of the prescriptions for P. falciparum were not sanctioned by the official guidelines). Training (only 37.3% had had some training), knowledge and counseling were also sub-optimal. These results indicated the need to improve the health-worker performance through training. Close supervision and feedback on the health-worker performance are also needed. These findings also highlighted the need to put into practice a series of government recommendations that encourage close collaboration between the National Malaria Control Program and Primary Health Care actions in order to achieve safer pregnancies.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Malária/diagnóstico , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Vigilância da População/métodos , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Malária/epidemiologia , Prontuários Médicos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Prescrições/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Malaria is a serious public health problem in over 90 countries worldwide. In Brazil the disease is prevalent in the Amazon and the control rationale is based on early diagnosis and treatment. Quality pharmaceutical services are considered a key element for control. A proposal for evaluating pharmaceutical services for malaria is presented here. A theoretical outline composed of a logical model and an indicator framework is discussed and strives to establish a basis for assessment and judgment of the way in which these services are actually delivered. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of pharmaceutical services for malaria and other endemic diseases, complying with the directives of the Brazilian National Medicines Policy.
Assuntos
Doenças Endêmicas , Malária/epidemiologia , Modelos Teóricos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/normas , Assistência Farmacêutica/normas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/métodos , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Política de Saúde , Humanos , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Malária/prevenção & controle , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Farmacêutica/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Farmacêutica/provisão & distribuição , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
Malaria is a serious public health problem in over 90 countries worldwide. In Brazil the disease is prevalent in the Amazon and the control rationale is based on early diagnosis and treatment. Quality pharmaceutical services are considered a key element for control. A proposal for evaluating pharmaceutical services for malaria is presented here. A theoretical outline composed of a logical model and an indicator framework is discussed and strives to establish a basis for assessment and judgment of the way in which these services are actually delivered. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of pharmaceutical services for malaria and other endemic diseases, complying with the directives of the Brazilian National Medicines Policy.
A malária é um grave problema de saúde pública em cerca de 90 países. No Brasil, a Amazônia congrega o maior número de casos. No país, o racional de enfrentamento se baseia em diagnóstico precoce e tratamento. A assistência farmacêutica de qualidade é considerada elemento-chave para o controle da doença. Apresenta-se uma proposta de avaliação da assistência farmacêutica, composta por um modelo lógico e uma grade de indicadores, discutidos de modo a estabelecer uma base de comparação e julgamento da forma na qual os serviços são ofertados. O objetivo é contribuir para o entendimento da assistência farmacêutica na malária e em outras endemias, atendendo às diretrizes da Política Nacional de Medicamentos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doenças Endêmicas , Modelos Teóricos , Malária/epidemiologia , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/normas , Assistência Farmacêutica/normas , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/métodos , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Política de Saúde , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Malária/prevenção & controle , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Farmacêutica/estatística & dados numéricos , Assistência Farmacêutica/provisão & distribuição , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
A malária é a endemia parasitária mais importante no mundo. No Brasil, 60 por cento do território são favoráveis à transmissão, com cerca de 500 mil casos por ano. A doença não se distribui geograficamente de forma homogênea, fato que pode explicar diferenças na eficácia e efetividade dos tratamentos. Para identificar as evidências que poderiam ter embasado os tratamentos recomendados pelo Manual de Terapêutica da Malária 2001, foi realizada uma revisão dos estudos que abordassem tratamentos com antimaláricos no Brasil entre 1980 e 2005. Foram encontrados poucos estudos, e com baixa qualidade metodológica, nenhum deles capaz de gerar recomendações para protocolos baseados em evidência. Os artigos publicados após 2001 apresentaram nível de evidência maior, segundo classificação utilizada para definição de níveis de evidência farmacológico-clínicos. Espera-se que tais estudos também orientem conduta na próxima revisão do manual, prevista para o ano de 2007. Constatou-se que as referências do manual, utilizadas como base para recomendação dos tratamentos, são publicações desatualizadas e possivelmente consideradas clássicas, mas com pouca especificidade para região geográfica, população e/ou tipo de malária.
Malaria is the most important endemic parasitic disease in the world. Conditions are favorable for transmission of the disease in 60 percent of Brazil's territory. Over 500,000 cases per year are recorded in the country. However, the geographic distribution is uneven, which may explain differences in the efficacy and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. We conducted an extensive literature review of antimalarial treatment in Brazil from 1980 to 2005 in order to identify evidence that might have been available for the 2001 Edition of the Malaria Treatment Manual, the official Ministry of Health guidelines. Only a few studies, of low methodological quality, were identified by the search. None of the studies would have been capable of generating evidence-based guidelines according to the current classification of levels of pharmacological and clinical evidence. Studies published after 2001 drew on more evidence and are expected to provide the basis for the next edition of the manual, due in 2007. References in the 2001 Edition were outdated, possibly perceived as traditional references in the field, but lacking in specificity for region, population, and/or type of malaria.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Prescrições de Medicamentos , BrasilRESUMO
Malaria is the most important endemic parasitic disease in the world. Conditions are favorable for transmission of the disease in 60% of Brazil's territory. Over 500,000 cases per year are recorded in the country. However, the geographic distribution is uneven, which may explain differences in the efficacy and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. We conducted an extensive literature review of antimalarial treatment in Brazil from 1980 to 2005 in order to identify evidence that might have been available for the 2001 Edition of the Malaria Treatment Manual, the official Ministry of Health guidelines. Only a few studies, of low methodological quality, were identified by the search. None of the studies would have been capable of generating evidence-based guidelines according to the current classification of levels of pharmacological and clinical evidence. Studies published after 2001 drew on more evidence and are expected to provide the basis for the next edition of the manual, due in 2007. References in the 2001 Edition were outdated, possibly perceived as traditional references in the field, but lacking in specificity for region, population, and/or type of malaria.