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A miniaturised gas analyser is described and evaluated based on the use of a substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) coupled to a microsized near-infrared spectrophotometer comprising a linear variable filter and an array of InGaAs detectors. This gas sensing system was applied to analyse surrogate samples of natural fuel gas containing methane, ethane, propane and butane, quantified by using multivariate regression models based on partial least square (PLS) algorithms and Savitzky-Golay 1(st) derivative data preprocessing. The external validation of the obtained models reveals root mean square errors of prediction of 0.37, 0.36, 0.67 and 0.37% (v/v), for methane, ethane, propane and butane, respectively. The developed sensing system provides particularly rapid response times upon composition changes of the gaseous sample (approximately 2 s) due the minute volume of the iHWG-based measurement cell. The sensing system developed in this study is fully portable with a hand-held sized analyser footprint, and thus ideally suited for field analysis. Last but not least, the obtained results corroborate the potential of NIR-iHWG analysers for monitoring the quality of natural gas and petrochemical gaseous products.

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Introducción: BIOBADASAR (Registro Argentino de Eventos Adversos con Tratamientos Biológicos en Reumatología) comenzó en agosto de 2010. La importancia de este registro es mostrar datos locales que, probablemente, puedan diferir de otros registros. El objetivo es comunicar los resultados del tercer reporte de BIOBADASAR. Métodos: Todos los pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas que requirieron tratamiento con agentes biológicos y pacientes controles sin estos tratamientos fueron incluidos en la base de datos provenientes de 32 centros participando a lo largo de la Argentina. Tres áreas de datos son analizados: características de los pacientes, tratamientos y eventos adversos...

Introduction: BIOBADASAR (Argentine Registry of Adverse Events with Biological Treatments in Rheumatology) began in August 2010. The importance of this registry is to show local data that may probably differ from other registries. The objective is to communicate the results of the third BIOBADASAR report. Methods: All patients with rheumatic diseases who required treatment with biological agents and control patients without these treatments were included in the database from 32 participating centers throughout Argentina. Three areas of data are analyzed: patient characteristics, treatments and adverse events...

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Ovary development and maturation of Nezara viridula (L.) were evaluated by examining ovariole morphology and the alterations in the biochemical (protein synthesis related to reproduction) composition of the hemolymph. Quantitative and qualitative protein analyses were performed and ovary structural alterations for the pre-reproductive and reproductive stages were recorded. Total concentration of proteins in female hemolymph gradually increased until the end of the pre-mating stage, remaining unaltered thereafter. Proteins linked to reproduction (vitellogenins) appeared in the hemolymph 10 days after adult emergence and indicated the end of the pre-mating stage. After mating, total protein concentration in the hemolymph was lower compared to virgin females; vitellogenin levels were similar during most of the observation period. Oocyte development and maturation were gradual and age dependent. Ten-day-old females had chorionated oocytes ready for fertilization. Mating did not stimulate oocyte development in N. viridula, but the lack of mating activity appeared to have stimulated oocyte resorption in 17-day-old females.

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Ovary development and maturation of Nezara viridula (L.) were evaluated by examining ovariole morphology and the alterations in the biochemical (protein synthesis related to reproduction) composition of the hemolymph. Quantitative and qualitative protein analyses were performed and ovary structural alterations for the pre-reproductive and reproductive stages were recorded. Total concentration of proteins in female hemolymph gradually increased until the end of the pre-mating stage, remaining unaltered thereafter. Proteins linked to reproduction (vitellogenins) appeared in the hemolymph 10 days after adult emergence and indicated the end of the pre-mating stage. After mating, total protein concentration in the hemolymph was lower compared to virgin females; vitellogenin levels were similar during most of the observation period. Oocyte development and maturation were gradual and age dependent. Ten-day-old females had chorionated oocytes ready for fertilization. Mating did not stimulate oocyte development in N. viridula, but the lack of mating activity appeared to have stimulated oocyte resorption in 17-day-old females.

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The lepidopterans Platynota rostrana (Walker) (Tortricidae) and Phidotricha erigens Raganot (Pyralidae) have been found frequently in citrus groves in São Paulo State in recent years. Since in Brazil, the fertility cycle of these two species is largely unknown, as are details of the damage wrought by them in crops, this research studied these aspects of the two species, which were kept under laboratory conditions (temperature 25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10 percent RH, 14 h photophase) and on an artificial diet. The duration of the biological cycle (egg-adult) for P. rostrana was 38.3 days and total viability was 44.0 percent; for P. erigens these values were 32.5 days and 63.6 percent, respectively. Both species showed five larval instars. Females of P. rostrana laid an average of 308 eggs, whereas those of P. erigens laid an average of 106 eggs. In both species, female pupae were heavier than males. Male and female longevity for both species was nearly 10 days. Based on the data obtained, the artificial diet produced better results in P. rostrana than in P. erigens. If these species, which have the potential to reach pest status in the citrus groves of São Paulo State, could be reared on an artificial diet, research on their control by alternative methods would be easier.

Os lepidópteros Platynota rostrana (Walker) (Tortricidae) e Phidotricha erigens Raganot (Pyralidae) têm sido constatados com freqüência nos pomares cítricos do Estado de São Paulo, nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a biologia das duas espécies, em condições de laboratório (temperatura 25 ± 2 °C, UR. 70 ± 10 por cento e fotofase de 14 h) em dieta artificial, elaborar uma tabela de vida de fertilidade e descrever os danos causados no campo, devido ao desconhecimento destes aspectos biológicos dos referidos insetos no Brasil. A duração do ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) de P. rostrana foi de 38,3 dias e a viabilidade total de 44,0 por cento, enquanto para P. erigens foi de 32,5 dias e 63,6 por cento, respectivamente. Ambas as espécies apresentaram cinco ínstares e as pupas de fêmeas foram mais pesadas do que as de machos. As fêmeas de P. rostrana colocaram, em média, 308 ovos e as de P. erigens 106 ovos. A longevidade de machos e fêmeas das duas espécies foi próxima de 10 dias. Pela tabela de vida de fertilidade concluiu-se que P. rostrana tem melhor desempenho em dieta artificial que P. erigens. É possível criar estas espécies em dieta artificial, facilitando o desenvolvimento de pesquisas relacionadas ao seu controle por métodos alternativos, caso elas assumam o status de pragas nos pomares de São Paulo.

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The lepidopterans Platynota rostrana (Walker) (Tortricidae) and Phidotricha erigens Raganot (Pyralidae) have been found frequently in citrus groves in São Paulo State in recent years. Since in Brazil, the fertility cycle of these two species is largely unknown, as are details of the damage wrought by them in crops, this research studied these aspects of the two species, which were kept under laboratory conditions (temperature 25 +/- 2 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% RH, 14 h photophase) and on an artificial diet. The duration of the biological cycle (egg-adult) for P. rostrana was 38.3 days and total viability was 44.0%; for P. erigens these values were 32.5 days and 63.6%, respectively. Both species showed five larval instars. Females of P. rostrana laid an average of 308 eggs, whereas those of P. erigens laid an average of 106 eggs. In both species, female pupae were heavier than males. Male and female longevity for both species was nearly 10 days. Based on the data obtained, the artificial diet produced better results in P. rostrana than in P. erigens. If these species, which have the potential to reach pest status in the citrus groves of São Paulo State, could be reared on an artificial diet, research on their control by alternative methods would be easier.

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The lepidopterans Platynota rostrana (Walker) (Tortricidae) and Phidotricha erigens Raganot (Pyralidae) have been found frequently in citrus groves in São Paulo State in recent years. Since in Brazil, the fertility cycle of these two species is largely unknown, as are details of the damage wrought by them in crops, this research studied these aspects of the two species, which were kept under laboratory conditions (temperature 25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 10% RH, 14 h photophase) and on an artificial diet. The duration of the biological cycle (egg-adult) for P. rostrana was 38.3 days and total viability was 44.0%; for P. erigens these values were 32.5 days and 63.6%, respectively. Both species showed five larval instars. Females of P. rostrana laid an average of 308 eggs, whereas those of P. erigens laid an average of 106 eggs. In both species, female pupae were heavier than males. Male and female longevity for both species was nearly 10 days. Based on the data obtained, the artificial diet produced better results in P. rostrana than in P. erigens. If these species, which have the potential to reach pest status in the citrus groves of São Paulo State, could be reared on an artificial diet, research on their control by alternative methods would be easier.

Os lepidópteros Platynota rostrana (Walker) (Tortricidae) e Phidotricha erigens Raganot (Pyralidae) têm sido constatados com freqüência nos pomares cítricos do Estado de São Paulo, nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a biologia das duas espécies, em condições de laboratório (temperatura 25 ± 2 °C, UR. 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 h) em dieta artificial, elaborar uma tabela de vida de fertilidade e descrever os danos causados no campo, devido ao desconhecimento destes aspectos biológicos dos referidos insetos no Brasil. A duração do ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) de P. rostrana foi de 38,3 dias e a viabilidade total de 44,0%, enquanto para P. erigens foi de 32,5 dias e 63,6%, respectivamente. Ambas as espécies apresentaram cinco ínstares e as pupas de fêmeas foram mais pesadas do que as de machos. As fêmeas de P. rostrana colocaram, em média, 308 ovos e as de P. erigens 106 ovos. A longevidade de machos e fêmeas das duas espécies foi próxima de 10 dias. Pela tabela de vida de fertilidade concluiu-se que P. rostrana tem melhor desempenho em dieta artificial que P. erigens. É possível criar estas espécies em dieta artificial, facilitando o desenvolvimento de pesquisas relacionadas ao seu controle por métodos alternativos, caso elas assumam o status de pragas nos pomares de São Paulo.

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OBJECTIVES: This study attempts to analyse the ethical dilemmas arising from the microallocation of scarce health care resources, in terms of deontology and utilitarianism. METHODS: A group of 395 people were interviewed in the region of Diadema, greater San Paulo, Brazil, while visiting patients in the only state hospital in town. Each interviewee was given a list of eight simulated emergencies (see appendix). In each of the eight cases the interviewee had to choose which of the two patients described, both of whom suffered from exactly the same problem, should receive the only hospital bed currently available. The differences between the hypothetical patients were as follows: age, gender, family dependency, and lifestyle. Each interviewee was asked to justify one of their responses. These responses were then analysed. RESULTS: The results pointed to the co-existence of deontological and utilitarian orientations among the people interviewed. A tendency to give priority to the destitute was revealed throughout the research, contradicting the idea that society, valuing only productive people, wishes only such people to receive the most resources, thus maximising the benefits to be gained from resources. The results showed that people's disapproval of the alcoholic was stronger than that of the nicotine abuser.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify the social first-year and senior undergraduate students of a healthcare management course used for selecting patients who need emergency medical care. METHODS: A random sample of 64 first-year and 25 senior year students of a healthcare management course in São Paulo, Brazil, were studied. To collect data, a survey instrument was developed with nine hypothetical simulated case scenarios, including the social criteria involved in the patient selection process, such as age, sex, economical status, life-style, and social duty. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the two groups concerning criteria such as the patient's life-style and economic status. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the respondents accept the inclusion of social criteria in the decision-making process in a situation of scarce resources.

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It was carried out a study with the aim to analyse the autonomy of hospitalised elderly, based on the comprehension about their rights of information and the informed consent on proposals of diagnosis and therapeutics. The results showed patient's lack of information, dissatisfaction on the degree of information. It was also verified that the patient's family frequently acts as information intermediary between the health team and the patient. Therefore, autonomy process of decision making was compromised, as well as the informed consent of the elderly.

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In an effort to better understand some of the ethical and legal dilemmas that health professionals face in their daily activities, this study identified and analyzed the opinions and expectations of medical and nursing students at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, regarding the autonomy of adolescents in receiving health care services. Over the 1995-1996 period, interviews were done with students in the first and last years of their programs in the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing of the University of São Paulo. The results from the first-year students were compared with those of the final-year students. The interview questions dealt with such issues as providing medical care to adolescents when a parent or guardian was not present, adolescents making their own decisions on health care services, the confidentiality of information that adolescents provide, the circumstances in which that information could be given to parents or guardians, and situations where there were conflicts between the decisions of parents and adolescents. Despite variations among the opinions and expectations of the students, the overall results suggest that most of the medical and nursing students do not accept the concept of "health adulthood" or autonomy for adolescents and that the students instead choose to rely on current legal definitions of adulthood.

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Although apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is generally accepted as a form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, its underlying genetic factors, clinical course and complications may be different. The characteristics of 14 Brazilian patients with a diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are described. Symptoms were frequent and abnormal filling of the left ventricle by Doppler criteria was recorded in all patients. Rest electrocardiograms showed giant negative T waves in 5 patients, all had low exercise capacity on an exercise stress test while significant arrhythmias were detected by 24-h ambulatory monitoring in just one patient. Forty-eight first degree relatives were studied and 3 had some form of hypertrophy of the left ventricle as seen by echocardiography. Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Brazilians seems to be expressed somewhat differently from that reported in Japanese patients, since "giant' T waves are less frequent and women more involved.

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The ethical-juridical concepts related to the civil responsibility of medical activity in liberal practice are brought up to date. To this end, the arguments which guide the shaping up of the contractual relationship between the physician and the client are analysed, as also are the foundations on which the notion of guilt--an essential component of civil responsibility, whether relating to technical acts of to those within the field of medical humanism--are grounded. The answers presented for the solution of this question by European juridical systems are given.

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The association of atrial septal aneurysm and other cardiac abnormalities is reported in 14 consecutive cases diagnosed by cross sectional echocardiography. Color flow mapping was used in all cases in order to increase the accuracy in detecting associated lesions, especially small shunts at the atrial level. An atrial septal aneurysm occurred as an isolated lesion in just 1 patient (7%). In all other cases there was at least one associated cardiac defect. Atrial septal defect and prolapse of the leaflets of the mitral valve were particularly frequent, those lesions co-existing in half the patients. Although the lesion was not suspected clinically, physical examination, electrocardiography and chest X rays were abnormal in several patients, with a high incidence of electrocardiographic abnormalities and supraventricular arrhythmias in the overall group.

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Os autores analisam 102 casos de criancas internadas no Instituto da Crianca com o diagnostico de septicemia, com base em dados clinicos e laboratoriais (hemoculturas positivas). Foram avaliados os seguintes parametros clinicos: sexo, idade, estado nutricional, internacao previa e evolucao. Em relacao a etiologia, destaca-se a alta incidencia de Salmonella sp (57,8%). O antibiograma foi avaliado para S. aureus e Salmonella sp: os achados diferem dos existentes na literatura

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