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Los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (aFL) en pacientes con historia de complicaciones clínicas trombóticas tanto en territorio venoso como arterial y/o con morbilidad obstétrica definen al síndrome antifosfolípido (SAF). Los aFL en el plasma de pacientes pueden ser detectados como actividad de inhibidor lúpico (IL) a través de la prolongación de pruebas de coagulación dependientes de fosfolípidos o a través de ensayos en fase sólida como los ELISAs para anticuerpos anticardiolipina (aCL) o anti-b2 glicoproteína I (ab2GPI). Para el diagnóstico de SAF se requiere que los aFL sean demostrados en al menos 2 oportunidades con un período no menor a 12 semanas entre ambas evaluaciones de laboratorio. Los aCL y/o ab2GPI de isotipo IgG y/o IgM deben estar presentes en títulos moderados o altos. En los últimos años se han publicado varias recomendaciones para la evaluación del IL y también de los aFL por métodos inmunológicos. En este artículo se mencionan las guías internacionales que existen al respecto para un diagnóstico correcto de los aFL en el laboratorio.

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in patients with a history of thrombotic clinical complications in both venous and arterial territory and/ or obstetric morbidity define the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). aPL in patients’ plasma can be detected as lupus anticoagulant (LA) activity through the prolongation of phospholipid-dependent clotting tests or through solid-phase assays such as ELISAs for anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) or anti-b2 glycoprotein I(ab2GPI).Diagnosis of APS requires that aPL are demonstrated in at least 2 opportunities with no less than 12 weeks between two laboratory evaluations. aCL and ab2GPIof IgG and/ or IgM isotypes must be present at moderate or high titers. In recent years,there have been several recommendations for the evaluation of LA and also aPL by immunological methods. This article describes the international guidelines available for a correct diagnosis of aPL in the laboratory.

Anticorpos antifosfolípides (aPL) em pacientes com história de complicações clínicas trombóticas em ambos os territórios venoso e arterial e/ou com morbidade obstétrica, definem a síndrome antifosfolípide (APS). Os aPL no plasma de pacientes pode ser detectado como atividade de inibidor lúpico (IL) por meio do prolongamento de testes de coagulação dependentes de fosfolipídeos, ou por meio de ensaios em fase sólida, tais como ensaios ELISA para anticorpos anticardiolipina (aCL) ou anti-b2 glicoproteína I (ab2GPI). Para o diagnóstico de APS requer que os aPL sejam demonstrados em pelo menos 2 oportunidades com um período de não menos de 12 semanas entre ambas as avaliações laboratoriais. aCL e/ou ab2GPI de isotipo IgG e/ou IgM têm de estar presentes em títulos moderados ou elevados. Nos últimos anos foram publicadas várias recomendações para a avaliação do IL e também dos aPL por métodos imunológicos. Este artigo menciona os guias internacionais que existem a esse respeito para um diagnóstico certo dos aPL no laboratório.

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El inhibidor adquirido contra el factor VIII o “hemofilia adquirida” (HA) es una patología autoinmune que suele presentarse como un sangrado súbito en pacientes sin coagulopatía previa. El diagnóstico de esta patología debe ser rápido, sobre todo en aquellos casos en que la presentación es una hemorragia que puede comprometer la vida del paciente. En esta actualización se analizan las pruebas globales y específicas utilizadas en su detección y los ensayos Bethesda y Nijmejen que permiten la cuantificación del inhibidor para monitorear el tratamiento. Es importante la función del laboratorio en el diagnóstico precoz de esta patología y para eso se debe conocer y pensar en su existencia cuando se presenta un paciente con sangrado, un aPTT prolongado que no corrige con plasma normal, un FVIII disminuido y pruebas de inhibidor lúpico negativo.

The acquired inhibitor against factor VIII or “acquired haemophilia” (HA) is an autoimmune disease that usually appears as a sudden bleeding in patients without previos coagulopathy. Diagnosis of this disease must be quick, particularly when the presentation is a bleeding event that compromises the patient’s life. In this update, global and specific tests used in the detection of FVIII inhibitor are described. Besides, Nijmejen and Bethesda assays are analyzed for the quantification of the inhibitor to monitor treatment. The role of the laboratory is important in early diagnosis of this disease so the presence of this rare but life threatening disease must be suspected when a patient shows haemorrhages, prolonged aPTT that does not correct with normal plasma, decreased FVIII and a negative lupus anticoagulant test.

O inibidor contra o fator VIII adquirido ou “hemofilia adquirida” (HA) é uma doença autoimune que geralmente se apresenta como um sangramento súbito em pacientes sem coagulopatia prévia. O diagnóstico da doença deve ser rápido, especialmente nos casos em que a apresentação é uma hemorragia, que pode comprometer a vida do paciente. Nesta atualização são analisadas as provas globais e específicas utilizadas em sua detecção e nos ensaios de Bethesda e Nijmejen que permitem a quantificação do inibidor para monitorizar o tratamento. É importante a função do laboratório no diagnóstico precoce dessa patologia e, para isso, se deve conhecer e pensar na sua existência quando se apresenta um paciente com sangramento, TTPA prolongado que não corrige com plasma normal, um FVIII diminuído e testes de inibidor lúpico negativo.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by clinical symptoms of vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity in the presence of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Current laboratory APS criteria include the presence of at least one of the three relevant aPL: lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-ß2 glycoprotein I antibodies. Therefore, patients could have a single aPL pattern or combinations of aPL. Evidence arising from clinical experience indicates that patients having the highest aPL titer and simultaneous aPL detected by different tests have a worse prognosis and a higher probability of recurrence of the APS clinical features. In recent years, an emerging role of multiple aPL positivity in the identification of high-risk patients with aPL/APS is evident. This paper will review the current knowledge on the clinical relevance of having single or multiple aPL positivity.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized clinically by the occurrence of venous or arterial thrombosis, and/or pregnancy morbidity. The detection of persistently elevated levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is a requisite laboratory feature for the diagnosis of APS. The positivity for at least one aPL test: lupus anticoagulant and/or IgG/IgM anticardiolipin and/ or IgG/IgM anti-ß2 glycoprotein I antibodies must be detected. Sometimes aPL coagulopathy may start with a hemorrhagic syndrome when a severe thrombocytopenia, or an acquired thrombocytopathy, or an acquired factor VIII inhibitor, or an acquired prothrombin deficiency is present. aPL-associated thrombocytopenia is usually moderate without clinical manifestations. Except in the occasional situations in which thrombocytopenia is associated with thrombotic microangiopathy, such as catastrophic APS, bleeding is uncommon in APS patients. When platelet counts are less than 30 × 109/L and there are symptoms of bleeding, the treatments used are the same for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. In rare occasions a hemorrhagic diathesis due to the occurrence of non-neutralizing anti-prothrombin antibodies causing severe hypoprothrombinemia (HPT) can be observed. Levels of prothrombin in plasma are less than 10-20% in cases with HPT-related bleeding requiring transfusion and/or corticosteroid treatment. The APS mainly causes thrombosis, and pregnancy losses. However, other clinical manifestations are also associated with the presence of persistent autoimmune aPL. Bleeding is uncommon but can be the first clinical manifestation in patients having severe thrombocytopenia or prothrombin deficiency.

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La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (HIT) es un efecto adverso del tratamiento con heparina, mediada por anticuerpos anti complejo factor plaquetario 4 (PF4)-heparina (HPIA). La HIT es frecuentemente moderada pero pueden desarrollarse complicaciones trombóticas. El diagnóstico precoz es importante. La detección de HPIA por ELISA tiene alta sensibilidad pero baja especificidad (títulos bajos sin significación clínica). El índice de las 4T (índice 4T) puede detectar pacientes con alto riesgo de HIT. El propósito del estudio fue correlacionar los niveles de HPIA y el índice 4T de un grupo de pacientes derivados a nuestro centro. Evaluamos 84 pacientes, 34 de ellos desarrollaron trombosis. Cada médico completó un cuestionario clínico que fue remitido con la muestra a nuestro centro. Los cuestionarios fueron analizados por un investigador externo y el índice 4T se calculó previamente al ensayo. Los HPIA se determinaron por un ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) que detecta los 3 isotipos, IgG, IgM e IgA, único reactivo disponible en Argentina. Los resultados se expresaron como porcentaje de absorbancia (%ABS). La correlación del índice 4T con los HPIA fue 0.472 (rho spearman, p < 0.001). Los pacientes con índice 4T ≥ 6 presentaban %ABS mayores que los ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39, p < 0.001). Aquéllos con trombosis presentaron títulos mayores que los que no la desarrollaron (%ABS 59 vs. 39, p = 0.017). En conclusión: Los títulos altos de HPIA medidos por ELISA, que detecta los 3 isotipos, correlacionaron claramente con el índice 4T ≥ 6 y fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con trombosis, coincidiendo con lo ya descripto para ensayos de ELISA específicos para isotipo IgG.

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated disorder due to antibodies anti platelet factor 4-heparin (HPIA). Thrombocytopenia is often moderate but certain patients can develop morbid thrombotic complications. HPIA detection by ELISA has high sensitivity but low specificity, and low titers (without clinical significance) are frequent. A pretest clinical score (4T´s) was developed in order to recognize patients that are at high risk of HIT. The aim of this study was to correlate HPIA levels and the 4T´s score of consecutive patients derived to our center. We evaluated 84 patients (35 of them developed thrombosis); the clinical questionnaire was sent along with the sample and was analyzed by an investigator who did not know the patients´ characteristics, and 4T´s scores were calculated before performing the laboratory tests. HPIA were measured by ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) that detects IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes, (the only reagent available in our country). 4T´s score correlated with HPIA levels (rho spearman 0.472, p < 0.001). Patients with 4T´s ≥ 6 had higher absorbance percentages than those with ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39%, p < 0.001), and patients with thrombosis also presented higher titers (59 vs. 39%, p = 0.017) than those who did not develop this complication. In conclusion, high titers of HPIA measured by EIA which detects the 3 isotypes, clearly correlate with 4T´s score ≥ 6 and are more frequent in patients who develop thrombosis, just as reported when an IgG specific ELISA is used.

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La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (HIT) es un efecto adverso del tratamiento con heparina, mediada por anticuerpos anti complejo factor plaquetario 4 (PF4)-heparina (HPIA). La HIT es frecuentemente moderada pero pueden desarrollarse complicaciones trombóticas. El diagnóstico precoz es importante. La detección de HPIA por ELISA tiene alta sensibilidad pero baja especificidad (títulos bajos sin significación clínica). El índice de las 4T (índice 4T) puede detectar pacientes con alto riesgo de HIT. El propósito del estudio fue correlacionar los niveles de HPIA y el índice 4T de un grupo de pacientes derivados a nuestro centro. Evaluamos 84 pacientes, 34 de ellos desarrollaron trombosis. Cada médico completó un cuestionario clínico que fue remitido con la muestra a nuestro centro. Los cuestionarios fueron analizados por un investigador externo y el índice 4T se calculó previamente al ensayo. Los HPIA se determinaron por un ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) que detecta los 3 isotipos, IgG, IgM e IgA, único reactivo disponible en Argentina. Los resultados se expresaron como porcentaje de absorbancia (%ABS). La correlación del índice 4T con los HPIA fue 0.472 (rho spearman, p < 0.001). Los pacientes con índice 4T ≥ 6 presentaban %ABS mayores que los ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39, p < 0.001). Aquéllos con trombosis presentaron títulos mayores que los que no la desarrollaron (%ABS 59 vs. 39, p = 0.017). En conclusión: Los títulos altos de HPIA medidos por ELISA, que detecta los 3 isotipos, correlacionaron claramente con el índice 4T ≥ 6 y fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con trombosis, coincidiendo con lo ya descripto para ensayos de ELISA específicos para isotipo IgG.(AU)

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated disorder due to antibodies anti platelet factor 4-heparin (HPIA). Thrombocytopenia is often moderate but certain patients can develop morbid thrombotic complications. HPIA detection by ELISA has high sensitivity but low specificity, and low titers (without clinical significance) are frequent. A pretest clinical score (4T´s) was developed in order to recognize patients that are at high risk of HIT. The aim of this study was to correlate HPIA levels and the 4T´s score of consecutive patients derived to our center. We evaluated 84 patients (35 of them developed thrombosis); the clinical questionnaire was sent along with the sample and was analyzed by an investigator who did not know the patients´ characteristics, and 4T´s scores were calculated before performing the laboratory tests. HPIA were measured by ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) that detects IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes, (the only reagent available in our country). 4T´s score correlated with HPIA levels (rho spearman 0.472, p < 0.001). Patients with 4T´s ≥ 6 had higher absorbance percentages than those with ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39%, p < 0.001), and patients with thrombosis also presented higher titers (59 vs. 39%, p = 0.017) than those who did not develop this complication. In conclusion, high titers of HPIA measured by EIA which detects the 3 isotypes, clearly correlate with 4T´s score ≥ 6 and are more frequent in patients who develop thrombosis, just as reported when an IgG specific ELISA is used.(AU)

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La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (HIT) es un efecto adverso del tratamiento con heparina, mediada por anticuerpos anti complejo factor plaquetario 4 (PF4)-heparina (HPIA). La HIT es frecuentemente moderada pero pueden desarrollarse complicaciones trombóticas. El diagnóstico precoz es importante. La detección de HPIA por ELISA tiene alta sensibilidad pero baja especificidad (títulos bajos sin significación clínica). El índice de las 4T (índice 4T) puede detectar pacientes con alto riesgo de HIT. El propósito del estudio fue correlacionar los niveles de HPIA y el índice 4T de un grupo de pacientes derivados a nuestro centro. Evaluamos 84 pacientes, 34 de ellos desarrollaron trombosis. Cada médico completó un cuestionario clínico que fue remitido con la muestra a nuestro centro. Los cuestionarios fueron analizados por un investigador externo y el índice 4T se calculó previamente al ensayo. Los HPIA se determinaron por un ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) que detecta los 3 isotipos, IgG, IgM e IgA, único reactivo disponible en Argentina. Los resultados se expresaron como porcentaje de absorbancia (%ABS). La correlación del índice 4T con los HPIA fue 0.472 (rho spearman, p < 0.001). Los pacientes con índice 4T ≥ 6 presentaban %ABS mayores que los ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39, p < 0.001). Aquéllos con trombosis presentaron títulos mayores que los que no la desarrollaron (%ABS 59 vs. 39, p = 0.017). En conclusión: Los títulos altos de HPIA medidos por ELISA, que detecta los 3 isotipos, correlacionaron claramente con el índice 4T ≥ 6 y fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con trombosis, coincidiendo con lo ya descripto para ensayos de ELISA específicos para isotipo IgG.(AU)

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated disorder due to antibodies anti platelet factor 4-heparin (HPIA). Thrombocytopenia is often moderate but certain patients can develop morbid thrombotic complications. HPIA detection by ELISA has high sensitivity but low specificity, and low titers (without clinical significance) are frequent. A pretest clinical score (4T´s) was developed in order to recognize patients that are at high risk of HIT. The aim of this study was to correlate HPIA levels and the 4T´s score of consecutive patients derived to our center. We evaluated 84 patients (35 of them developed thrombosis); the clinical questionnaire was sent along with the sample and was analyzed by an investigator who did not know the patients´ characteristics, and 4T´s scores were calculated before performing the laboratory tests. HPIA were measured by ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) that detects IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes, (the only reagent available in our country). 4T´s score correlated with HPIA levels (rho spearman 0.472, p < 0.001). Patients with 4T´s ≥ 6 had higher absorbance percentages than those with ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39%, p < 0.001), and patients with thrombosis also presented higher titers (59 vs. 39%, p = 0.017) than those who did not develop this complication. In conclusion, high titers of HPIA measured by EIA which detects the 3 isotypes, clearly correlate with 4T´s score ≥ 6 and are more frequent in patients who develop thrombosis, just as reported when an IgG specific ELISA is used.(AU)

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RESUMO

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated disorder due to antibodies anti platelet factor 4-heparin (HPIA). Thrombocytopenia is often moderate but certain patients can develop morbid thrombotic complications. HPIA detection by ELISA has high sensitivity but low specificity, and low titers (without clinical significance) are frequent. A pretest clinical score (4T's) was developed in order to recognize patients that are at high risk of HIT. The aim of this study was to correlate HPIA levels and the 4T's score of consecutive patients derived to our center. We evaluated 84 patients (35 of them developed thrombosis); the clinical questionnaire was sent along with the sample and was analyzed by an investigator who did not know the patients' characteristics, and 4T's scores were calculated before performing the laboratory tests. HPIA were measured by ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) that detects IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes, (the only reagent available in our country). 4T's score correlated with HPIA levels (rho spearman 0.472, p < 0.001). Patients with 4T's = 6 had higher absorbance percentages than those with = 5 (67 vs. 39%, p < 0.001), and patients with thrombosis also presented higher titers (59 vs. 39%, p = 0.017) than those who did not develop this complication. In conclusion, high titers of HPIA measured by EIA which detects the 3 isotypes, clearly correlate with 4T's score = 6 and are more frequent in patients who develop thrombosis, just as reported when an IgG specific ELISA is used.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by venous or arterial thrombosis, and recurrent pregnancy morbidity in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Many physicians recommend a daily low dose of aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in asymptomatic individuals with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. However, recent data question the effectiveness of aspirin. For the secondary prevention of recurrent thrombosis, the most effective treatment is long-term anticoagulation. A moderate intensity of anticoagulation is recommended in the majority of APS patients. In cases of catastrophic APS, an aggressive therapy is highly recommended using immunosuppression and anticoagulants. This article will also review the experimental evidence of potential therapeutic approaches for the management of APS-related clinical events.

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La presencia de polimorfismos protrombóticos y algunas alteraciones fibrinolíticas han sido descriptas en las pacientes con pérdidas de embarazos (PE) recurrentes si bien no hay datos concluyentes al respecto y menos aún en pacientes con falla de implantación. El objetivo del trabajo fue en primer lugar analizar la prevalencia de 3 polimorfismos protrombóticos [Factor V Leiden, Polimorfismo del gen de la Protrombina 20210 (PT 20210) y polimorfismo del promotor del PAI 1 (4G5G)] en 147 pacientes con historia de PE comparados con un grupo control de mujeres sanas con historia de embarazos sin complicaciones. En segundo lugar, analizar la correlación entre 3 pruebas del sistema fibrínolítico: PAI 1 inmunológico, Lisis de euglobulinas (LE) pre y post isquemia y polimorfismo del PAI 1 4G5G en un grupo de 92 mujeres con historia de PE (n=49) o fallas de implantación (FI) post procedimientos de fertilización in vitro ( n=43). La prevalencia de los polimorfismos protrombóticos estudiados en las pacientes no fue significativamente diferente de la hallada en el grupo control normal, excepto para el Factor V Leiden en PE tardías (p=0.03) y sólo una tendencia para el PAI 4G4G en abortos tempranos recurrentes (p=0.08). La respuesta en la LE post isquemia fue mala en el 17.4% y ligeramente alterada en el 19.3%. Considerando a la población total de 92 mujeres con complicaciones obstétricas, no existió relación entre los niveles de PAlIo la respuesta fibrinolitica a la isquemia con el genotipo del promotor del PAI. Los niveles de PAI 1 estuvieron significativamente más elevados en las mujeres que presentaban factores de riesgo clásico de enfermedad cardiovascular (32.46 vs. 20.6 ng/rol, p=0.023), y esto fue especialmente debido al grupo de portadoras del genotipo homocigota 4G4G. Los niveles de PAI 1 y las LE pre y post isquemia presentaron correlación positiva con el índice de masa corporal...

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La presencia de polimorfismos protrombóticos y algunas alteraciones fibrinolíticas han sido descriptas en las pacientes con pérdidas de embarazos (PE) recurrentes si bien no hay datos concluyentes al respecto y menos aún en pacientes con falla de implantación. El objetivo del trabajo fue en primer lugar analizar la prevalencia de 3 polimorfismos protrombóticos [Factor V Leiden, Polimorfismo del gen de la Protrombina 20210 (PT 20210) y polimorfismo del promotor del PAI 1 (4G5G)] en 147 pacientes con historia de PE comparados con un grupo control de mujeres sanas con historia de embarazos sin complicaciones. En segundo lugar, analizar la correlación entre 3 pruebas del sistema fibrínolítico: PAI 1 inmunológico, Lisis de euglobulinas (LE) pre y post isquemia y polimorfismo del PAI 1 4G5G en un grupo de 92 mujeres con historia de PE (n=49) o fallas de implantación (FI) post procedimientos de fertilización in vitro ( n=43). La prevalencia de los polimorfismos protrombóticos estudiados en las pacientes no fue significativamente diferente de la hallada en el grupo control normal, excepto para el Factor V Leiden en PE tardías (p=0.03) y sólo una tendencia para el PAI 4G4G en abortos tempranos recurrentes (p=0.08). La respuesta en la LE post isquemia fue mala en el 17.4% y ligeramente alterada en el 19.3%. Considerando a la población total de 92 mujeres con complicaciones obstétricas, no existió relación entre los niveles de PAlIo la respuesta fibrinolitica a la isquemia con el genotipo del promotor del PAI. Los niveles de PAI 1 estuvieron significativamente más elevados en las mujeres que presentaban factores de riesgo clásico de enfermedad cardiovascular (32.46 vs. 20.6 ng/rol, p=0.023), y esto fue especialmente debido al grupo de portadoras del genotipo homocigota 4G4G. Los niveles de PAI 1 y las LE pre y post isquemia presentaron correlación positiva con el índice de masa corporal...(AU)

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Several reports have described an increased incidence of osteonecrosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (HIV+), but the cause has not been established. The association between thrombophilia and osteonecrosis in HIV+ was studied. A case-control study in HIV+, 19 cases and 38 controls, was designed. Magnetic resonance imaging was made in both groups to confirm or exclude hip osteonecrosis. The extensive tests of thrombophilia were measured, and the clinical data were recorded, nadir of CD4(+) cell count and well-known risk factors for osteonecrosis. Thrombophilia has been frequently found both in patients with and without osteonecrosis (thrombophilia, 68.4% vs 60.5%), but no specific thrombophilia tests were significantly associated with osteonecrosis. A low nadir of CD4(+) (<60 cells/microL) and corticoid use were significantly (P < .05) associated with osteonecrosis. In multivariate analysis, only nadir of CD4(+) <60 cells/microL remained a predictor of osteonecrosis (odds ratio = 7.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.80-29.82, P = .005). Thrombophilia might have a limited role in the development of osteonecrosis in HIV+. Nadir of CD4(+) <60 cells/microL and corticoid use were main factors.

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UNLABELLED: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTE-PH) is defined as the chronic obstruction by organized thrombi in pulmonary artery and their branches causing pulmonary hypertension. The objective is to evaluate features and outcome of CTE-PH in patients with and without coexisting antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). All patients studied at our Institution with CTE-PH between June 1993 and June 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. Sixteen out of 38 patients were APS positive (group A), and 22/38 patients (group B) disclosed normal results (n = 10) or other thrombophilic abnormalities (n =12). RESULTS: both groups were similar in age (mean 41 vs. 50 years), NYHA class at diagnosis (81 vs. 100% in III-IV) and the presence of previous or coexistent thrombosis in other territories (31 vs. 27%). Sixty three percent of patients in group A and 55% of patients in group B underwent thromboendarterectomy. The patients were followed during an average of 45 months (0.5-144). At the end of follow up all the APS patients and all the chirurgical patients were in I-II functional class (p=0.053). The median survival from diagnosis was 59 months for group A and 27 months for group B (p=0.199). The mean survival of patients who underwent thromboendarterectomy was 56 months for group A vs. 33 months for group B (p=0.08). We conclude that patients with CTE-PH and APS disclosed a trend to a better survival than patients with CTE-PH without APS. Those patients with CTE-PH and APS who underwent thromboendarterectomy tended to achieve a better functional class and survival than those who received medical treatment.

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The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a disorder which is characterized by the presence of autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) and increased risk of thrombosis and fetal loss. APL are associated with recurrent abortions in APS patients and participate in the pathogenesis of venous or arterial thrombosis, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Antigens that are targeted by APL include beta 2 glycoprotein I and prothrombin. Pathological mechanisms of APL encompass inhibition of natural anticoagulants (protein C system, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and annexin A5), inhibition of the fibrinolytic system, activation of endothelial cells, monocytes and platelets, and complement activation. In this review, we discuss the main targets of APL and prothrombogenic mechanisms of APL.

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La hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica (HPTC) está dada por la obstrucción de arterias pulmonares y sus ramas por trombos organizados. El objetivo fue evaluar las características y evolución de la HPTC en pacientes con y sin síndrome antifosfolípido (SAF). Se analizaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes con HPTC en nuestra institución entre junio de 1993 y junio del 2005. De los 38 pacientes evaluados, 16 tenían SAF (grupo A) y 22 pacientes (grupo B) presentaban estudio de trombofilia normal (n = 10) u otras anormalidades trombofílicas (n = 12). Ambos grupos fueron similares en cuanto a la media de edad (41 vs. 50 años), la clase funcional que presentaban al diagnóstico (81 vs. 100% en clase III-IV), y la presencia de trombosis en otros territorios (31 vs. 27%). El 62.5% de pacientes del grupo A y el 54.5% del grupo B fueron sometidos a tromboendarterectomía pulmonar. La media de seguimiento fue de 45 meses (rango de 0.5 a 144). Al final del mismo todos los pacientes con SAF y todos los pacientes operados estaban en clase funcional I-II. La mediana de sobrevida desde el momento del diagnóstico alcanzó los 59 meses para el grupo A vs. 27 meses en el grupo B (p = 0.199). La media de sobrevida del total de los pacientes operados fue de 56 meses para el grupo A vs. 33 meses para el grupo B (p = 0.08). En conclusión: Los pacientes con HPTC y SAF tendieron a lograr una mejor sobrevida que los pacientes con HPTC sin SAF. Aquellos con HPTC y SAF que fueron operados lograron mejoría de su clase funcional y tendieron a una mayor sobrevida respecto de los no operados.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTE-PH) is defined as the chronic obstruction by organized thrombi in pulmonary artery and their branches causing pulmonary hypertension. The objective is to evaluate features and outcome of CTE-PH in patients with and without coexisting antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). All patients studied at our Institution with CTE-PH between June 1993 and June 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. Sixteen out of 38 patients were APS positive (group A), and 22/38 patients (group B) disclosed normal results (n = 10) or other thrombophilic abnormalities (n =12). Results: both groups were similar in age (mean 41 vs. 50 years), NYHA class at diagnosis (81 vs. 100% in III-IV) and the presence of previous or coexistent thrombosis in other territories (31 vs. 27%). Sixty three percent of patients in group A and 55% of patients in group B underwent thromboendarterectomy. The patients were followed during an average of 45 months (0.5- 144). At the end of follow up all the APS patients and all the chirurgical patients were in I-II functional class (p=0.053). The median survival from diagnosis was 59 months for group A and 27 months for group B (p=0.199). The mean survival of patients who underwent thromboendarterectomy was 56 months for group A vs. 33 months for group B (p=0.08). We conclude that patients with CTE-PH and APS disclosed a trend to a better survival than patients with CTE-PH without APS. Those patients with CTE-PH and APS who underwent thromboendarterectomy tended to achieve a better functional class and survival than those who received medical treatment.

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La hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica (HPTC) está dada por la obstrucción de arterias pulmonares y sus ramas por trombos organizados. El objetivo fue evaluar las características y evolución de la HPTC en pacientes con y sin síndrome antifosfolípido (SAF). Se analizaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes con HPTC en nuestra institución entre junio de 1993 y junio del 2005. De los 38 pacientes evaluados, 16 tenían SAF (grupo A) y 22 pacientes (grupo B) presentaban estudio de trombofilia normal (n = 10) u otras anormalidades trombofílicas (n = 12). Ambos grupos fueron similares en cuanto a la media de edad (41 vs. 50 años), la clase funcional que presentaban al diagnóstico (81 vs. 100% en clase III-IV), y la presencia de trombosis en otros territorios (31 vs. 27%). El 62.5% de pacientes del grupo A y el 54.5% del grupo B fueron sometidos a tromboendarterectomía pulmonar. La media de seguimiento fue de 45 meses (rango de 0.5 a 144). Al final del mismo todos los pacientes con SAF y todos los pacientes operados estaban en clase funcional I-II. La mediana de sobrevida desde el momento del diagnóstico alcanzó los 59 meses para el grupo A vs. 27 meses en el grupo B (p = 0.199). La media de sobrevida del total de los pacientes operados fue de 56 meses para el grupo A vs. 33 meses para el grupo B (p = 0.08). En conclusión: Los pacientes con HPTC y SAF tendieron a lograr una mejor sobrevida que los pacientes con HPTC sin SAF. Aquellos con HPTC y SAF que fueron operados lograron mejoría de su clase funcional y tendieron a una mayor sobrevida respecto de los no operados.(AU)

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTE-PH) is defined as the chronic obstruction by organized thrombi in pulmonary artery and their branches causing pulmonary hypertension. The objective is to evaluate features and outcome of CTE-PH in patients with and without coexisting antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). All patients studied at our Institution with CTE-PH between June 1993 and June 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. Sixteen out of 38 patients were APS positive (group A), and 22/38 patients (group B) disclosed normal results (n = 10) or other thrombophilic abnormalities (n =12). Results: both groups were similar in age (mean 41 vs. 50 years), NYHA class at diagnosis (81 vs. 100% in III-IV) and the presence of previous or coexistent thrombosis in other territories (31 vs. 27%). Sixty three percent of patients in group A and 55% of patients in group B underwent thromboendarterectomy. The patients were followed during an average of 45 months (0.5- 144). At the end of follow up all the APS patients and all the chirurgical patients were in I-II functional class (p=0.053). The median survival from diagnosis was 59 months for group A and 27 months for group B (p=0.199). The mean survival of patients who underwent thromboendarterectomy was 56 months for group A vs. 33 months for group B (p=0.08). We conclude that patients with CTE-PH and APS disclosed a trend to a better survival than patients with CTE-PH without APS. Those patients with CTE-PH and APS who underwent thromboendarterectomy tended to achieve a better functional class and survival than those who received medical treatment.(AU)

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RESUMO

Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies found in patients with autoimmune diseases are also detected in those with inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of these antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to evaluate the association of these antibodies with thrombosis and/or other clinical characteristics of this inflammatory disorder. Eighty-four patients with RA and 82 normal controls were studied. Anticardiolipin (aCL), anti-beta(2) glycoprotein I (anti-beta(2)GPI), and antiprothrombin (aPT) antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant (LA) activity were determined. Seven out of 84 (8.3%) patients were positive for aCL, six out of 84 (7.2%) for anti-beta(2)GPI, and six out of 84 (7.2%) for aPT, while in controls the overall prevalence of aPL antibodies was 3.6% (3 out of 82). All patients and controls were LA negative. There was no correlation between the presence of aPL with thrombosis and/or other clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome. We found aPL antibodies in 19.1% (16 out of 84) of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis and this prevalence was statistically higher than in normal controls (P<0.003). In this study, the presence of aPL antibodies was not associated with the development of thrombosis and/or thrombocytopenia. Whether the presence of aPL antibodies implies an increased risk for thrombosis and atherosclerosis in these patients should be studied further.

Assuntos