Assuntos
Terminologia como Assunto , Comportamento Verbal , Brasil , Humanos , Sociologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
A total of 94 individuals from the Xavante village of Rio das Mortes were variously studied in relation to 28 protein genetic systems. No variation was observed for 15 of them, in accordance with previous studies. Of the remaining 13, four (Rh, Duffy, acid phosphatase, and GC) showed significant departures from the averages obtained in 32 other South American Indian populations. If studies performed in the 1960s are considered, there is indication that no significant changes in this village's gene pool has occurred in the last 30 years. Comparison with two other Xavante populations included nine systems with variation, and for three of them (MNSs, Rh, and Duffy) significant differences were found. Genetically the Rio das Mortes are closer to the São Marcos than to the Simões Lopes Xavantes. A dendrogram considering 25 genetic systems and 33 South American Indian populations was constructed. There the Xavante were grouped together, in two neighboring clusters, with three other tribes who speak Ge languages, But these clusters also present populations who speak other languages, and the reproducibility of the tree is low. South American Indians, at least with this set of markers, do not seem to be clearly classified into defined subgroups.
Assuntos
Pool Gênico , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Proteínas/genética , Brasil/etnologia , Características Culturais , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/psicologia , IdiomaRESUMO
Hepatitis B infection and disease are highly endemic in South America. Prevalences of positivity are particularly high in Amazonia, and among Amerindian peoples in particular. This paper reports the results of a seroepidemiological survey for hepatitis B virus (HBV) carried out among four Amerindian populations from the Brazilian Amazon region: Gavião, Surui, Zoro and Navate. Rates of positivity to HBV serological markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs and or anti-HBc) are very high for the four groups, ranging from 62.8 to 95.7%. It is argued that the high rates of positivity in the Amerindian groups dealt with in this study, as well as for other Amazonian populations, are related to a complex of cultural practices which enhance the likelihood of HBV transmission (bloodletting, scarification, tattooing and orally processed food, among others). The authors suggest that, due to unique patterns of interaction between sociocultural and environmental factors. HBV infection assumes a specific profile in native Amazonian societies.
Assuntos
Cultura , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Distribuição por Sexo , Comportamento SocialRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fogo selvagem (FS) is an autoimmune disease that is endemic in certain regions of Brazil and appears to be precipitated by an environmental factor. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to confirm the occurrence and prevalence of FS in a population of Xavante Indians living in an endemic region of central Brazil. METHODS: Clinical, anthropologic, and immunologic studies were carried out in patients and in normal inhabitants of the Pimentel Barbosa Indian Reservation, Mato Grosso, Brazil. RESULTS: FS was identified and confirmed in 10 patients from a patient pool of 295 with various skin diseases. The Xavante settlement has a total population of 746. Anti-desmoglein 1 autoantibodies were detected in all patients with FS and were absent from more than 300 serum samples collected from randomly selected unaffected persons. CONCLUSION: FS is strongly linked to outdoor activities and is largely restricted to immunogenetically predisposed persons. FS appears to have been endemic in certain regions of South America for several centuries.
Assuntos
Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Pênfigo/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linhagem , Pênfigo/genética , Pênfigo/imunologia , Pênfigo/patologia , Pele/imunologiaRESUMO
This paper reports the findings of a survey for intestinal parasites among the Xavánte Indians from Central Brazil. A. lumbricoides (25.0%) and hookworms (33.6%) were the two most common helminths; E. histolytica complex (7.8%) and G. lamblia (8.6%) the most common protozoans. The majority (58.5%) of positive individuals hosted only one species of helminth. Egg counts for helminths, and for A. lumbricoides in particular, were found to be not dispersed at random, with a few individuals, all of whom young children, showing very high counts. The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for the Xavánte are below those reported for other Amerindian populations from Brazil.
Assuntos
Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ancylostomatoidea/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Ascaris lumbricoides/isolamento & purificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Contagem de Ovos de ParasitasRESUMO
PIP: This case study of the Xavante of Pimentel Barbosa is an example of an Amazonian Indian group that, when exposed to White society, experienced the common history of diseases and social disruption, and then eventually, recovered from the demographic shock, increased fertility, and reduced mortality. Early contact for the Xavante was during the early 18th century in Goias state, Brazil; by the end of the 19th century the Xavante had migrated west into Mato Grosso in isolation. Brazilian government interests (1940s) and a research expeditionary group (1962) resulted in health posts and extensive genetic, epidemiologic, and demographic studies. The results showed good physical and nutritional status, but stress from epidemic disease and social disruption. Conditions had improved by 1976, and the battle was with encroaching ranchers. Strong indian political action led to the securing of boundaries within the Pimentel Barbosa reservation by 1977. The population doubled from 249 in 1977 to 411 in 1988, and increased to 3 villages. There was evidence of a return to more traditional practices. Data collection for this analysis occurred during 1976-77 and 1988 and 1990. Results were provided for recent demographic change, recent births and deaths, factors affecting fertility, fertility change, parity and infant mortality, life expectancy changes, infanticide, population growth, marriage patterns, and health changes. Fertility histories were collected from 71 women in 1971 and 109 women in 1990. Difficulties were encountered due to Xavante differences in enumeration of children. In the comparison of the surveys in 1977 and 1990, there was close correspondence of reported births, and discrepancies of 4-9 births and in age at death. The difficulties encountered were attributed to problems with interpreters. The demographic analysis showed evidence of introduced diseases, which increased infant mortality and threatened population replacement, followed by decreased infant mortality and a large cohort of reproductive age women increasing population growth. The history of this and similar populations is one of a rise and fall in population since colonial times. The seminomadic nature of this group may have saved them from extinction.^ieng
Assuntos
Antropologia Cultural , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Coleta de Dados , Fertilidade , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Mortalidade Infantil , Infanticídio , Expectativa de Vida , Mortalidade , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento Demográfico , Migrantes , América , Antropologia , Brasil , Crime , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Emigração e Imigração , Etnicidade , América Latina , Longevidade , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Problemas Sociais , Ciências Sociais , América do SulRESUMO
Simple exposure to Western goods may not be a sufficient explanation of why isolated village communities increase their participation in external market economies. The degree of market participation by four native villages in central Brazil is related to the difficulty of making a living from slash-and-burn subsistence agriculture as measured by the ratio of labor input to food output.