RESUMO
PIP: The authors discuss the methodology of a project that aimed to improve knowledge of the dynamics of the population of Bogota, Colombia, and particularly of the spatial mobility of the population and changes in different areas of the metropolitan region.^ieng
Assuntos
Geografia , Métodos , Dinâmica Populacional , População Urbana , América , Colômbia , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , População , Características da População , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Data from the 1990 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), the 1985 census, and PROFAMILIA and Ministry of Health service statistics were used to analyze persistence of high fertility in different subregions and socioeconomic groups of Colombia. The 1990 DHS sample design divided the country into 13 subregions, allowing greater than usual disaggregation of data. The analytic strategy had three parts: identification of regions exhibiting high fertility during 1987-90; characterization of the regions according to macro level indicators and fertility level; and analysis of the importance of the effects of the contextual and individual variables on recent fertility by means of a multilevel multivariate model. The characterization of the regions and the multivariate analysis tested the hypothesis that contextual conditions influence fertility directly and not just as instruments of the individual characteristics of local populations. Based on demographic transition theory and available information, several contextual indicators were studied: women's status, economic role of children, infant mortality, access to modern family planning methods, and urbanization. The analysis demonstrated the existence of high fertility in 3 of the 13 geographic subregions: northeast, northwest, and Tolima Grande. The characterization of the subregions indicated that those where women had lower status, and where there was less emphasis on children's school attendance, high infant mortality, low access to family planning, and low level of urbanization were not necessarily the areas with the highest total fertility rates, suggesting that a cultural effect might also be present. The northeast and northwest subregions have cultural values and family structures different from those of the rest of Colombia and similar to other Caribbean countries: prevalence of consensual unions, early marriage, and high value of children in the household. The results of the multivariate analysis also indicated the presence of a distinct cultural effect on fertility.^ieng
Assuntos
Cultura , Fertilidade , Geografia , Crescimento Demográfico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América , Colômbia , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do SulRESUMO
This paper investigates the effects of maternal demographic characteristics and social and economic statuses on infant mortality in rural Colombia. Demographic characteristics include the age of the mother, parity and length of preceding interbirth interval, and sex of infant. Measures of women's status at the time of birth include education, wage labor and occupation, economic stratum, place of residence, and whether the mother is living with a husband. The life history data for the study (involving 4,928 births) were collected in 1986 from a representative sample of two cohorts of women resident in rural central Colombia. Overall differentials in infant mortality by measures of women's status are small and are in good part associated with the differing reproductive behaviors of the women and variations in breastfeeding practices. The sharp declines in infant mortality recorded in rural Colombia in recent years appear less related to improved status of women than to reductions in fertility that enhance infant survivorship and to public health interventions shared by all segments of the population.
PIP: As part of the demographic transition that has been unfolding in Colombia over the last 5 decades, both urban and rural areas have experienced substantial declines in infant mortality. This decline is generally attributed to extensive countrywide health campaigns during the 1950s and 60s aimed at the prevention of disease, government-supported child immunization campaigns during the 1970s and 80s, and improvements in the population's educational level. To investigate the dynamics behind the sharp decline in infant mortality, life history data were collected in 1986 from a representative sample of 2 cohorts of women living in rural central Colombia. 4928 births were available for analysis. The cohorts included women born in 1937-46, who were of reproductive age in the early 1960s when fertility began its decline, or 1955-61, who entered their reproductive period in the 1980s after the sharp decline in fertility. Measures of women's status and demographic characteristics at the time of each birth were reconstructed for the analysis. A total of 207 children born to the study subjects died before their 1st birthday, yielding a 0.042 probability of infant death. Substantial declines in this probability were observed over time, with 0.072 of infants born before 1960 dying compared to 0.050 of those born in 1960-72 and 0.033 of infants born after 1972. Logit model analysis of the life history data indicated that changes in the status of women, including educational attainment, have had only a slight impact on the sharp declines in infant mortality in rural Colombia. More important have been reductions in fertility that have cut the number of high parity and closely spaced births and the prevalence of breastfeeding among rural mothers.