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This study retrospectively analysed the emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica in a level IV hospital in Lima, Peru. A total of 64 S. enterica from January 2009 to June 2010 (Period 1, 24 isolates) and January 2012 to December 2014 (Period 2, 40 isolates) were included. Some 25 were from non-hospitalized and 39 from hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial agents was established by automated methods. Most of the isolates were from blood (46.9%), urine (21.9%) and faeces (14.1%). There was a reduction in blood isolates in Period 2, while all the faecal isolates were from this period. In Period 1, only 3/24 (12.5%) isolates showed antibiotic resistance, whereas 25/39 isolates (64.1%) from Period 2 were antibiotic-resistant, with multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant rates of 17.9% and 20.5%, respectively. Multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant Salmonella isolates were introduced in the hospital in 2013, with Salmonella recovered from faeces from non-hospitalized patients suggested an increase in community-acquired multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant Salmonella infections.

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The levels and evolution of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli during 01/2009-06/2010 (Period 1), 01/2012-06-2013 (Period 2) and 07/2013-12/2014 (Period 3) were analyzed. Identification, susceptibility levels to 13 antibiotics and the presence of extendedspectrum ß-lactamases (ESBLs) were determined. Overall, 9,918 microorganisms were isolated as a cause of infection. Of these 3,016 (30.4%) were E. coli, with 1,770 (59%), 992 (33%) and 254 (8%), from the Medicine and the Surgery Departments and the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), respectively. There was a significant increase (p=0.0002) of E. coli throughout considered periods. The isolates presented high levels of resistance (>60%) to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole, being only susceptible to imipenem (0.3% of resistance) and tigecycline. Overall the analysis of evolution of antimicrobial resistance showed that resistance to cephalosporins and amikacin significantly increased, while, the ones of piperacillintazobactam, cotrimoxazole and gentamicin had significantly decreased. Nevertheless, the ICU isolates showed an inverse scenario for cephalosporins. These findings agree with an increase of ESBLs on the Medicine (56% to 66%; p<0.0001) and on the Surgery (54% to 62%; p=0.0197) departments, with a parallel decrease in the ICU (76% to 68%). In summary, high levels of antimicrobial resistance have been reported among E. coli, with worrisome levels of ESBL. A continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance levels in the area is needed.

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A descriptive design was carried out studying the correlation between antimicrobial consumption and resistance profiles of ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) in a Peruvian hospital, including the surgical, clinical areas and the intensive care unit (ICU) during the time period between 2015 and 2018. There was a significant correlation between using ceftazidime and the increase of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolations (R = 0.97; p < 0.05) and the resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam in Enterobacter spp. and ciprofloxacin usage (R = 0.97; p < 0.05) in the medical wards. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin in the intensive care unit (ICU) had a significant reduction from 2015 to 2018 (67% vs. 28.6%, 65% vs. 34.9%, p < 0.001). These findings give valuable information about the rates and dynamics in the relationship between antibiotic usage and antimicrobial resistance patterns in a Peruvian hospital and reinforce the need for continuous support and assessment of antimicrobial stewardship strategies, including microbiological indicators and antimicrobial consumption patterns.

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BACKGOUND: The members of the so-called ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) are a frequent cause of severe infection, ranking among the most relevant causes of hospital infections. In Peru, few studies, often focused in a single ESKAPE microorganism, have been performed, but none providing an overall and comprehensive long-time analysis of the antibiotic resistance of ESKAPE microorganisms. In the present study, the evolution of antimicrobial resistance levels of ESKAPE microorganisms isolated during 2009 - 2010 (Period 1) and 2012 - 2014 (Period 2) in a IV-level hospital in Lima was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ESKAPE microorganisms were isolated from inpatients clinical samples. Bacterial identification, as well as antimicrobial susceptibility levels for up to 29 antimicrobial agents and presence of Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamases (only established in K. pneumoniae) were determined using automatic methods. RESULTS: Of 9,918 clinical isolates, 1,917/3,777 (50.8%) [JAN/2009-JUN/2010 (Period 1)] and 4764/6141 (46.4%) [JAN/2012-DEC/2014 (Period 2)] belonged to the ESKAPE group (P <0.0001). ESKAPE were more frequent in the intensive care unit (ICU) (P <0.0001). E. faecium decreased from 5.1% to 4.1% (P <0.5), S. aureus from 10.5% to 7.0% (P <0.05), and P. aeruginosa from 12.9% to 11.6% (P <0.05), while, A. baumannii increased from 5.0% to 6.7% (P <0.05), mainly related to an increase in ICU isolates (8.4% vs. 17.1%; P <0.05). Overall, high levels of antimicrobial resistance were detected, but with few exceptions (e.g. vancomycin in E. faecium), antibiotic resistance levels remained stable or lower in Period 2. Contrarily, A. baumannii showed significantly increased resistance to different cephalosporins, carbapenems and amoxicillin plus sulbactam. CONCLUSION: The introduction of a successful extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii clone in the ICU is suspected. The isolation of ESKAPE and levels of antibiotic resistance levels have reduced over time.

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La infección por Strongyloides stercoralis a partir de donantes de órganos es infrecuente, pero cuando se presenta genera diversas complicaciones. Se reportan dos casos de estrongiloidiasis diseminada derivado de un único donante cadavérico en dos receptores de trasplante renal. Ambos pacientes se presentaron con síntomas gastrointestinales y síntomas respiratorios más lesiones dermatológicas en región abdominal. El diagnóstico se basó en el hallazgo de larvas en lavado broncopulmonar, lesiones dermatológicas, y aspirado duodenal. A pesar del manejo con albendazol e ivermectina por vía oral el curso clínico fue fatal en uno de ellos. El segundo paciente recibió precozmente ivermectina por vía subcutánea y sobrevivió con falla intestinal persistente

A Strongyloides stercoralis infection acquired from the donor in a transplant receptor is not a common occurrence, but its complications have been well known. We report two cases of disseminated strongyloidiasis derived from a single cadaveric donor at two renal transplant recipients. Both patients presented gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms plus dermatological lesions in the abdominal region. The diagnosis was based on the finding of larvae in bronchopulmonary lavage, dermatological lesions, and duodenal aspiration. Despite the oral administration of albendazole and ivermectin, the clinical course was fatal in one of them. The second patient received precociously ivermectin by subcutaneous administration and survived with persistent bowel failure

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The aim of this study was to detect and characterize molecularly metallo-ß-lactamase (MßL) in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We carry out a cross sectional study in six publics hospital in Lima on August 2011. 51 isolates of P. aeruginosa resistant to ceftazidime and reduced susceptibility to carbapenemes were evaluated.The phenotypic assay was performed using the approximation method with substrate disks (ceftazidime, imipenem and meropenem) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). MßL gene detection was performed using the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex. Through MßL detected phenotypic method in 15.7% of isolates. Detection of genes revealed the presence of the gene in the 8 isolates blaIMP. The first report of MßL in P. aeruginosa in Peru was described, this should alert the monitoring equipment in the institutions to promote control their spread.

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Con el objetivo de detectar y caracterizar molecularmente las metalo-ß-lactamasas (MßL) en aislamientos clínicos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, se realizó un estudio trasversal en seis hospitales de referencia de Lima (Perú) en agosto de 2011. Se evaluó 51 aislamientos de P. aeruginosa, resistentes a ceftazidima y con sensibilidad reducida a carbapenémicos. El ensayo fenotípico se realizó con el método de aproximación de discos con sustratos (ceftazidima, imipenem y meropenem) y con ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA). La detección de genes MßL se realizó mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa multiplex. A través del método fenotípico se detectaron MßL en el 15,7% de los aislamientos, en todos ellos la detección de genes mostró la presencia del gen blaIMP. La descripción del primer reporte de MßL en aislamientos de P. aeruginosa en el Perú debería alertar a los equipos de vigilancia epidemiológica intrahospitalaria para promover su control y prevenir su diseminación.

The aim of this study was to detect and characterize molecularly metallo-ß-lactamase (MßL) in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We carry out a cross sectional study in six publics hospital in Lima on August 2011. 51 isolates of P. aeruginosa resistant to ceftazidime and reduced susceptibility to carbapenemes were evaluated.The phenotypic assay was performed using the approximation method with substrate disks (ceftazidime, imipenem and meropenem) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). MßL gene detection was performed using the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex. Through MßL detected phenotypic method in 15.7% of isolates. Detection of genes revealed the presence of the gene in the 8 isolates blaIMP. The first report of MßL in P. aeruginosa in Peru was described, this should alert the monitoring equipment in the institutions to promote control their spread.

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Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia y los criterios clínicos asociados a la prescripción inadecuada de hemocomponentes. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado entre junio y octubre de 2002. Se revisó las historias médicas y los exámenes de laboratorio de los pacientes que recibieron transfusiones sanguíneas. Para valorar las indicaciones de transfusión como adecuadas o inadecuadas se empleó una guía de transfusión elaborada en base a consensos publicados. Resultados. Se evaluaron 311 indicaciones de transfusión. El porcentaje global de prescripción inadecuada fue de 33.8 por ciento. Los glóbulos rojos (GR) se usaron inadecuadamente en 25 por ciento, el plasma fresco congelado en 59 por ciento, las plaquetas en 13 por ciento y el crioprecipitado en 88 por ciento. En Cirugía, una de cada dos indicaciones fue inadecuada mientras que en los servicios de Medicina, UCI y Emergencia, una de cada tres lo fue. El plasma fresco congelado fue el componente peor utilizado. Conclusiones. Existe una elevada frecuencia de prescripción inadecuada de hemocomponentes en la población de estudio. La identificación de los criterios clínicos específicos de indicación inapropiada de transfusión puede ayudar a diseñar estrategias para el uso racional.

Objectives. To determine frequency and clinical criteria associated to the inadequate indication of blood products. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was performed between June and October 2002. Clinical charts and the laboratory tests from patients receiving blood transfusions were examined. A blood transfusion guideline was elaborated based on published consensus, and used to determine whether the indications for blood products transfusion was adequate or inadequate. Results. A total of 311 blood transfusions were evaluated. The global prevalence of inappropriate indication was of 33.8 percent. Red blood cells (RBC) were used inappropriately in 25 percent, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in 59 percent, platelets in 13 percent and cryoprecipitate in 88 percent. From surgery related transfusions half of the indications were inadequate. In internal medicine, ICU and emergency related transfusions, approximately one third of the indications were inadequate. The FFP is the worst used blood product. Conclusions. We found a high frequency of inadequate blood transfusion. The identification of the specific clinical criteria used in inadequate indications transfusions will help in designing a better educational strategy towards a more rational use of the blood products.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine frequency and clinical criteria associated to the inadequate indication of blood products. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed between June and October 2002. Clinical charts and the laboratory tests from patients receiving blood transfusions were examined. A blood transfusion guideline was elaborated based on published consensus, and used to determine whether the indications for blood products transfusion was adequate or inadequate. RESULTS: A total of 311 blood transfusions were evaluated. The global prevalence of inappropriate indication was of 33.8 %. Red blood cells (RBC) were used inappropriately in 25 %, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in 59 %, platelets in 13 % and cryoprecipitate in 88 %. From surgery related transfusions half of the indications were inadequate. In internal medicine, ICU and emergency related transfusions, approximately one third of the indications were inadequate. The FFP is the worst used blood product. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high frequency of inadequate blood transfusion. The identification of the specific clinical criteria used in inadequate indications transfusions will help in designing a better educational strategy towards a more rational use of the blood products.

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Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo asociados a la colonización intestinal con enterococo resistente a vancomicina (ERV) en pacientes de alto riesgo. Material y métodos: El hospital Rebagliati es un hospital docente de 1492 camas. Se realizó un estudio transversal para determinar tasas de prevalencia. En la fecha de estudio (23 Agosto 2004), 243 pacientes de alto riesgo de colonización con ERV fueron enrolados al estudio y se les tomó una muestra de hisopado rectal para el aislamiento microbiológico de ERV. Para identificar los factores asociados se realizó un estudio caso control (28 casos y 28 controles). Resultados: La prevalencia de colonización con ERV en pacientes de alto riesgo fue de 11,5% (28/243). La prevalencia en áreas de alto riesgo (UCI, unidades de transplante,oncohematología, nefrología) y en áreas de bajo riesgo (los demás servicios) fue muy similar: 11,6% y 11,5% respectivamente. En medicina interna (16,9%) se halló tasas casi tan altas como en las UCI (18,2%). Los factores de riesgo asociados a la colonización con ERV fueron: postración crónica, hemodiálisis, exposición a múltiples procedimientos invasores y exposición a antibióticos de amplio espectro. El tratamiento con ôantibióticos relacionados a ERVõ (vancomicina, cefalosporinas de 3ra generación, agentes antianaeróbicos), y en particular con los agentes antianaeróbicos, se relacionaron con la colonización con ERV. Conclusión: El ERV ha emergido hasta volverse endémico en la institución y gran parte de los servicios hospitalarios ya han sido expuestos. Esta emergencia se debe principalmente a las deficientes técnicas de control de infecciones, al uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro y a la presencia de reservorios. Esclarecer la epidemiología del ERV en la institución permite aplicar medidas estratégicas para controlar su diseminación.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated to colonization with vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in high risk patients. Material and methods: The Hospital Rebagliati is a 1492- bed teaching hospital. A Cross-Sectional Study was applied to determine the point prevalence. The day of the study (August 23rd, 2004), 243 high risk patients were enrolled to the study and a stool samples were obtained by rectal swab for microbiology identification of VRE. To identify the risk factors associated with VRE colonization a Case-Control Study (28 cases and 28 controls) was done. Results: The prevalence of VRE colonization in high risk patients was 11.5% (28/243). The rate of colonization in high-risk wards (ICUs, transplant units, oncohematology, nephrology) and low-risk wards (the rest of inpatient units) was similar: 11.6% and 11.5% respectively. In internal medicine the rates were almost as high as in ICUs (16.9% and 18.2% respectively). Bed/chair-bound state, hemodialysis, exposure to multiple invasive procedures, and exposure to broad spectrum antibiotics were the risk factors related to VRE colonization. Having received a VRE related antibiotic (vancomycin, third-generation cephalosporins and antianaerobic drugs), particularly antianaerobic drugs, were related to VRE colonization. Conclusion: The VRE has emerged until becoming endemic inside the institution and great part of the hospital was already exposed. This emergence is basically due to deficient infection control techniques, the use of broad spectrum antibiotics, and the presence of reservoirs of VRE. The understanding of the epidemiology of VRE in the institution allows applying strategic measures to control its dissemination.

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El presente estudio estuvo orientado a determinar la prevalencia de infección por Giardia lamblia en pacientes del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Centro Universitario de Salud Pedro P. Díaz, que acudieron durante el periodo de un año, de Julio - 95 a Junio - 96, presentando sintomatología digestiva alta. Se estudiaron 130 estudios clínicos-endoscópicos y además el aislamiento de G. lamblia por dos métodos diagnósticos: el examen parasitológico de heces (3 en 1) y examen directo de biopsia duodenal. Encontramos una alta prevalencia de infección por G. lamblia, 40.77 por ciento para ambos métodos. Se confirma la relativa ineficiencia del examen de heces que arrojó una baja frecuencia (10.77 por ciento) en comparación con el método de biopsia duodenal (38.46 por ciento). No encontramos diferencias significativas de prevalencia de infección por sexo, grupos de edad, ni procedencia. La sintomatología que motivo la consulta en los pacientes con Giardia fueron: epigastralgia (75.47 por ciento) meteorismo y flatulencia (47.17 por ciento), dispepsia (26.42 por ciento), baja de peso (26.42 por ciento) y diarrea periodica (24.53 por ciento). En vista de que el espectro de la enfermedad giardiásica es bastante amplio; se señala la importancia del parisitismo como coadyuvante y en algunas oportunidades como causante de la sintomatología de tracto digestivo alto. El hallazgo endoscópico de duodenitis se obtuvo en 32.08 por ciento de pacientes Giardia-positivos y 23.38 por ciento en los Giardia-negativo, no existiendo diferencia estadistica entre ambos grupos pero no se descarta también la posible vinculación etiológica de G. lamblia con esta patología. La alta prevalencia de G. lamblia en pacientes con sintomatología digestiva alta, hallado con el método de biopsia duodenal destaca el valor de la Fibroendoscopía como método diagnóstico eficaz de la giardiasis, por lo que se recomienda su uso en forma rutinaria.

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