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Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical and laboratory findings of patients diagnosed with pleural tuberculosis at two hospitals in southern Brazil. Methods: Patients aged < 18 years were evaluated retrospectively. The patients' medical and epidemiological history, tuberculin skin test results, radiological and pathological findings, and pleural fluid analysis results were retrieved. Results: Ninety-two patients with pleural tuberculosis were identified. The mean age was 10.9 years old. Twenty-one percent were children aged six years or less. The most common symptoms were fever (88%), cough (72%), and chest pain (70%). Unilateral pleural effusion was observed in 96% of the cases. Lymphocyte predominance was found in 90% of the pleural fluid samples. The adenosine deaminase activity of the pleural fluid was greater than 40 U/L in 85% of patients. A diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia with antibiotic prescriptions was observed in 76% of the study population. Conclusions: Tuberculosis etiology must be considered in unilateral pleural effusion in a child with contact with a case of tuberculosis. Pleural fluid biomarkers contribute to the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in children and adolescents.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the clinical and laboratory findings of patients diagnosed with pleural tuberculosis at two hospitals in southern Brazil. METHODS: Patients aged < 18 years were evaluated retrospectively. The patients' medical and epidemiological history, tuberculin skin test results, radiological and pathological findings, and pleural fluid analysis results were retrieved. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients with pleural tuberculosis were identified. The mean age was 10.9 years old. Twenty-one percent were children aged six years or less. The most common symptoms were fever (88%), cough (72%), and chest pain (70%). Unilateral pleural effusion was observed in 96% of the cases. Lymphocyte predominance was found in 90% of the pleural fluid samples. The adenosine deaminase activity of the pleural fluid was greater than 40 U/L in 85% of patients. A diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia with antibiotic prescriptions was observed in 76% of the study population. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis etiology must be considered in unilateral pleural effusion in a child with contact with a case of tuberculosis. Pleural fluid biomarkers contribute to the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in children and adolescents.
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Derrame Pleural , Tuberculose Pleural , Criança , Adolescente , Humanos , Tuberculose Pleural/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pleural/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pleural/patologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Derrame Pleural/etiologia , BiomarcadoresRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To review in the literature the environmental problems in early life that impact the respiratory health of adults. SOURCES: Non-systematic review including articles in English. Search filters were not used in relation to the publication date, but the authors selected mainly publications from the last five years. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: In this review, the authors present the exposure pathways and how the damage occurs depending on the child's stage of development; the authors describe the main environmental pollutants - tobacco smoke, particulate matter, air pollution associated with traffic, adverse childhood experiences and socioeconomic status; the authors present studies that evaluated the repercussions on the respiratory system of adults resulting from exposure to adverse environmental factors in childhood, such as increased incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma and allergies; and, a decline in lung function. The authors emphasize that evidence demonstrates that adult respiratory diseases almost always have their origins in early life. Finally, the authors emphasize that health professionals must know, diagnose, monitor, and prevent toxic exposure among children and women. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that it is necessary to recognize risk factors and intervene in the period of greatest vulnerability to the occurrence of harmful effects of environmental exposures, to prevent, delay the onset or modify the progression of lung disease throughout life and into adulthood.
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Poluição do Ar , Asma , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco , Adulto , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/etiologia , Criança , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Sistema Respiratório , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Abstract Objective: To review in the literature the environmental problems in early life that impact the respiratory health of adults. Sources: Non-systematic review including articles in English. Search filters were not used in relation to the publication date, but the authors selected mainly publications from the last five years. Summary of the findings: In this review, the authors present the exposure pathways and how the damage occurs depending on the child's stage of development; the authors describe the main environmental pollutants - tobacco smoke, particulate matter, air pollution associated with traffic, adverse childhood experiences and socioeconomic status; the authors present studies that evaluated the repercussions on the respiratory system of adults resulting from exposure to adverse environmental factors in childhood, such as increased incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma and allergies; and, a decline in lung function. The authors emphasize that evidence demonstrates that adult respiratory diseases almost always have their origins in early life. Finally, the authors emphasize that health professionals must know, diagnose, monitor, and prevent toxic exposure among children and women. Conclusion: The authors conclude that it is necessary to recognize risk factors and intervene in the period of greatest vulnerability to the occurrence of harmful effects of environmental exposures, to prevent, delay the onset or modify the progression of lung disease throughout life and into adulthood.
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Introdução: As alterações da deglutição pós-extubação são amplamente identificadas e estudadas, nas quais a disfagia é identificada nas fases oral e faríngea, acompanhada de penetração laríngea e aspiração traqueal. Entretanto, as alterações miofuncionais orofaciais em pacientes pós-extubação ainda não estão bem descritas em Pediatria. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da intubação orotraqueal (IOT) nas alterações miofuncionais orofaciais do lactente. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica no período entre novembro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo estudo, com diagnóstico médico de cardiopatia congênita, pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, em IOT por no mínimo 6 horas, e grupo controle composto por lactentes de 0 a 6 meses, previamente saudáveis, que não tiveram histórico de qualquer IOT anterior. Após a seleção, ambos os grupos foram submetidos ao Protocolo de Avaliação de Disfagia Pediátrica. Resultados: Postura e tônus labial, postura de língua, palato e qualidade vocal estiveram significativamente associados ao uso de IOT, pressão intraoral e padrão de sucção. Ao analisar a distribuição de frequência da comparação com e sem IOT, observa-se que não há um padrão específico que indique se a associação é prejudicial, protetora ou não interfere no padrão das características miofuncionais nesses casos. Conclusão: A influência da IOT foi encontrada nas estruturas miofuncionais orofaciais de bebês, quando comparados a bebês não intubados.
Introduction: Post-extubation swallowing changes are widely identified and studied, in which dysphagia is identified in the oral and pharyngeal phases, accompanied by laryngeal penetration and aspiration. However, orofacial myofunctional changes in post-extubation patients are still not well described in pediatrics. Objective: Verify the influence of orotracheal intubation on orofacial myofunctional changes in lactates. Methods: Cross-sectional study, performed in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit from November 2015 to September 2016. Participants were divided into two groups: study group, with medical diagnosis of congenital heart disease, post-cardiac surgery, undergoing OTI for at least 6 hours, and the control group was composed of infants aged 0 to 6 months, previously healthy, who did not have any previous IOT. After selection, babies from both groups were submitted to the same assessment protocols. The clinical evaluation of the child's orofacial myofunctional structures was performed using the Pediatric Dysphagia Assessment Protocol. Results: Lip posture, lip tone, tongue posture, palate, and vocal quality were significantly associated with the use of OIT, intraoral pressure and suction pattern. When analyzing the frequency distribution of the comparison with and without OIT, it is observed that there is no specific pattern that indicates whether the association is harmful, protective or does not interfere in the pattern of myofunctional characteristics in these cases. Conclusion: OIT influence was found in orofacial myofunctional structures in infants, when compared to babies who were not intubated.
Introducción: Los cambios en la deglución post-extubación están ampliamente identificados y estudiados, en los que se identifica disfagia en las fases oral y faríngea, acompañada de penetración y aspiración laríngea. Sin embargo, los cambios miofuncionales orofaciales en pacientes post-extubación todavía no están bien descritos en pediatría. Objetivo: Verificar la influencia de la intubación orotraqueal sobre los cambios miofuncionales orofaciales en lactatos. Metodos: estudio transversal, realizado en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos desde noviembre de 2015 hasta septiembre de 2016. Los participantes se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo de estudio, con diagnóstico médico de cardiopatía congénita, postoperatorio cardíaco, sometidos a IOT durante al menos 6 horas y el grupo control, compuesto por lactantes de 0 a 6 meses, previamente sanos, que no tiene alguna IOT anterior. Después de la selección, los bebés de ambos grupos fueron sometidos a los mismos protocolos de evaluación. La evaluación clínica de las estructuras miofuncionales orofaciales del niño se realizó mediante el Protocolo de Evaluación de Disfagia Pediátrica. Resultados: La postura de los labios, el tono de los labios, la postura de la lengua, el paladar, la calidad vocal se asociaron significativamente con el uso de ITO, la presión intraoral y el patrón de succión. Al analizar la distribución de frecuencias de la comparación con y sin ITO, se observa que no existe un patrón específico que indique si la asociación es dañina, protectora o no interfiere en el patrón de características miofuncionales en estos casos. Conclusión: la influencia de la ITO se encontró en las estructuras miofuncionales orofaciales en los bebés, en comparación con los bebés que no fueron intubados.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Sistema Estomatognático , Intubação Intratraqueal/efeitos adversos , Fonoterapia , Transtornos de Deglutição , Grupos Controle , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Interventions to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic may impact the burden of other respiratory diseases. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of non-pharmacological initiatives (NPI) against COVID-19 on the number of hospitalizations due to pediatric acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of pediatric hospitalizations in Porto Alegre, Brazil. We analyzed the monthly incidence of hospital admissions from 2018 to 2020 due to ARIs included in the study. The time series was divided into the period before introducing NPI (2018 and 2019), and the period when NPI were running (2020). We compared means between the years with Student's t-test. The Dickey-Fuller test was used for secular trend analysis. For seasonality, Fischer's G test was performed. Dynamic linear univariate and multivariate models were used to estimate the association between the predictors (the introduction of NPI, secular trend, and seasonality) and outcome (the incidence of ARI admissions). For the statistical analysis, the cut-off probability for rejecting the null hypothesis was defined as <5%. RESULTS: From 2018 to 2020, 10,109 hospital admissions were due to the respiratory causes included in this study. There was a significant decrease in 2020 in the mean incidence of the ARIs studied compared with 2018 and 2019. The number of hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases in children decreased by 64% for asthma and 93% for bronchiolitis. A secular trend of monthly admissions rates due to ARIs was only observed in the laryngotracheitis data (pâ¯=â¯0.485), but seasonality was detected in all analyses. According to the univariate and multivariate analysis, the introduction of NPI was associated with a decrease in the incidence of ARI admissions. CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in hospital admissions due to ARIs in children. Our data suggest a significant impact of NPI on reducing the spread of viruses associated with ARIs in children. These results support respiratory illness prevention strategies.
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COVID-19/epidemiologia , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pandemias , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Introdução: A síndrome Cornélia De Lange (CdLS) é caracterizada por ser polimalformativa que envolve anomalias faciais, atraso de crescimento e desenvolvimento psicomotor, alterações comportamentais e malformações associadas. Sabe-se que as crianças acometidas por essa síndrome apresentam alterações de deglutição, mas são poucos os estudos apresentados na literatura devido à raridade da doença, sendo encontrado relato de um caso, e na maioria das vezes, com descrição dos achados. Objetivo: Identificar as alterações de deglutição em crianças com a Síndrome Cornélia de Lange, por meio da videofluoroscopia. Metodologia: Série de Casos, retrospectiva. Trata-se de uma amostra de conveniência com crianças, diagnosticadas com Síndrome Cornélia de Lange, que apresentassem videofluoroscopia da deglutição. Foram excluídos prontuários de pacientes que não estivessem completos. Os dados de caracterização da amostra foram obtidos através de prontuários físicos e os dados de desfecho do estudo através de laudos clínicos de videofluoroscopias da deglutição dos pacientes. Resultados: Dos 6 indivíduos, 5 do sexo masculino, em que 3 (50%) apresentaram aspiração laringotraqueal, de forma silente. A mediana de idade foi de 5,50 meses. Conforme os achados nas videofluoroscopias da deglutição, identificou-se dificuldades de deglutição como escape posterior prematuro de alimento, ejeção ineficiente e dificuldades de formação do bolo alimentar, como atraso no acionamento da reação faríngea, refluxo para nasofaringe, estase em valéculas e seios periformes e aspiração traqueal. Conclusão: Todas as crianças com Síndrome Cornélia de Lange deste estudo apresentaram disfagia em algum grau, e metade delas apresentou aspiração laringotraqueal de forma silente.
Introduction: Cornélia De Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is characterized by being polymalformative that involves facial anomalies, growth and psychomotor development retardation, behavioral changes and associated malformations. It is known that children affected by this syndrome have swallowing disorders, but there are few studies presented in the literature due to the rarity of the disease, with a case report being found and mostly with description of the findings. Objective: To identify swallowing disorders in children with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, through videofluoroscopy. Methodology: Case series, retrospective. This is a convenience sample with children, diagnosed with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, who had swallowing videofluoroscopy. Medical records of patients who were not complete were excluded. The sample characterization data were obtained from physical records and the study outcome data through clinical reports of patients' swallowing videofluoroscopies. Results: Of the 6 individuals, 5 were male, in which 3 (50%) had laryngotracheal aspiration, silently. The median age was 5.50 months. According to the findings in the swallowing videofluoroscopies, swallowing difficulties were identified, such as premature posterior escape of food, inefficient ejection and difficulties in the formation of the bolus, such as delay in triggering the pharyngeal reaction, reflux to the nasopharynx, stasis in the valleys and peripheral sinuses and tracheal aspiration. Conclusion: All children with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome in this study had dysphagia to some degree, and half of them had silent laryngotracheal aspiration.;Introducción: El síndrome de Cornélia De Lange (CdLS) se caracteriza por ser polimalformativo que involucra anomalías faciales, retraso del crecimiento y desarrollo psicomotor, cambios de comportamiento y malformaciones asociadas. Se sabe que los niños afectados por este síndrome presentan trastornos de la deglución, pero existen pocos estudios presentados en la literatura debido a la rareza de la enfermedad, encontrándose un reporte de caso y la mayoría de las veces con descripción de los hallazgos.
Objetivo: identificar los trastornos de la deglución en niños con síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, mediante videofluoroscopia. Metodología: Serie de casos, retrospectiva. Se trata de una muestra de conveniencia con niños, diagnosticados de Síndrome de Cornelia de Lange, que habían ingerido videofluoroscopia. Se excluyeron los registros médicos de los pacientes que no estaban completos. Los datos de caracterización de la muestra se obtuvieron de los registros médicos físicos y los datos de los resultados del estudio a través de informes clínicos de videofluoroscopias de deglución de los pacientes. Resultados: De los 6 individuos, 5 eran varones, de los cuales 3 (50%) tenían aspiración laringotraqueal, en silencio. La mediana de edad fue de 5,50 meses. De acuerdo con los hallazgos en las videofluoroscopias de deglución, se identificaron dificultades de deglución, como escape posterior prematuro de alimentos, eyección ineficiente y dificultades en la formación del bolo, como retraso en el desencadenamiento de la reacción faríngea, reflujo a la nasofaringe, estasis en los valles y senos periféricos y aspiración traqueal. Conclusión: Todos los niños con síndrome de Cornelia de Lange en este estudio tenían disfagia en algún grado y la mitad de ellos tenían aspiración laringotraqueal en silencio.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Transtornos de Deglutição/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cornélia de Lange/complicações , Orofaringe , Fluoroscopia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The incorporation of molecular genetic testing into cystic fibrosis (CF) screening programs increases the specificity of the diagnostic strategy and has the potential to decrease the rate of false- positive results. In this sense, our objective was to develop a genotyping assay that could detect 25 pathogenic variants in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene with high sensitivity and that could be incorporated into the routine of newborn screening, complementing the current existing protocol used in our public health institution. METHODS: A mini-sequencing assay was standardized using single-base extension in a previously genotyped control sample. This strategy was validated in a Brazilian cohort of CF patients by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The inclusion of the 25 variants in the current newborn screening program increased the identification rates of two alleles from 33 to 52.43% in CF patients. This new approach was able to detect a total of 37 variants, which represents 93.01% of all mutated alleles described in the last CF Brazilian Register. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-sequencing for the simultaneous detection of 25 CFTR gene variants improves the screening of Brazilian newborns and decreases the number of inconclusive cases. This method uses minimal hands-on time and is suited for rapid screening, which reduces sample processing costs.
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Alelos , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Fibrose Cística/diagnóstico , Fibrose Cística/genética , Testes Genéticos , Mutação , Triagem Neonatal , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fibrose Cística/epidemiologia , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Genótipo , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate culture-independent procedures (immunochromatography and quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR]) in the detection and susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae directly from culture-negative pleural fluid (PF) in children. METHOD: Detection of S. pneumoniae in PF of children with parapneumonic effusion and/or empyema by using two culture-independent methods: an immunochromatographic membrane test (IMT) which identifies the pneumococcal C antigen, and a real-time PCR test to detect pneumococcal genes lytA and pbp2b, a marker of susceptibility of ß-lactam agents, in PF samples. RESULTS: We tested 36 PF specimens and recorded the previous use of antimicrobials. In the final analysis, 34 samples were included. IMT and qPCR presented positive results in 23 (67.6%) and 24 (70.6%) of the samples, respectively, showing a moderate agreement (k = 0.518) between the two methods. From the 36 children included, 34 (94.4%) had antibiotic data available by the time when PFs were collected. Thirty-four (100%) children had been given treatment before PF sampling, with 33 (97%) receiving ß-lactam antibiotics administered empirically. Of the 24 lytA real-time positive samples, 21 (87.5%) were also positive for pbp2b, a marker of ß-lactam susceptibility. CONCLUSION: The reduced sensitivity of culture for pneumococcal detection can be improved through the addition of IMT and qPCR analysis. The utility of qPCR combining detection of lytA and a marker of ß-lactam susceptibility should be explored further.
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Derrame Pleural/diagnóstico , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Antibacterianos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Empiema , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Derrame Pleural/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Abstract Objective: To assess the level of agreement in health-related quality of life between children with Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans and their parent (so-called proxy). Methods: Participants aged between 8and 17 years who had been previously diagnosed with Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans were regularly followed up at a pediatric pulmonology outpatient clinic. Parents or legal guardians (caregivers) of these patients were also recruited for the study. A validated and age-appropriate version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 was used for the assessment of health-related quality of life. Caregivers completed the corresponding proxy versions of the questionnaire. The correlation between self and proxy reports of health-related quality of life was determined by intra-class correlation coefficient and dependent t-tests. Results: The majority of participants were males (79.4%), and the average age was 11.8 years. Intra-class correlations between each of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 domains and the total score were all lower than 0.6, with a range between 0.267 (poor) and 0.530 (fair). When the means of each domain and the total score of the questionnaires were compared, caregivers were observed to have a significantly lower health-related quality of life score than children, with the exception of the social domain in which the difference was not significant. However, the differences in score exceeded the critical threshold difference of four points in all other domains. Conclusion: Proxies of children and adolescents with Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans appear to consistently perceive their children as having lower health-related quality of life than how the patients perceive themselves.
Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de concordância a respeito da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre crianças com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa e seus pais (responsáveis). Métodos: Os participantes entre 8-17 anos, anteriormente diagnosticados com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa, foram acompanhados regularmente no ambulatório de pneumologia pediátrica. Os pais ou responsáveis legais (cuidadores) desses pacientes também foram convidados a participar do estudo. Uma versão validada e adequada para a idade do Inventário Pediátrico de Qualidade de Vida, versão 4.0, foi utilizada para a avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. Os cuidadores concluíram as versões do questionário correspondentes aos responsáveis. A correlação entre os autorrelatos e os relatos dos responsáveis da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde foi determinada pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e pelos testes t dependentes. Resultados: A maior parte dos participantes era do sexo masculino (79,4%) e a idade média foi 11,8 anos. As correlações intraclasse entre cada um dos domínios do Inventário Pediátrico de Qualidade de Vida e o escore total foram todas inferiores a 0,6, com intervalo entre 0,267 (baixo) e 0,530 (justo). Quando as médias de cada domínio e o escore total dos questionários foram comparados, observamos que os cuidadores apresentaram qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde significativamente menor em comparação com as crianças, com exceção do domínio social, no qual a diferença não foi significativa. Contudo, as diferenças no escore ultrapassaram o limite de diferença essencial de 4 pontos em todos os outros domínios. Conclusão: Os responsáveis pelas crianças e adolescentes com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa parecem perceber de forma consistente que suas crianças possuem qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde menor que os próprios pacientes.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/fisiopatologia , Pais , Testes de Função Respiratória , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Bronquiolite Obliterante/psicologia , Doença Crônica , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Perfil de Impacto da Doença , Pulmão/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Presentar brevemente las principales patologías pulmonares y sus interferencias en la alimentación de niños. MÉTODOS: Se trata de una Actualización, basada en referencias bibliográficas actuales y referencias en pediatría. RESULTADOS: Se presentaron las posibles alteraciones de deglución en niños con: Bronquilitis Viral Aguda, Displasia Broncopulmonar, Enfermedades Intersticiales Pulmonares y Neumonias Aspirativas. CONCLUSIONES: Este material sirve para dirigir la atención del público de atención en salud en general, para trastornos de deglución niños neumópatas.
OBJECTIVES: Present briefly the main pulmonary pathologies and their interferences in the feeding of children. METHODS: This is an Update, based on current bibliographical references and references in pediatrics. RESULTS: Possible alterations of swallowing were presented in children with: Acute Viral Bronchitis, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Pulmonary Interstitial Diseases and Aspirative Pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: This material serves to direct the attention of the health care public in general, for children swallowing disorders pneumatics.
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Humanos , Criança , Transtornos de Deglutição/etiologia , Pneumopatias/complicações , Pneumonia Aspirativa/complicações , Displasia Broncopulmonar/complicações , Bronquiolite Viral/complicações , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/complicaçõesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of agreement in health-related quality of life between children with Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans and their parent (so-called proxy). METHODS: Participants aged between 8and 17 years who had been previously diagnosed with Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans were regularly followed up at a pediatric pulmonology outpatient clinic. Parents or legal guardians (caregivers) of these patients were also recruited for the study. A validated and age-appropriate version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 was used for the assessment of health-related quality of life. Caregivers completed the corresponding proxy versions of the questionnaire. The correlation between self and proxy reports of health-related quality of life was determined by intra-class correlation coefficient and dependent t-tests. RESULTS: The majority of participants were males (79.4%), and the average age was 11.8 years. Intra-class correlations between each of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 domains and the total score were all lower than 0.6, with a range between 0.267 (poor) and 0.530 (fair). When the means of each domain and the total score of the questionnaires were compared, caregivers were observed to have a significantly lower health-related quality of life score than children, with the exception of the social domain in which the difference was not significant. However, the differences in score exceeded the critical threshold difference of four points in all other domains. CONCLUSION: Proxies of children and adolescents with Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans appear to consistently perceive their children as having lower health-related quality of life than how the patients perceive themselves.
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Bronquiolite Obliterante/fisiopatologia , Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Bronquiolite Obliterante/psicologia , Criança , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pais , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Testes de Função Respiratória , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Perfil de Impacto da Doença , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Abstract Objective: To evaluate the overall health-related quality of life in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans. Methods: Participants with a diagnosis of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, who were being followed-up at two specialized outpatient clinics of Pediatric Pulmonology in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and controls aged between 8 and 17 years, of both genders, were included in the study. Controls were paired by gender, age, and socioeconomic level in relation to the group of participants with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. The version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQ) tool validated for Brazil was applied for the assessment of Health-related Quality of Life, through an interview. The comparison of the Health-related Quality of Life means between the groups was performed using Student's t-test for independent samples and the chi-squared test, for categorical variables. Results: 34 patients diagnosed with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans and 34 controls participated in the study. The mean age of the children included in the study was 11.2 ± 2.5 years, and 49 (72%) of them were males. The groups showed no significant differences in relation to these variables. The quality of life score was significantly and clinically lower in the post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans group when compared with controls in the health (72.36 ± 15.6, 81.06 ± 16.4, p = 0.031) and school domains (62.34 ± 20.7, 72.94 ± 21.3, p = 0.043), as well as in the total score (69.53 ± 14.9, 78.02 ± 14.8, p = 0.024), respectively. Conclusion: Patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans presented lower health-related quality of life scores when compared with healthy individuals in the total score and in the health and school domains.
Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde geral em participantes com bronquiolite obliterante. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo participantes com diagnóstico de bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa que estavam em acompanhamento em dois ambulatórios especializados de pneumologia pediátrica em Porto Alegre, Brasil e controles, entre 8 e 17 anos, de ambos os sexos. Os controles foram pareados por sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico em relação ao grupo de participantes com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa. Para avaliação da Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde geral foi aplicado a versão validada para o Brasil do instrumento PedsQL (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory), por meio de entrevista. A comparação entre as médias da Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde entre os grupos foi realizada mediante o teste t para amostras independentes e para as variáveis categóricas por teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 34 pacientes com diagnóstico de bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa e 34 controles. A média da idade das crianças incluídas foi de 11,2 ± 2,5 anos e 49 (72%) deles eram do sexo masculino. Os grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação a essas variáveis. O escore de qualidade de vida foi significativamente e clinicamente menor no grupo bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa em comparação com o controle nos domínios saúde: (72,36 ± 15,6; 81,06 ± 16,4; p = 0,031); escolar: (62,34 ± 20,7; 72,94 ± 21,3; p = 0,043) e no escore total (69,53 ± 14,9; 78,02 ± 14,8, p = 0,024), respectivamente. Conclusão: Os pacientes com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa apresentam escores de qualidade de vida relacionados à saúde menor do que indivíduos saudáveis no escore total e nos domínios saúde e escolares.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/psicologia , Testes de Função Respiratória , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Bronquiolite Obliterante/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall health-related quality of life in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans. METHODS: Participants with a diagnosis of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, who were being followed-up at two specialized outpatient clinics of Pediatric Pulmonology in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and controls aged between 8 and 17 years, of both genders, were included in the study. Controls were paired by gender, age, and socioeconomic level in relation to the group of participants with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. The version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQ) tool validated for Brazil was applied for the assessment of Health-related Quality of Life, through an interview. The comparison of the Health-related Quality of Life means between the groups was performed using Student's t-test for independent samples and the chi-squared test, for categorical variables. RESULTS: 34 patients diagnosed with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans and 34 controls participated in the study. The mean age of the children included in the study was 11.2±2.5 years, and 49 (72%) of them were males. The groups showed no significant differences in relation to these variables. The quality of life score was significantly and clinically lower in the post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans group when compared with controls in the health (72.36±15.6, 81.06±16.4, p=0.031) and school domains (62.34±20.7, 72.94±21.3, p=0.043), as well as in the total score (69.53±14.9, 78.02±14.8, p=0.024), respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans presented lower health-related quality of life scores when compared with healthy individuals in the total score and in the health and school domains.
Assuntos
Bronquiolite Obliterante/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adolescente , Bronquiolite Obliterante/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Função Respiratória , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a clinical entity that has been classified as constrictive, fixed obstruction of the lumen by fibrotic tissue. However, recent studies using impulse oscillometry have reported bronchodilator responses in PIBO patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate bronchodilator responses in pediatric PIBO patients, comparing different criteria to define the response. METHODS: We evaluated pediatric patients diagnosed with PIBO and treated at one of two pediatric pulmonology outpatient clinics in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Spirometric parameters were measured in accordance with international recommendations. RESULTS: We included a total of 72 pediatric PIBO patients. The mean pre- and post-bronchodilator values were clearly lower than the reference values for all parameters, especially FEF25-75%. There were post-bronchodilator improvements. When measured as mean percent increases, FEV1 and FEF25-75%, improved by 11% and 20%, respectively. However, when the absolute values were calculated, the mean FEV1 and FEF25-75% both increased by only 0.1 L. We found that age at viral aggression, a family history of asthma, and allergy had no significant effects on bronchodilator responses. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with PIBO have peripheral airway obstruction that is responsive to treatment but is not completely reversible with a bronchodilator. The concept of PIBO as fixed, irreversible obstruction does not seem to apply to this population. Our data suggest that airway obstruction is variable in PIBO patients, a finding that could have major clinical implications. OBJETIVO: A bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa (BOPI) é uma entidade clínica que tem sido classificada como obstrução fixa e constritiva do lúmen por tecido fibrótico. Entretanto, estudos recentes utilizando oscilometria de impulso relataram resposta ao broncodilatador em pacientes com BOPI. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta broncodilatadora em pacientes pediátricos com BOPI, comparando critérios diferentes para a definição da resposta. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados pacientes pediátricos com diagnóstico de BOPI tratados em um de dois ambulatórios de pneumologia pediátrica na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS). Parâmetros espirométricos foram medidos de acordo com recomendações internacionais. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 72 pacientes pediátricos com BOPI no estudo. As médias dos valores pré- e pós-broncodilatador foram claramente inferiores aos valores de referência para todos os parâmetros, especialmente FEF25-75%. Houve uma melhora pós-broncodilatador. Quando medidos como aumentos percentuais médios, VEF1 e FEF25-75% melhoraram em 11% e 20%, respectivamente. Entretanto, quando os valores absolutos foram calculados, as médias de VEF1 e FEF25-75% aumentaram somente em 0,1 l. Verificamos que a idade da agressão viral, história familiar de asma e alergia não tiveram efeitos significativos na resposta ao broncodilatador. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes pediátricos com BOPI têm uma obstrução das vias aéreas periféricas que responde ao tratamento, mas não uma reversão completa com o broncodilatador. O conceito de BOPI como obstrução fixa e irreversível parece não se aplicar a essa população. Nossos dados sugerem que a obstrução de vias aéreas em pacientes com BOPI é variável, e esse achado pode ter importantes implicações clínicas.
Assuntos
Bronquiolite Obliterante/tratamento farmacológico , Broncodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/farmacologia , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/uso terapêutico , Bronquiolite Obliterante/fisiopatologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/virologia , Broncodilatadores/farmacologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fluxo Expiratório Forçado , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espirometria , Resultado do Tratamento , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a clinical entity that has been classified as constrictive, fixed obstruction of the lumen by fibrotic tissue. However, recent studies using impulse oscillometry have reported bronchodilator responses in PIBO patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate bronchodilator responses in pediatric PIBO patients, comparing different criteria to define the response. Methods: We evaluated pediatric patients diagnosed with PIBO and treated at one of two pediatric pulmonology outpatient clinics in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Spirometric parameters were measured in accordance with international recommendations. Results: We included a total of 72 pediatric PIBO patients. The mean pre- and post-bronchodilator values were clearly lower than the reference values for all parameters, especially FEF25-75%. There were post-bronchodilator improvements. When measured as mean percent increases, FEV1 and FEF25-75%, improved by 11% and 20%, respectively. However, when the absolute values were calculated, the mean FEV1 and FEF25-75% both increased by only 0.1 L. We found that age at viral aggression, a family history of asthma, and allergy had no significant effects on bronchodilator responses. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with PIBO have peripheral airway obstruction that is responsive to treatment but is not completely reversible with a bronchodilator. The concept of PIBO as fixed, irreversible obstruction does not seem to apply to this population. Our data suggest that airway obstruction is variable in PIBO patients, a finding that could have major clinical implications.
RESUMO Objetivo: A bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa (BOPI) é uma entidade clínica que tem sido classificada como obstrução fixa e constritiva do lúmen por tecido fibrótico. Entretanto, estudos recentes utilizando oscilometria de impulso relataram resposta ao broncodilatador em pacientes com BOPI. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta broncodilatadora em pacientes pediátricos com BOPI, comparando critérios diferentes para a definição da resposta. Métodos: Foram avaliados pacientes pediátricos com diagnóstico de BOPI tratados em um de dois ambulatórios de pneumologia pediátrica na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS). Parâmetros espirométricos foram medidos de acordo com recomendações internacionais. Resultados: Foram incluídos 72 pacientes pediátricos com BOPI no estudo. As médias dos valores pré- e pós-broncodilatador foram claramente inferiores aos valores de referência para todos os parâmetros, especialmente FEF25-75%. Houve uma melhora pós-broncodilatador. Quando medidos como aumentos percentuais médios, VEF1 e FEF25-75% melhoraram em 11% e 20%, respectivamente. Entretanto, quando os valores absolutos foram calculados, as médias de VEF1 e FEF25-75% aumentaram somente em 0,1 l. Verificamos que a idade da agressão viral, história familiar de asma e alergia não tiveram efeitos significativos na resposta ao broncodilatador. Conclusões: Pacientes pediátricos com BOPI têm uma obstrução das vias aéreas periféricas que responde ao tratamento, mas não uma reversão completa com o broncodilatador. O conceito de BOPI como obstrução fixa e irreversível parece não se aplicar a essa população. Nossos dados sugerem que a obstrução de vias aéreas em pacientes com BOPI é variável, e esse achado pode ter importantes implicações clínicas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Broncodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/farmacologia , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/uso terapêutico , Bronquiolite Obliterante/tratamento farmacológico , Bronquiolite Obliterante/fisiopatologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/virologia , Broncodilatadores/farmacologia , Estudos Transversais , Fluxo Expiratório Forçado , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Análise Multivariada , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espirometria , Resultado do Tratamento , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
Parapneumonic pleural effusions (PPE) are a relatively common (5-40%) complication of paediatric pneumonia. However, in clinical practice the majority of the effusions are small and do not need any further investigation or specific treatment apart from antibiotic therapy. A small number require drainage or surgical intervention. Rarely, significant effusions are associated with non-bacterial pneumonia in the paediatric population. Pleural tuberculosis in our hospital is the second highest cause of pleural effusions related to the high incidence of TB in our city. In the last 3 years we have had around 50 cases of pleural TB in children.