RESUMO
Understanding fluctuations and associations between swimming performance-related variables provide strategic insights into a swimmer's preparation program. Through network analysis, we verified the relationships between anthropometrics, maturation, and kinematics changes (Δ) in 25-m breaststroke (BREAST) and butterfly (FLY) swimming performance, before and after a 47-week swimming training season. Twenty age-group swimmers (n =11 girls: 10.0 ± 1.3 years and n = 9 boys: 10.5 ± 0.9 years) performed a 25-m all-out swim test (T25) in BREAST and FLY techniques, before and after 47 weeks. Three measures of centrality, transformed into a z-score, were generated: betweenness, closeness, and strength. Data were compared (t-test) and effect sizes were identified with Hedges' g. Large effect sizes were observed for swimming performance improvements in BREAST (32.0 ± 7.5 to 24.5 ± 3.8 s; g = 1.26; Δ = -21.9 %) and FLY (30.3 ± 7.0 to 21.8 ± 3.6 s; g = 1.52; Δ = -26.5 %). Small to moderate effect sizes were observed for anthropometric changes. Moderate effect size was observed for maturity offset changes (-2.0 ± 0.9 to -1.3 ± 1.0; g = 0.73; Δ = 50.9 ± 281 %). Changes in maturity offset, stroke rate (SR), and stroke length for both BREAST and FLY swimming speeds were highlighted by the weight matrix. For betweenness, closeness, and strength, changes in arm span (AS) (BREAST) and stroke length (FLY) were remarkable. The dynamic process of athletic development and the perception of complexity of fluctuations and associations between performance-related variables were underpinned, particularly for simultaneous swimming techniques in age-group swimmers.
RESUMO
Abstract Aims: analyze kinematics, anthropometrics, and maturation during a training season in 12 y and underage-group swimmers, quantifying changes and estimating their contributions to the 200-m maximal front crawl time trial test (T200) (time trial/fixed distance), as an event representative of the swimming performance. Methods: Nineteen age-group swimmers (11 girls and 8 boys; age 10.0 ± 1.3 y and 10.6 ± 1.0 y) performed a T200 four times during the training season. Changes in kinematic and anthropometric variables throughout the season were calculated. We applied generalized estimating equations to compare the variables over the four experimental tests. Multiple linear regressions were applied to identify the most influential variables and the relative contribution of anthropometrics and kinematics to swimming performance of T200 at baseline (pre-season) and after (using delta values) each macrocycle. Results: Large improvements (d = 1.76) were observed in the T200's performance (from 85.5 ± 38.2 at pre-season to 175.2 ± 50.1 FINA points at the end season). A gender effect was not identified. Stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index explained, respectively 59, 23, and 17% of the T200 performance changes along the season (R2 = 0.81; F = 26.9; p < 0.001; Durbin-Watson: 1.5). Anthropometric was not related to performance changes, with kinematic being the most determinant factor. Conclusion: Kinematical approaches must be carefully considered by coaches when planning 12 y and underage-group swimmers training programs.
RESUMO
Considerando a importância da diversidade de experiências motoras aquáticas para a melhor relação do indivíduo com o ambiente, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as ativi-dades realizadas na iniciação de crianças à natação. Ao longo deste estudo foram identificadas e analisadas as atividades propostas por professores em 36 aulas, observadas de modo siste-mático. Dentre os resultados, das 36 aulas de 8 professores, 33 continham atividades de téc-nicas de nado, em um total de86 exercícios somados e realizados 134 vezes. Conclui-se que há a necessidade de se repensar a pedagogia da natação, pois a predominância no cenário atu-al é o ensino técnico dos quatro estilos competitivos antes mesmo do indivíduo se tornar in-dependente edemonstrar competência no meio aquático.
Considering the importance of the diversity ofaquatic motor experiences for the best relation-ship between the subject and the environment, the present study aimed to analyze the activi-ties performed in the initiation of children to swimming. Throughout this study, the activities proposed by teachers in 36 classes observed in a systematic way were identified and analyzed. Among the results, of the 36 classes, of eight teachers, 33 contained swimming technique ac-tivities, in 86 exercises added and performed 134 times. It is concluded that there is a need to rethink the pedagogy of swimming, because the predominance in the current scenario is the technical teaching of the four competitive strokes, before the individual becomes independent and demonstrate competence in the aquatic environment.
Considerando la importancia de la diversidad de experiencias motoras acuáticas para la mejor relación del individuo con el ambiente, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las actividades realizadas en la iniciación de niños a la natación. A lo largo de este estudio fueron identificadas y analizadas las actividades propuestas por profesores en 36 aulas observadas de modo sistemático. Entre los resultados, de las 36 aulas, de ocho profesores, 33 contenían acti-vidades de técnica de nado, en un total de 86 ejercicios sumados y realizados 134 veces. Se concluye que hay la necesidad de repensar lapedagogía de la natación, pues la predominancia en el escenario actual es la enseñanza técnica de los cuatro estilos competitivos, antes de que el individuo se independice y demuestre competencia en el medio acuático.