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Peritraumatic dissociation has been considered an important feature for the development of post-traumatic stress disorders, but this concept remains widely unclear. To explore the peritraumatic experience, we interviewed eight victims of urban violence shortly after their traumatic events. The data collected were compared and analyzed according to the systematic set of procedures of Grounded Theory (GT). The alterations reported by participants were coded and categorized according to their perceptions of their inner and outer world, and the impressions of others involved, including the examiner's observations. The theoretical perspective for interpreting this study has parallels with Jaspers' psychopathology. Peritraumatic dissociation was conceived as a failure of synthesis among emerging stimuli from the internal and the external world, including the time-space flow structure, even when cognitive-perceptual tools remain intact. This synthesis qualifies the totality of the perceptual experience as coherent and meaningful to conscience, enabling possibilities for being/existing.

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BACKGROUND: Over the past five decades, clinicians and researchers have debated the impact of the Holocaust on the children of its survivors. The transgenerational transmission of trauma has been explored in more than 500 articles, which have failed to reach reliable conclusions that could be generalized. The psychiatric literature shows mixed findings regarding this subject: many clinical studies reported psychopathological findings related to transgenerational transmission of trauma and some empirical research has found no evidence of this phenomenon in offspring of Holocaust survivors. METHOD: This qualitative study aims to detect how the second generation perceives transgenerational transmission of their parents' experiences in the Holocaust. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with fifteen offspring of Holocaust survivors and sought to analyze experiences, meanings and subjective processes of the participants. A Grounded Theory approach was employed, and constant comparative method was used for analysis of textual data. RESULTS: The development of conceptual categories led to the emergence of distinct patterns of communication from parents to their descendants. The qualitative methodology also allowed systematization of the different ways in which offspring can deal with parental trauma, which determine the development of specific mechanisms of traumatic experience or resilience in the second generation. CONCLUSIONS: The conceptual categories constructed by the Grounded Theory approach were used to present a possible model of the transgenerational transmission of trauma, showing that not only traumatic experiences, but also resilience patterns can be transmitted to and developed by the second generation. As in all qualitative studies, these conclusions cannot be generalized, but the findings can be tested in other contexts.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de sintomas psicopatológicos em mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica (VD) que procuraram uma delegacia de defesa da mulher. MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas mulheres com idade entre 20 e 50 anos que deram entrada em uma delegacia da mulher com queixa de VD. Durante a entrevista, todas foram submetidas ao Relatório de Indicadores Sociais e preencheram os seguintes instrumentos de autoaplicação: Inventário de Depressão de Beck, Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version e o Questionário de Experiências Dissociativas Peritraumáticas (todos em língua portuguesa). Foram usadas notas de corte a partir dos estudos de validação desses instrumentos para categorizar indivíduos com alta probabilidade de apresentar transtorno depressivo maior, transtorno de ansiedade, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, ou alta/baixa dissociação peritraumática. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 17 mulheres com idade média de 34,7±7,7 anos. O tempo médio de duração da violência foi de 9,1±8,7 anos. Do total de mulheres, 53 por cento eram vítimas de agressão excessiva e 84 por cento eram ameaçadas de morte pelo companheiro; em 71 por cento dos casos, os companheiros eram usuários de drogas. Além disso, 53 por cento das mulheres afirmaram ter sofrido VD na infância. Do total da amostra, 89 por cento tiveram grande probabilidade de apresentar transtorno depressivo maior, 94 por cento transtorno de ansiedade, 76 por cento transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e 88 por cento apresentaram elevados níveis de experiências dissociativas peritraumáticas. CONCLUSÃO: As vítimas de VD que dão entrada em delegacias de defesa da mulher têm alta probabilidade de apresentar morbidade psiquiátrica, assim como alterações cognitivas que as impossibilitam de sair do ciclo da violência.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of psychopathological symptoms in women victims of domestic violence who seek help at police units offering women's protective services. METHODS: Women aged between 20 and 50 years who sought help at women's protective services complaining of domestic violence were assessed. During the interview, all participants were submitted to assessment using a Social Indicator Report and filled in the following self-report instruments: Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version, and the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (all in Brazilian Portuguese). Cut-off points were established based on instrument validation studies and were used to identify subjects with a high probability of having major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, or high/low peritraumatic dissociation. RESULTS: Seventeen women with a mean age of 34.7±7.7 years were assessed. Average duration of exposure to domestic violence was 9.1±8.7 years. Of the total sample, 53 percent were exposed to excessive violence and 84 percent received death threats from their partners; 71 percent of the partners were drug abusers. In addition, 53 percent of the women reported exposure to domestic violence during childhood. From the total sample, 89 percent presented a high probability of having major depressive disorder, 94 percent anxiety disorder, 76 percent post-traumatic stress disorder, and 88 percent showed high scores of peritraumatic dissociative experiences. CONCLUSION: Victims of violence seeking help at women's protective services showed a high probability of having psychiatric morbidities cognitive dysfunction that prevent these women from interrupting exposure to this specific type of violence.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Topiramate might be effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) because of its antikindling effect and its action in both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters. Open-label studies and few controlled trials have suggested that this anticonvulsant may have therapeutic potential in PTSD. This 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial will compare the efficacy of topiramate with placebo and study the tolerability of topiramate in the treatment of PTSD. METHODS AND DESIGN: Seventy-two adult outpatients with DSM-IV-diagnosed PTSD will be recruited from the violence program of Federal University of São Paulo Hospital (UNIFESP). After informed consent, screening, and a one week period of wash out, subjects will be randomized to either placebo or topiramate for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint will be the change in the Clinician-administered PTSD scale (CAPS) total score from baseline to the final visit at 12 weeks. DISCUSSION: The development of treatments for PTSD is challenging due to the complexity of the symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the mainstream treatment for PTSD, but many patients do not have a satisfactory response to antidepressants. Although there are limited clinical studies available to assess the efficacy of topiramate for PTSD, the findings of prior trials suggest this anticonvulsant may be promising in the management of these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT 00725920.

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OBJECTIVE: Post traumatic stress disorder is frequent in the general population (7.8 percent-lifetime-USA). The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first choice of treatment but result in low remission rates. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aripiprazole monotherapy for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. METHOD: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder were included in a 16-week open label trial of aripiprazole. They were evaluated at baseline, week 8, and 16 with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36, and Social Adjustment Scale. Statistical analysis were performed with an intention-to-treat approach and last observation carried forward. A general linear model for repeated measures comparing the factor with 3 continuous measures from baseline, 8 and 16 weeks was used. A between-subject factor was included RESULTS: Nine patients discontinued the treatment. The mean aripiprazole dose was 9.6 (± 4.3) mg/day. The mean scores at baseline and endpoint for all measures were: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale - 82.7 (± 23.1) and 51.4 (± 31.4) (F = 11.247, p = 0.001); Beck Anxiety Inventory - 31.7 (± 13.4) and 25.4 (± 18.2) (F = 8.931, p = 0.011); Social Adjustment Scale - 2.4 (± 0.45) and 2.27 (± 0.57) (F = 8.633, p = 0.012); Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 - 76.6 (± 14.11) and 94.01 (± 25.06) (F = 10.127 p = 0.007); and Beck Depression Inventory - 26.06 (± 11.6) and 21.35 (± 12.6) (F = 1.580, p = 0.042). In all measurements, the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients achieved a good response to treatment with aripiprazole, but placebo-controlled studies are needed for more accurate results.

OBJETIVO: O transtorno de estresse pós-traumático é um quadro prevalente (7,8 por cento-lifetime-EUA) que provoca grande prejuízo aos pacientes. Os inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina, medicação de primeira escolha para o tratamento, mostram baixos índices de remissão. Este estudo pretende apresentar uma diferente escolha de medicamento para tratar o transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. MÉTODO: Trinta e dois pacientes com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático receberam aripiprazol por 16 semanas. Foram submetidos na entrada, 8 e 16 semanas às escalas Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 e Social Adjustment Scale. Foi usado o modelo linear generalizado para medidas repetidas comparando o fator com as três medidas contínuas nos três pontos de avaliação. Foi feita uma comparação entre sujeitos (grupo tratamento) usando modelo linear generalizado univariado. Usamos a intenção de tratamento e a estratégia da última observação com endpoint (Last Observation Carried Forward). RESULTADOS: Nove pacientes descontinuaram antes da segunda avaliação. A dose média foi 9,6 (± 4,3) mg/dia. As medidas na entrada e no final do tratamento foram: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale - 82,7 (± 23,1) e 51,4 (± 31,4) (F = 11,247, p = 0,001); Beck Anxiety Inventory - 31,7 (± 13,4) e 25,4 (± 18,2) (F = 8,931, p = 0,011); Social Adjustment Scale - 2,4 (± 0,45) e 2,27 (± 0,57) (F = 8,633, p = 0,012); Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 - 76,6 (± 14,11) e 94,01 (± 25,06) (F = 10,127 p = 0,007); e Beck Depression Inventory - 26,06 (± 11,6) e 21,35 (± 12,6) (F = 1,580, p = 0,042). Em todas as medidas, as diferenças foram estatisticamente significativas. CONCLUSÕES: O aripiprazol alcançou uma boa resposta em pacientes com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, mas para resultados mais acurados ainda são necessários estudos controlados com placebo.

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OBJECTIVE: Post traumatic stress disorder is frequent in the general population (7.8%-lifetime-USA). The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first choice of treatment but result in low remission rates. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aripiprazole monotherapy for the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder. METHOD: Thirty-two patients diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder were included in a 16-week open label trial of aripiprazole. They were evaluated at baseline, week 8, and 16 with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36, and Social Adjustment Scale. Statistical analysis were performed with an intention-to-treat approach and last observation carried forward. A general linear model for repeated measures comparing the factor with 3 continuous measures from baseline, 8 and 16 weeks was used. A between-subject factor was included RESULTS: Nine patients discontinued the treatment. The mean aripiprazole dose was 9.6 (+/- 4.3) mg/day. The mean scores at baseline and endpoint for all measures were: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale - 82.7 (+/- 23.1) and 51.4 (+/- 31.4) (F = 11.247, p = 0.001); Beck Anxiety Inventory - 31.7 (+/- 13.4) and 25.4 (+/- 18.2) (F = 8.931, p = 0.011); Social Adjustment Scale - 2.4 (+/- 0.45) and 2.27 (+/- 0.57) (F = 8.633, p = 0.012); Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36 - 76.6 (+/- 14.11) and 94.01 (+/- 25.06) (F = 10.127 p = 0.007); and Beck Depression Inventory - 26.06 (+/- 11.6) and 21.35 (+/- 12.6) (F = 1.580, p = 0.042). In all measurements, the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients achieved a good response to treatment with aripiprazole, but placebo-controlled studies are needed for more accurate results.

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Os autores discutem, a partir do conceito evolutivo, como a resposta de estresse, nas suas possibilidades de fuga e luta e de imobilidade tônica, pode levar a uma nova compreensão etiológica do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático. Através da análise dos agrupamentos de sintomas desse diagnóstico - revivência, evitação e hiperexcitação -, procuram correlacionar os achados neurobiológicos e evolutivos. As descobertas atuais sobre a genética do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático são resumidas e colocadas nessa perspectiva evolutiva, dentro de conceitos que possibilitam o entendimento da interação gene/ambiente, como a epigenética. Propõem que a pesquisa dos fatores de risco do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático deva ser investigada do ponto de vista fatorial, onde a somatória destes aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento do quadro, não sendo possível a procura da causa do transtorno de forma única. A pesquisa de genes candidatos no transtorno de estresse pós-traumático deve levar em consideração todos os sistemas associados aos processos de respostas ao estresse, sistemas dos eixos hipotálamo-hipofisário-adrenal e simpático, mecanismos de aprendizado, formação de memórias declarativas, de extinção e esquecimento, da neurogênese e da apoptose, que envolvem vários sistemas de neurotransmissores, neuropeptídeos e neuro-hormônios.

The authors discuss, from the evolutionary concept, how flight and fight responses and tonic immobility can lead to a new understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder. Through the analysis of symptom clusters (revivals, avoidance and hyperexcitation), neurobiological and evolutionary findings are correlated. The current discoveries on posttraumatic stress disorder genetics are summarized and analyzed in this evolutionary perspective, using concepts to understand the gene-environment interaction, such as epigenetic. The proposal is that the research of susceptibility factors in posttraumatic stress disorder must be investigated from the factorial point of view, where their interactions increase the risk of developing the disorder, preventing a unique search of the cause of this disorder. The research of candidate genes in posttraumatic stress disorder must take into consideration all the systems associated with processes of stress response, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic axes, mechanisms of learning, formation and extinguishing of declarative memories, neurogenesis and apoptosis, which involve many systems of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and neurohormones.