RESUMO
Resumen: La aparición del SARS-CoV-2 a partir de diciembre de 2019 y su rápida expansión en el mundo alcanzando el estatus de Pandemia, se ha convertido en un gran desafío para los equipos de salud. Aunque la evidencia de la infección en niños aún es escasa comparada a la de los adultos, se ha hecho evidente que a nivel de la población pediátrica, la mayor parte de las veces la infección es asintomática o de curso leve, sin embargo no todos los pacientes tienen esta evolución, lo que ha motivado la discusión en los equipos de Cuidados Criticos Pediátricos respecto a cómo enfrentar estos pacientes con enfermedad grave. Este consenso es fruto del trabajo de la Rama de Cuidados Intensivos Pe diátricos de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría, recogiendo la evidencia disponible al momento de la revisión más la opinión de expertos nacionales en Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. El propósito de estas recomendaciones, es ofrecer a los equipos que atienden a pacientes críticos pediátricos, una guía para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes que evolucionen con COVID 19 grave, que puedan ser aplicadas en todas las UPC Pediátricas de nuestro país, haciendo especial énfasis en aquellas medidas que han demostrado mayor efectividad a nivel de estudios diagnósticos, tratamiento y cuidados del personal de salud.
Abstract: The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 from December 2019 and its rapid expansion in the world reaching Pandemic status, has become a great challenge for health teams. Although the evidence of infection in children is still scarce compared to that of adults, it has become evident that at the pediatric po pulation level, most of the time the infection is asymptomatic or mild, but not all the patients have this evolution, which has motivated the discussion in the Pediatric Critical Care teams regarding how to face these patients with a more serious disease. This consensus is the result of the work of the Pediatric Intensive Care Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics, collecting the evidence available at the time of the review plus the opinion of national experts in Pediatric Intensive Care. The purpose of these recommendations is to offer teams that care for critically ill pediatric patients a guide for the diagnosis and treatment of patients who evolve with severe COVID 19, which can be applied in all Pediatric UPCs in our country, with special emphasis in those measures that have shown greater effectiveness at the level of diagnostic studies, treatment and care of health personnel.
RESUMO
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has been performed in the southern Ecuadorian Amazon since the colonial period. However, its effects on fluvial systems have been poorly investigated. Thus, in order to calculate the normalized enrichment factors (NEF) of several heavy metals in fluvial sediments of the Zamora River basin (Ecuadorian Amazon), we analyzed bottom sediments along ASGM-affected and unaffected river sections. The results indicated that sediments of the Congüime River have NEF between 2.2 and 2.3 for Cu (moderate contamination) and higher than 3 for Mn, Zn, Pb, and Hg (severe contamination). Similarly, a severe contamination is also observed in the lower Nangaritza River, due to sediments of this sector have NEF > 3 for Zn, Pb, and Hg. Bottom sediments from the Nambija and Zamora rivers showed a severe contamination with Hg (NEF > 3), suggesting the existence of ASGM activities in the upper Zamora River basin.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Ouro , Metais Pesados/análise , Mineração , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Rios , América do SulRESUMO
The phytohormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) regulates fundamental plant processes. Fragaria vesca, the woodland strawberry, is a model plant for the Rosaceae family, in which the JA-Ile perception is poorly understood at the molecular level. JA-Ile promotes binding of JAZ repressor to COI1 protein in Arabidopsis to activate jasmonate (JA)-dependent responses. The aim of this work was to understand the molecular basis of the interaction between the F. vesca COI1 (FvCOI1) and JAZ1 (FvJAZ1) promoted by JA-Ile using a computational approach. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses of amino acid sequences were performed for FvCOI1, FvJAZ1 and their ortholog sequences. 3D structures for FvCOI1 and FvJAZ1 proteins were built by methods of homology modeling, using AtCOI1-JA-Ile-AtJAZ1 as template and then they were further refined and validated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. A molecular docking approach along with MDS analysis were used to gain insights into the interaction between a putative degron-like sequence present in FvJAZ1 with the FvCOI1-JA-Ile complex. FvCOI1 and FvJAZ1 showed high and moderate sequence identity, respectively, with the corresponding ortholog proteins from other plant species including apple, grape, tomato and Arabidopsis. Moreover, the FvJAZ1 has a variant C-terminal IPMQRK sequence instead of the canonical LPIARR degron sequence located in the Jas domain of AtJAZ1. The MD simulation results showed that the FvCOI1-JA-Ile-FvJAZ1 complex was stable, and the IPMQRK peptide of FvJAZ1 directly interacted with FvCOI1 and JA-Ile. The present research provides novel insight into the molecular interactions among key JA-signaling components in the model plant F. vesca, being few examples of characterized JA-Ile receptors at a structural level in plants.
Assuntos
Ciclopentanos/química , Fragaria/genética , Isoleucina/análogos & derivados , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/química , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Fragaria/metabolismo , Isoleucina/química , Isoleucina/genética , Isoleucina/metabolismo , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Fleshy fruits are an important source of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs), which protect plants against stress, and their consumption provides beneficial effects for human health. In strawberry fruit, the application of exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) upregulates anthocyanin accumulation, although the relationship between the jasmonate pathway and anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis in fruits remains to be understood. Anthocyanin and PA accumulation is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level through R2R3-MYB and bHLH transcription factors in different plant species and organs. Here, the effect of jarin-1, a specific inhibitor of bioactive JA (jasmonoyl-isoleucine, JA-Ile) biosynthesis, on anthocyanin and PA accumulation was evaluated during strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit development using an in vitro ripening system for 48 h. Also, we observed the effects of MeJA and the application of jarin-1 to MeJA-treated fruits (MeJA + jarin-1 treatment). We assessed changes of expression levels for the JA-Ile and MeJA biosynthetic (FaJAR1.2 and FaJMT), JA signaling-related (FaMYC2 and FaJAZ1), MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex-related (FabHLH3/33, FaMYB9/10/11, and repressor FaMYB1), and anthocyanin and PA biosynthetic (FaANS, FaUFGT, FaANR, and FaLAR) genes. In addition, the promoter region of MBW complex-related MYB genes was isolated and sequenced. We found a higher redness of strawberry fruit skin and anthocyanin content in MeJA-treated fruits with respect to jarin-1-treated ones concomitant with an upregulation of FaANS and FaUFGT genes. Inversely, the PA content was higher in jarin-1- and MeJA + jarin-1-treated than in MeJA-treated fruits. MeJA + jarin-1 treatment resulted in an upregulation of FaANR and associated transcription factors such as FabHLH33 and FaMYB9/11 along with FaJMT and FaJAR1.2. Finally, we found JA-responsive elements in the promoter regions of FaMYB1/9/10/11 genes. It is proposed that PA biosynthesis-related genes can be upregulated by the application of jarin-1 to MeJA-treated fruit, thus increasing PA accumulation in strawberry.
Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Fragaria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Fragaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragaria/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoleucina/análogos & derivados , Isoleucina/biossíntese , Nucleotidiltransferases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Plantas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proantocianidinas/biossíntese , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Jasmonates (JAs) are signalling molecules involved in stress responses, development and secondary metabolism biosynthesis, although their roles in fleshy-fruit development and ripening processes are not well known. In strawberry fruit, it has been proposed that JAs could regulate the early development through the activation of the JAs biosynthesis. Moreover, it has been reported that JA treatment increases anthocyanin content in strawberry fruit involving the bioactive jasmonate biosynthesis. Nevertheless, JA signalling pathway, of which main components are the COI1-JAZ co-receptor and the MYC transcription factors (TFs), has not been characterized in strawberry until now. Here we identified and characterized the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) JAZ and MYC genes as well as studied their expression during development and ripening stages in commercial strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit. We described twelve putative JAZ proteins and two MYC TFs, which showed high conservation with respect to their orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana and in other fleshy-fruit species such as Malus × domestica, Vitis vinifera and Solanum lycopersicum as revealed by gene synteny and phylogenetic analyses. Noteworthy, their expression levels exhibited a significant decrease from fruit development to ripening stages in F. × ananassa, along with others of the JA signalling-related genes such as FaNINJA and FaJAMs, encoding for negative regulators of JA responses. Moreover, we found that main JA signalling-related genes such as FaMYC2, and FaJAZ1 are promptly induced by JA treatment at early times in F. × ananassa fruit. These results suggest the conservation of the canonical JA signalling pathway in strawberry and a possible role of this pathway in early strawberry fruit development, which also correlates negatively with the beginning of the ripening process.
Assuntos
Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Fragaria , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc , Fragaria/genética , Fragaria/metabolismo , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismoRESUMO
The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) fruit has interesting organoleptic properties, but its postharvest life is affected by gray mold decay caused by Botrytis cinerea. The effect of preharvest applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or chitosan on the molecular defense-related responses and protection against gray mold decay were investigated in Chilean strawberry fruit during postharvest storage. Specifically, we inoculated harvested fruit with B. cinerea spores and studied the expression of genes encoding for the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins ß-1,3-glucanases (FcBG2-1, FcBG2-2 and FcBG2-3) and chitinases (FcCHI2-2 and FcCHI3-1), and for polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (FcPGIP1 and FcPGIP2) at 0, 2, 24, 48, and 72 h post inoculation (hpi). Remarkably, MeJA- and chitosan-treated fruit exhibited a lower incidence of B. cinerea infection than the control-treated at 48 and 72 hpi. At the molecular level, both are efficient elicitors for priming in F. chiloensis fruit since we observed an upregulation of the FcBG2-1, FcBG2-3, FcPGIP1, and FcPGIP2 at 0 hpi. Moreover, a chitosan-mediated upregulation of FcPGIPs at early times post inoculation (2-24 hpi) and MeJA upregulated FcBGs (24-72 hpi) and FcPGIP1 at later times could contribute to reduce B. cinerea incidence by differential upregulation of defense genes. We concluded that preharvest applications of MeJA or chitosan had a long-lasting effect on the reduction of B. cinerea incidence during postharvest as well as an enhancer effect on the induction of PR and PGIP gene expression.
Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Botrytis/fisiologia , Quitosana/farmacologia , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Fragaria/genética , Fragaria/microbiologia , Frutas/microbiologia , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragaria/imunologia , Frutas/efeitos dos fármacos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Salinity is a severe abiotic stress that affects irrigated croplands. Jasmonate (JA) is an essential hormone involved in plant defense against herbivory and in responses to abiotic stress. However, the relationship between the salt stress response and the JA pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana is not well understood at molecular and cellular levels. In this work we investigated the activation of JA signaling by NaCl and its effect on primary root growth. We found that JA-responsive JAZ genes were up-regulated by salt stress in a COI1-dependent manner in the roots. Using a JA-Ile sensor we demonstrated that activation of JA signaling by salt stress occurs in the meristematic zone and stele of the differentiation zone and that this activation was dependent on JAR1 and proteasome functions. Another finding is that the elongation zone (EZ) and its cortical cells were significantly longer in JA-related mutants (AOS, COI1, JAZ3 and MYC2/3/4 genes) compared with wild-type plants under salt stress, revealing the participation of the canonical JA signaling pathway. Noteworthy, osmotic stress - a component of salt stress - inhibited cell elongation in the EZ in a COI1-dependent manner. We propose that salt stress triggers activation of the JA signaling pathway followed by inhibition of cell elongation in the EZ. We have shown that salt-inhibited root growth partially involves the jasmonate signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tolerância ao Sal/fisiologia , Arabidopsis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Se presenta el desarrollo de un prototipo de simulador para entrenamiento en los procedimientos médicos de artroscopia de rodilla. El objetivo es implementar un sistema que permita simular algunos procedimientos artroscópicos empleando un dispositivo háptico de retorno de fuerza. Para esto se construyó un modelo tridimensional de la articulación de la rodilla. Con base en imágenes de resonancia magnética, se simulan algunos de los efectos percibidos durante una artroscopia real y se implementan las escenas gráficas y hápticas que permitan contrastar las sensaciones que se perciben en un proceso artroscópico.
Assuntos
Artroscopia , Simulação por Computador , Educação Médica , Joelho , Modelos TeóricosRESUMO
Gene transfer from the mitochondrion to the nucleus, a process of outstanding importance to the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, is an on-going phenomenon in higher plants. After transfer, the mitochondrial gene has to be adapted to the nuclear context by acquiring a new promoter and targeting information to direct the protein back to the organelle. To better understand the strategies developed by higher plants to transfer organellar genes during evolution, we investigated the fate of the mitochondrial RPL5-RPS14 locus in grasses. While maize mitochondrial genome does not contain RPS14 and RPL5 genes, wheat mitochondrial DNA contains an intact RPL5 gene and a nonfunctional RPS14 pseudogene. RPL5 and PsiRPS14 are co-transcribed and their transcripts are edited. In wheat, the functional RPS14 gene is located in the nucleus, within the intron of the respiratory complex II iron-sulfur subunit gene (SDH2). Its organization and expression mechanisms are similar to those previously described in maize and rice, allowing us to conclude that RPS14 transfer and nuclear activation occurred before divergence of these grasses. Unexpectedly, we found evidence for a more recent RPL5 transfer to the nucleus in wheat. This nuclear wheat RPL5 acquired its targeting information by duplication of an existing targeting presequence for another mitochondrial protein, ribosomal protein L4. Thus, mitochondrial and nuclear functional RPL5 genes appear to be maintained in wheat, supporting the hypothesis that in an intermediate stage of the transfer process, both nuclear and mitochondrial functional genes coexist. Finally, we show that RPL5 has been independently transferred to the nucleus in the maize lineage and has acquired regulatory elements for its expression and a mitochondrial targeting peptide from an unknown source.