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Human settlements within the Antarctic continent have caused significant coastal pollution by littering plastic. The present study assessed the potential presence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of the Antarctic fish Harpagifer antarcticus, endemic to the polar region, and in the sub-Antarctic fish Harpagifer bispinis. H. antarcticus. A total of 358 microfibers of multiple colors were found in 89 % of H. antarcticus and 73 % of H. bispinis gastrointestinal track. A Micro-FTIR analysis characterized a sub-group (n = 42) of microfibers. It revealed that most of the fibers were cellulose (69 %). Manmade fibers such as microplastics polyethylene terephtalate, acrylics, and semisynthetic/natural cellulosic fibers were present in the fish samples. All the microfibers extracted were textile fibers of blue, black, red, green, and violet color. Our results suggest that laundry greywater discharges of human settlements near coastal waters in Antarctica are a major source of these pollutants in the Antarctic fish.
Assuntos
Perciformes , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Humanos , Microplásticos , Plásticos/análise , Regiões Antárticas , Têxteis , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodosRESUMO
In this research, we build two food systems datasets in Mexico; The first one describes the structure of agricultural production units and the second one describes food security aspects of the rural population in these agricultural production units. We also build a third dataset, consisting of path diagrams and path coefficients (derived from Structural Equation Modeling) that relate the first dataset to the second dataset in the four most populated ecoregions of Mexico. The description of the path models and the insights they bring to the current state of food security in Mexican rural households are detailed in an associated article entitled "Is food security primarily associated with smallholder agriculture or with commercial agriculture?: An approach to the case of Mexico using structural equation modeling" (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103091). The agricultural variables (in the first dataset) include farm size, destination of the farmer's production, cultivation practice / water management, predominant source of income of the household, land tenure type, crop diversity, agricultural surface expansion, and the presence of forest cover. They are based on the primary data of the full, latest available agricultural census in Mexico and corresponding official land use / land cover data. The second dataset consists of four food security indicators designed and built for the first food security model in Mexico that incorporates food availability, food accessibility and food utilization aspects. They include the Food Self-sufficiency Index (the balance between food production and food consumption), the Food Access Index (inversely related to marginalization), the Entitlement to Public Health Care index, and the Undernutrition Infrequency index (related to hospital sickness records). We provide the path tables and diagrams that describe the links between the agricultural structure and food security. These diagrams provide the first nationwide statistical evidence for the prominent role of smallholder agriculture in rural food security at the national level and at ecoregion scale for a country of the global South. In order to further investigate the structure of the agricultural production units and their relationships with socio-economic, territorial and landscape data, artificial intelligence (i.e. data mining and machine learning) techniques could be performed on this compendium of datasets. The food security data may stir the development of more food security models in Mexico in relation to other drivers such as consumption habits and non-agricultural activities of rural households.
RESUMO
Malnutrition is one of the main risk factors related to chronic non-communicable diseases and child undernourishment on a planetary scale. Mexico is one of the countries with the highest levels of malnutrition, but there is also an accelerated increase in overweight or obesity. This study explored the spatiotemporal behaviour of mortality associated with chronic non-communicable diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease. The analysis was carried out at the municipality level for the 2000-2020 period targeting two age groups: ≥60-year olds and 20-59-year olds. In addition, 0-4-year olds were investigated with respect to undernourishment. National databases were gathered and standardized for each disease and SaTScan spatiotemporal cluster analyses were performed. We found that mortality associated with most of the diseases evaluated has increased since 2016 except for mortality caused by child undernourishment, which showed a downward trend during the study period. To focus on active conglomerates of diseases is important as they currently represent a threat to public health. Our results contribute to the potential spatial prioritization of the allocation of resources and campaigns for prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases and child undernourishment. Generally, geographical studies are fundamental for the discovery of disease aetiology and they provide valuable and timely information to multiple stakeholders.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Desnutrição , Doenças não Transmissíveis , Criança , Saúde Global , Humanos , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This is the first pilot study on alternative conceptions and obstacles pertaining to pneumonia in adolescents of different school vulnerability indexes. Countries with low socioeconomic levels are disproportionately affected, with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) being the second-most affected area in the world, after sub-Saharan Africa. In spite of this fact, pneumonia is not included as an important component within the contents of the microbiology curriculum unit in the natural science school program. Therefore, we wanted to study how students knew about this topic by putting One Health into action by building and validating qualitative and quantitative questionnaires, put together by different experts in pedagogy, didactics, microbiology, and veterinary to find out what students knew about pneumonia and their misconceptions about it. A total of 148 students (in 8th and 9th grade) participated in this survey. The results reveal that no statistically significant differences between the different scholar grades (p = 0.3360 Pearson chiâ§2) or genders (p = 0.8000 Fisher's exact test) presented higher or lower School Vulnerability Index (SVI). Regardless of the social stratum or the level of vulnerability of the students, they have heard about this disease primarily through their family/relatives, maintaining a superficial notion of the disease, learning wrong ideas about microorganisms and treatments that can contribute to the risk to public health.
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Currículo , Saúde Única , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Instituições Acadêmicas , EstudantesRESUMO
Professionals throughout the world have been working to assess the interdisciplinary interaction and interdependence between health and wellbeing in a constantly changing environment. The One Health concept was developed to encourage sustainable collaborative partnerships and to promote optimal health for people, animals, plants, the environment, and the whole planet. The dissemination of scientific discoveries and policies, by working directly with diverse communities, has been one of the main goals for Global One Health. The One Health concept has also been referred or related to as "One Medicine, One Medicine-One Health, One World-One Health, EcoHealth," and Planetary Health," depending on each fundamental view and approach. In Latin America, despite the concept still being discussed among health professionals and educators, several One Health initiatives have been used daily for more than decades. One Health action has been applied especially in rural and underserved urban areas where low socioeconomic status, lack of health professionals, and scarcity of medical resources may require professionals to work together. Local communities from diverse social and economic statuses, including indigenous populations have been working with institutions and social organizations for many years, accomplishing results through grassroots movements. These "bottom-up" socio-community approaches have also been tools for the prevention and control of diseases, such practice has preceded the One Health concepts in Latin American countries. It is strongly believed that collaborative, multidisciplinary, political, and economic initiatives with prosocial focus may become investments toward obtaining significant results in the face of global, economic and health challenges; working for a healthier world with inclusivity, equity, and equality. In this study, it is briefly presented how the One Health approach has been initiated and developed in Latin America, highlighting the events and actions taken in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia.
Assuntos
Saúde Única , Brasil/epidemiologia , Chile , Colômbia , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Our understanding of the plastic and evolutionary potential of ectothermic organisms and their populational impacts in the face of rapid global change remains limited. Studies attempting on the relationship between the magnitude of thermal variability across latitude and the degree of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by marine ectotherms are inconclusive. We state that the latter arises from the narrow range of thermal variability captured by the limited span of the latitudinal gradients studied to date. Using a mechanistic ecophysiological approach and a satellite-based assessment of the relevant environmental variables (i.e. temperature and food availability), we studied individuals of the intertidal barnacle Jehlius cirratus from seven local populations widely spread along the Humboldt current system that spanning two biogeographic regions. At the same time, we synthesized published information on the local abundance of our study species across a total of 76 sites representing 20° of latitude, and spanning from 18 to 42°S. We examined the effects of latitude and environmental variability on metabolic rate plasticity, thermal tolerance (thermal breadth and thermal safety margins) and their impacts on the abundance of this widespread marine invertebrate. We demonstrate that the phenotypic plasticity of metabolic rate in J. cirratus populations is not related to latitude. In turn, thermal breadth is explained by the temperature variability each population experiences. Furthermore, we found clinal variation with a poleward decrease of the critical thermal minimum, suggesting that episodic extreme low temperatures represent a ubiquitous selective force on the lower thermal limit for ectotherms. Across our study gradient, plasticity patterns indicate that populations at the equatorial extreme are more vulnerable to a warming climate, while populations located in the biogeographic transitional zone (i.e. high environmental heterogeneity), on the centre of the gradient, display higher levels of phenotypic plasticity and may represent a genetic buffer for the effects of ocean warming. Together, our results suggest the existence of a fitness trade-off involving the metabolic cost of plasticity and population density that is evident only across the vast latitudinal gradient examined.
Nuestro conocimiento del potencial plástico y evolutivo de organismos ectotérmicos y de los posibles impactos poblacionales a la luz del rápido cambio global sigue siendo limitado. Los estudios que relacionan la magnitud de la variabilidad térmica y el grado de plasticidad fenotípica a través de la latitud realizados en organismos ectotérmicos marinos no son concluyentes. Lo anterior creemos que es consecuencia del estrecho rango latitudinal y por consecuencia el menor rango de variabilidad térmica abarcado por los estudios previos. Utilizando un enfoque ecofisiológico mecanicista e información satelital de las variables ambientales relevantes (i.e., temperatura y disponibilidad de alimento), estudiamos individuos del cirripedio intermareal Jehlius cirratus a lo largo de siete poblaciones locales que se distribuyen ampliamente a lo largo del Sistema de la corriente de Humboldt abarcando dos regiones biogeográficas. Al mismo tiempo, sintetizamos la información publicada sobre la abundancia local de nuestro modelo de estudio en un total de 76 sitios que representan 20 grados de latitud y abarcan desde los 18° a los 42°S. Examinamos los efectos de la latitud y la variabilidad ambiental en la plasticidad de la tasa metabólica, la tolerancia térmica (i.e. amplitud térmica y márgenes de seguridad térmica) y los impactos en la abundancia de este invertebrado marino con amplia distribución geográfica. Demostramos que la plasticidad fenotípica de la tasa metabólica en poblaciones de J. cirratus no está relacionada con la latitud. A su vez, la amplitud térmica se explica por la variabilidad térmica que cada población experimenta. Además, encontramos un patrón de variación clinal con una disminución hacia los polos del crítico térmico mínimo, lo que sugiere que las temperaturas episódicas extremadamente bajas representan una fuerza selectiva ubicua en el límite térmico inferior para los ectotermos. A lo largo de nuestro gradiente estudiado, los patrones de plasticidad indican que las poblaciones en el extremo ecuatorial son más vulnerables al calentamiento, mientras que las poblaciones ubicadas en la zona de transición biogeográfica (i.e., alta heterogeneidad ambiental), en el centro del gradiente, muestran mayores niveles de plasticidad fenotípica, lo que puede representar un reservorio genético para los efectos del calentamiento de los océanos. Nuestros resultados sugieren la existencia de un compromiso en la adecuación biológica que involucra el costo metabólico de la plasticidad y la densidad de población que es sólo evidente dado el vasto gradiente latitudinal examinado.
Assuntos
Thoracica , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , Temperatura Alta , TemperaturaRESUMO
Objetivo: identificar los factores, inherentes a la práctica clínica, que determinan la atención odontológica de pacientes con discapacidad. Métodos: realización de estudio descriptivo, de alcance explicativo, cuantitativo y corte transversal; aplicación de en-cuesta dirigida a odontólogos que ejercen como profesionales independientes, con la cual se midieron variables de caracterización, conocimientos, habilidades, percepción, infraestructura y atención del paciente con discapacidad. También, se desarrolló un análisis descriptivo, correlacional y multivariado. Resultados: no todos los odontólo-gos recibieron formación para la atención clínica de personas con discapacidad; algu-nos conocen los métodos de comunicación alternativa y aumentativa y, de estos, una mayoría representativa no los sabe manejar. Sobre la infraestructura, se identificó que esta cumple parcialmente con la normatividad y que la mayoría de los profesionales se sienten medianamente preparados para llevar a cabo esta atención, por lo que el 67,3% (99) afirmó atender esta población con sus protocolos clínicos habituales, pero, el 83,7% (123) manifestó brindar la atención solo en casos de urgencia odontológica. Los factores que determinan la atención del paciente con discapacidad están relacio-nados con la cantidad de pacientes asistentes, las experiencias negativas previas, las habilidades en el manejo de la consulta, la sensación de preparación y los años de ex-periencia clínica. Conclusiones: las experiencias negativas previas en la práctica clínica con pacientes con discapacidad son determinantes; para su disminución se sugiere la urgente implementación de técnicas comunicativas, la adecuación de infraestructura y el desarrollo de habilidades para la atención integral e inclusiva.
Objective: Identify the factors that establish dental clinic care for patients with disabilities, that are inherent to the professional and to the clinical practice. Methods:A descriptive study of explanatory quantitative cross-cutting score was done. It was applied to dentists that worked independently where characterization variables, abilities, perception, infrastructure were measured, and attention to the patient in a situation of disability. A descriptive, correlational, multivariate analysis. Results: Only some dentists received the I information for the clinic care of patients in a situation of disability. Only some of them know the methods of alternative and augmentative communication and most of them don't know how to work with them. The infrastructure partially complies with the regulations and most of the professionals feel moderately prepared, so 67,3%(99) attend those patients in their usual clinical practice, but 83,7%(123) would attend them only in an emergency case. The factors that establish dental clinic care for patients with disabilities are related with the quantity of patients in a situation of disability, the previous, negative experiences, management skills in the consult, preparation sensation and the years of clinical experience. Conclusions: The previous negative experiences in the clinical practice with patients in a situation of disability are the most important factor for the dental clinic care for patients with disabilities, these experiences should decrease a from implementation of communication techniques, infrastructure adjustments and the development of abilities for the comprehensive and inclusive attention.
Assuntos
Humanos , Assistência Odontológica , Pessoas com Deficiência , Atenção , Infraestrutura Sanitária , Assistência Odontológica para a Pessoa com Deficiência , Comunicação , ConhecimentoRESUMO
The influence of nutrient availability and light conditions on phytoplankton size-structure, nutritional strategy and production was studied in a phosphorus-poor estuary in the northern Baltic Sea receiving humic-rich river water. The relative biomass of mixotrophic nanophytoplankton peaked in spring when heterotrophic bacterial production was high, while autotrophic microphytoplankton had their maximum in summer when primary production displayed highest values. Limiting substance (phosphorus) only showed small temporal variations, and the day light was at saturating levels all through the study period. We also investigated if the phytoplankton taxonomic richness influences the production. Structural equation modelling indicated that an increase of the taxonomic richness during the warm summer combined with slightly higher phosphorus concentration lead to increased resource use efficiency, which in turn caused higher phytoplankton biomass and primary production. Our results suggest that climate warming would lead to higher primary production in northerly shallow coastal areas, which are influenced by humic-rich river run-off from un-disturbed terrestrial systems.
Assuntos
Estuários , Nutrientes , Fitoplâncton , Biomassa , Rios , Água do MarRESUMO
RESUMEN: La creencia de que el tratamiento de endodoncia es el tratamiento dental más doloroso es algo habitual. A pesar de ello, la percepción intraoperatoria durante el tratamiento de endodoncia ha sido poco estudiada. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la percepción de dolor y la experiencia intraoperatoria del paciente tratado en endodoncia, durante la etapa de acceso endodóntico. Se analizaron las valoraciones sobre dolor intraoperatorio realizadas por 20 pacientes, tratados en la clínica de especialidad de una universidad tradicional chilena, durante la etapa de acceso endodóntico en molares. Para ello se utilizaron escalas cuantitativas de valoración de la intensidad del dolor y el análisis de contenido cualitativo de una entrevista semi-estructurada. Se observó que los participantes de sexo femenino, los tratamientos en molares mandibulares y en dientes con diagnóstico de pulpitis irreversible sintomática obtuvieron medias mayores en cuanto a la valoración de la intensidad del dolor. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos el dolor fue descrito como leve. En el análisis cualitativo lo descrito por los participantes se agrupó en 10 categorías. Se observó un mayor porcentaje de referencias a la categoría "Ansiedad ante el tratamiento" (16 %) seguido de "Percepción de la atención profesional" (14 %). Sin embargo, también destacaron las referencias al dolor en su totalidad (25 %) ya sea a "Ausencia de dolor" (13 %) o a "Presencia de dolor en algún grado" (12 %). Se concluyó que entre los participantes de esta investigación existió percepción de dolor intraoperatorio durante la etapa de acceso endodóntico, sin embargo, este fue de carácter leve en la mayoría de los casos.
ABSTRACT: There is a common belief that endodontic treatment is the most painful dental treatment of all. Despite this idea, intraoperative perception during endodontic treatment has not been fully studied. Therefore, the aim of this research was to describe the perception of pain and the intraoperative experience of endodontic treated patients, during the endodontic access cavity preparation. We analyzed the valuations on intraoperative pain completed by 20 patients, treated at the endodontic clinic of a traditional Chilean university, during the endodontic access cavity preparation in molars. For this purpose, quantitative scales of pain intensity assessment and qualitative content analysis of a semi-structured interview were employed. Female participants, treatments in mandibular molars and in teeth diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis obtained higher means in terms of assessment of pain intensity. However, in most cases the pain was described as mild. In the qualitative analysis the participant's descriptions were grouped into 11 categories. There was a higher percentage of references to the category "Anxiety before treatment" (16 %) followed by "Perception of professional care" (14 %). However, references to pain in its totality (25 %) either to "Absence of pain" (13 %) or to "Presence of pain to some degree" (12 %) also stood out. It was concluded that among the participants of this investigation there was perception of intraoperative pain during the endodontic access stage, however, this was mild in most cases.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Raiz Dentária/anatomia & histologia , Preparo de Canal Radicular/métodos , Dor , Chile , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Inquéritos e Questionários , Preparo de Canal Radicular/instrumentação , Instrumentos Odontológicos , Percepção da Dor , Consentimento Livre e EsclarecidoRESUMO
BACKGROUND Vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi appears to be interrupted in Chile; however, data show increasing incidence of Chagas' disease, raising concerns that there may be a reemerging problem. OBJECTIVE To estimate the actual risk in a changing world it is necessary to consider the historical vector distribution and correlate this distribution with the presence of cases and climate change. METHODS Potential distribution models of Triatoma infestans and Chagas disease were performed using Maxent, a machine-learning method. FINDINGS Climate change appears to play a major role in the reemergence of Chagas' disease and T. infestans in Chile. The distribution of both T. infestans and Chagas' disease correlated with maximum temperature, and the precipitation during the driest month. The overlap of Chagas' disease and T. infestans distribution areas was high. The distribution of T. infestans, under two global change scenarios, showed a minimal reduction tendency in suitable areas. MAIN CONCLUSION The impact of temperature and precipitation on the distribution of T. infestans, as shown by the models, indicates the need for aggressive control efforts; the current control measures, including T. infestans control campaigns, should be maintained with the same intensity as they have at present, avoiding sylvatic foci, intrusions, and recolonisation of human dwellings.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Triatoma/parasitologia , Mudança ClimáticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi appears to be interrupted in Chile; however, data show increasing incidence of Chagas' disease, raising concerns that there may be a reemerging problem. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the actual risk in a changing world it is necessary to consider the historical vector distribution and correlate this distribution with the presence of cases and climate change. METHODS: Potential distribution models of Triatoma infestans and Chagas disease were performed using Maxent, a machine-learning method. FINDINGS: Climate change appears to play a major role in the reemergence of Chagas' disease and T. infestans in Chile. The distribution of both T. infestans and Chagas' disease correlated with maximum temperature, and the precipitation during the driest month. The overlap of Chagas' disease and T. infestans distribution areas was high. The distribution of T. infestans, under two global change scenarios, showed a minimal reduction tendency in suitable areas. MAIN CONCLUSION: The impact of temperature and precipitation on the distribution of T. infestans, as shown by the models, indicates the need for aggressive control efforts; the current control measures, including T. infestans control campaigns, should be maintained with the same intensity as they have at present, avoiding sylvatic foci, intrusions, and recolonisation of human dwellings.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Triatoma/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Chile , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Dengue is considered an emerging disease with an increasing prevalence especially in South America. In 2002, an epidemic of classic Dengue (DENV-1) occurred unexpectedly on Easter Island, where it had never been detected before. It reappeared in 2006-2007 and 2008, 2009 and 2011. The aim of this study was to estimate the most relevant parameters of the epidemiological dynamics of transmission of Dengue on Easter Island and to model the dynamics since 2002, comparing the predictions with the actual situation observed. Of the total cases, 52.27% were females and 47.73% men. The average age of infection was 31.38 ± 18.37 years, similar in men and women. We estimated the reproductive number R0 = 3.005 with an IC0,95 = [1.92, 4.61]. The inter-epidemic period reached an estimated T = 5.20 to 6.8 years. The case simulation showed recurrent epidemics with decreasing magnitude (damped oscillations), which is a known phenomenon in models of dengue and malaria. There was good qualitative fit to the epidemiological dynamics from 2002 onwards. It accurately predicted the rise in cases between 2006 and 2011. The predicted number of cases during the 2002 epidemic is greater than the confirmed cases and the predicted epidemic was faster than notified cases. Interepidemic period in the simulation was 6.72 years between 2002 and 2008 and 4.68 years between 2008 and 2013. From the theoretical perspective, the first epidemic had affected 94% of the population (approximately 3500 cases), but 639 were reported suggesting underreporting and a lot of sub-clinical cases occurred. Future epidemic of decreasing size are expected, although the main danger are epidemics of hemorrhagic dengue fever resulting from the introduction of different dengue virus serotypes.
Assuntos
Vírus da Dengue , Dengue/transmissão , Epidemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dengue/epidemiologia , Notificação de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polinésia/epidemiologia , Recidiva , Dengue Grave/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Sexo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La resistencia a la insulina es muy frecuente en niños y adolescentes obesos, la cual conlleva a un significativo riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiometabólicas causadas por la combinación de factores genéticos y factores asociados al estilo de vida. Evaluar la relación entre los polimorfismos del gen ApoE y el polimorfismo Pro12Ala del gen PPARγ2 en niños pre-púberes con factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos. Población y Métodos: Se evaluaron 141 niños (CANIA y Hospital JM de los Ríos), de los cuales 46 tienen obesidad, 33 hipercolesterolemia, 30 resistentes a la insulina (RI) y 32 controles. Se determinó colesterol total y fracciones, triglicéridos, glucosa, insulina e índice HOMA; se realizó extracción de ADN y análisis de los polimorfismos. La distribución de la frecuencia del alelo ε4 del gen de ApoE fue: 10,9% obesos, 7,6% hipercolesterolémicos, 18,3% RI y 4,6% controles. La frecuencia del polimorfismo Pro12Ala fue de 6,4% en la población estudiada. En los niños obesos e hipercolesterolémicos se observó aumento de colesterol total, LDL-c y triglicéridos asociados con la presencia del ε4; en el grupo con RI, se encontró que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el alelo ε4 con respecto al grupo control, lo que refiere que puede haber una relación clínica importante entre la presencia del alelo y el desarrollo de la enfermedad. No se encontró relación entre el polimorfismo Pro12Ala del gen PPARγ2 con factores de riesgo cardiometabólico. La presencia de varios polimorfismos en un mismo individuo podría estar asociada a factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiometabólica
Insulin resistance (IR) is very frequent in children and adolescents obeses, which could contribute significantly in the development of cardiometabolic diseases, this could be associated to a combination of genetics factors and lifes style. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between ApoE gene polymorphisms and PPARγ2 gene Pro12Ala polymorphisms with risk factors to cardiometabolic disease in children. Population and Materials: 141 children (CANIA and Hospital JM de los Ríos), 46 with obesity, 33 with hypercholesterolemia, 30 with IR and 32 normal subjects. Total cholesterol and fractions, glucose, insulin and triglycerides were measured; also it was determinated the polymorphism genes on each patient. Results: The distribution of the frequency of the allele E4 of the ApoE gene were: 10, 9% obese, 7,6% hypercholesterolemia, 18,3% IR and 4,6% on normal subjects. The frequency of Pro12Ala polymorphism were up to 6,4% on the total subjects in the study. In the obese and hypercholesterolemic groups we found an increase of the total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides, associated with the presence of allele ε4. In children with IR we got a significant difference of the presence of allele ε4 compared with the control group, which means that this allele could be related with the development of thedisease. It was not found a relation between the Pro12Ala of PPARγ2 gene and the development of obesity, hypercholesterolemia and insulin resistance in children. The presence of several polymorphisms in a same individual could be associated with risk factors to cardiometabolic disease
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Doenças Metabólicas/patologia , Hipercolesterolemia/patologia , Resistência à Insulina , Traumatismos Cardíacos/patologia , Obesidade/patologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Pediatria , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Dengue is considered an emerging disease with an increasing prevalence especially in South America. In 2002, an epidemic of classic Dengue (DENV-1) occurred unexpectedly on Easter Island, where it had never been detected before. It reappeared in 2006-2007 and 2008, 2009 and 2011. The aim of this study was to estimate the most relevant parameters of the epidemiological dynamics of transmission of Dengue on Easter Island and to model the dynamics since 2002, comparing the predictions with the actual situation observed. Of the total cases, 52.27% were females and 47.73% men. The average age of infection was 31.38 ± 18.37 years, similar in men and women. We estimated the reproductive number R0 = 3.005 with an IC0,95 = [1.92, 4.61]. The inter-epidemic period reached an estimated T = 5.20 to 6.8 years. The case simulation showed recurrent epidemics with decreasing magnitude (damped oscillations), which is a known phenomenon in models of dengue and malaria. There was good qualitative fit to the epidemiological dynamics from 2002 onwards. It accurately predicted the rise in cases between 2006 and 2011. The predicted number of cases during the 2002 epidemic is greater than the confirmed cases and the predicted epidemic was faster than notified cases. Interepidemic period in the simulation was 6.72 years between 2002 and 2008 and 4.68 years between 2008 and 2013. From the theoretical perspective, the first epidemic had affected 94% of the population (approximately 3500 cases), but 639 were reported suggesting underreporting and a lot of sub-clinical cases occurred. Future epidemic of decreasing size are expected, although the main danger are epidemics of hemorrhagic dengue fever resulting from the introduction of different dengue virus serotypes.
El dengue es considerado una enfermedad emergente que aumenta su prevalencia especialmente en Sudamérica. En 2002 ocurrió inesperadamente una epidemia de dengue clásico (DENV-1) en Isla de Pascua, hecho nunca antes detectado. Posteriormente, ha reaparecido en 2006-2007 y 2008, 2009 y 2011. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar los parámetros epidemiológicos más relevantes de la dinámica de transmisión del dengue en Isla de Pascua y modelar la dinámica desde 2002, comparando las predicciones con la situación real observada. Del total de casos, 52,27% correspondieron a mujeres y 47,73% a hombres. La edad promedio de infección fue E = 31,38 ± 18,37 años, similar en hombres y mujeres. Se estimó el número reproductivo R0 = 3,005 con un IC0,95 = [1,92; 4,61]. El período inter-epidémico esperado puede ir entre T = 5,20 y 6,8 años. La simulación de casos mostró una dinámica con epidemias recurrentes que van decreciendo en magnitud (oscilaciones amortiguadas), lo que es un hecho conocido en todos los modelos de dengue y malaria. Hubo un buen ajuste cualitativo a la dinámica epidemiológica desde 2002 en adelante. Se predijo adecuadamente el alza de casos entre 2006 y 2011. El número de casos predichos durante la epidemia de 2002 es mayor que los casos confirmados y el curso de la epidemia predicha es más acelerado. El período inter-epidémico en la simulación es de 6,72 años entre 2002 y 2008 y 4,68 años entre 2008 y 2013. Desde la perspectiva teórica, la primera epidemia debió afectar a 94% de la población (aproximadamente 3.500 casos); sin embargo, se notificaron 639 lo que sugiere sub-notificación y gran cantidad de casos sub-clínicos. Se esperan futuros rebrotes epidémicos de tamaño decreciente, aunque se advierte que el principal peligro radica en epidemias de dengue hemorrágico, producto de la introducción de los otros serotipos.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Vírus da Dengue , Dengue/transmissão , Epidemias/estatística & dados numéricos , Distribuição por Idade , Dengue/epidemiologia , Notificação de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Polinésia/epidemiologia , Recidiva , Distribuição por Sexo , Dengue Grave/epidemiologiaRESUMO
In this report, we explore the matching of structures to functional needs by comparing previously reported data of maximal oxygen consumption and the development of the lung in the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis darwini in warm and cold environments. We discuss whether the state of structural design is commensurate with functional needs from regulated morphogenesis as predicted by the hypothesis of symmorphosis. We found a close match between respiratory structures and functional needs during postnatal development, expressed as safety factors close to unity. However, in the adult stage the safety factors were greater than two, which suggests that adult animals acquired a structure greater than that required considering their maximum capacities. A high safety factor in the respiratory system of adult mice may be a consequence of the symmorphosis that operates during ontogeny and does not necessarily support a rejection of this hypothesis.
Assuntos
Pulmão/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Sigmodontinae/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Animais , Metabolismo Basal/fisiologia , Constituição Corporal , Temperatura Baixa , Feminino , Temperatura Alta , Pulmão/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Sigmodontinae/classificaçãoRESUMO
In this report, we explore the matching of structures to functional needs by comparing previously reported data of maximal oxygen consumption and the development of the lung in the leaf-eared mouse Phyllotis darwini in warm and cold environments. We discuss whether the state of structural design is commensurate with functional needs from regulated morphogenesis as predicted by the hypothesis of symmorphosis. We found a close match between respiratory structures and functional needs during postnatal development, expressed as safety factors close to unity. However, in the adult stage the safety factors were greater than two, which suggests that adult animals acquired a structure greater than that required considering their maximum capacities. A high safety factor in the respiratory system of adult mice may be a consequence of the symmorphosis that operates during ontogeny and does not necessarily support a rejection of this hypothesis.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Pulmão/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Sigmodontinae/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Constituição Corporal , Metabolismo Basal/fisiologia , Temperatura Baixa , Temperatura Alta , Pulmão/fisiologia , Sigmodontinae/classificaçãoRESUMO
La obesidad y la diabetes son patologías que desarrollan cambios en el ambiente molecular del organismo favoreciendo la expresión de citoquinas y diferentes mediadores pro-inflamatorios, proporcionado así, el daño al endotelio. El objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre la obesidad y los marcadores de inflamación y disfunción endotelial (PCRus, Fibrinógeno, IL-6, TNF-a,ICAM-1 y VCAM-1). Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 96 sujetos obesos con DT2, 24 sujetos obesos sin DT2, 24 sujetos no obesos con DT2 y 24 sujetos no obesos sin DT2 (controles). Siendo clasificados en obesos aquellos con un índice de masa corporal >30kg/m². El diagnóstico de diabetes tipo (2) (DT2) fue asignado según los criterios de la ADA. Se determinaron parámetros bioquímicos (glucosa e insulina), además se realizó el perfil inflamatorio (PCRus, fibrinógeno, IL-6, TNF-a), y de activación endotelial (VCAM-1, ICAM-1). Comparados con el grupo control los sujetos obesos con/sin DT2 y los sujetos no obesos con DT2 tienen niveles más elevados de PCRus (3,64± 1,72; 2,67±1,48; 1,25±1,02 frente a 0,75±0,49 de los controles), fibrinógeno (395,00±123,59; 431,13±118,32; 346,67±86,74 frente a 315,67±86,15 de los controles) e IL-6 (1,81±0,30; 2,71±0,80; 3,98±1,54 frente a 0,83±0,16 de los controles. Por otro lado, los sujetos obesos y no obesos con DT2 tenían valores más elevados de ICAM-1 (655,46±35,31 y 660,99±39,52 frente a 462,92±28,63 de los controles) y VCAM-1 ( 647,62±85,03 y 809,05±104,29 frente a 442,48±22,72 de los controles) el TNF-á no presentó diferencias entre los grupos en estudio. El incremento de los valores de VCAM-1 en los sujetos con DT2 (obesos o no), refleja lesión endotelial asociada a DT2 e indica la importancia de la prevención en los sujetos con síndrome metábolico en el que se está iniciando el daño al endotelio.
Obesity and Diabetes are pathologies tat are involved in the changes in the organ molecular environment that favor the expression of endothelial markers and secretion of different pro-inflammatory cytokines that injured the endothelium. Analyze the association between obesity, inflammatory marker and endothlial dysfunction (usCRP, fibrinogen, TNF-a, ICAM-1 and VCAm-1. Blood specimens were harvested of 96 subjects, 24 obeses with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), 24 obeses without T2DM, 24 non obeses with T2DM and 24 non obeses without T2DM (controls). The obeses were classified with a corporal mass index (CMI)>30kg/m². he diagnosis of T2DM was done following the ADA's criteria. Glucose, insulin, usCPR, fibrinogen, IL6, TNF-a, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels were measured. The obeses with/Without T2DM and the non obeses with T2DM showed highly significant elevation levels of usCPR (3,64± 1,72; 2,67±1,48; 1,25±1,02 compared to 0,75±0,49 in controls), fibrinogen (395,00±123,59; 431,13±118,32; 346,67±86,74 compared to 315,67±86,15 in controls) and IL-6 (1,81±0,30; 2,71±0,80; 3,98±1,54 compared to 0,83±0,16 in controls) In the other hand, obeses y non obeses with T2DM showed highly significant elevations levels of ICAM-1 655,46±35,31 y 660,99±39,52 compared to 462,92±28,63 in controls) and VCAM-1 (647,62±85,03 y 809,05±104,29 compared to 442,48±22,72 in controls. TNF-á did not have significant differences between groups. Highly levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in subjects with T2DM (obeses or non obeses), likely to endothelial injure associated to T"DM and important markers of the beginning of endothelial injue and the cardiovascular disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , /etiologia , /patologia , /sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Biomarcadores/análise , Análise Química do Sangue , Glicemia , Hematologia , Volume PlasmáticoRESUMO
We studied the lung diffusion parameters of two species of birds and two species of mammals to explore how structural and functional features may be paralleled by differences in life style or phylogenetic origin. We used two fast-flying species (one mammal and one bird), one running mammal and one bird species that flies only occasionally as models. The harmonic mean thickness of the air-blood barrier was very thin in the species we studied. An exception was the Chilean tinamou Notoprocta perdicaria, which only flies occasionally. It showed an air-blood barrier as thick as that of flightless Galliformes. We found that the respiratory surface density was significantly greater in flying species compared to running species. The estimated values for the oxygen diffusion capacity, DtO2 follow the same pattern: the highest values were obtained in the flying species, the bat and the eared dove. The lowest value was in N. perdicaria. Our findings suggest that the studied species show refinements in their morphometric lung parameters commensurate to their energetic requirements as dictated by their mode of locomotion, rather than their phylogenetic origin. The air-blood barrier appears to be thin in most birds and small mammals, except those with low energetic requirements such as the Chilean tinamou. In the species we studied, the respiratory surface density appears to be the factor most responsive to the energetic requirements of flight.
Assuntos
Aves/anatomia & histologia , Locomoção/fisiologia , Pulmão/anatomia & histologia , Mamíferos/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Aves/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Voo Animal , Pulmão/fisiologia , Medidas de Volume Pulmonar , Mamíferos/fisiologia , Capacidade de Difusão Pulmonar/fisiologiaRESUMO
We studied the lung diffusion parameters of two species of birds and two species of mammals to explore how structural and functional features may be paralleled by differences in life style or phylogenetic origin. We used two fast-flying species (one mammal and one bird), one running mammal and one bird species that flies only occasionally as models. The harmonic mean thickness of the air-blood barrier was very thin in the species we studied. An exception was the Chilean tinamou Notoprocta perdicaria, which only flies occasionally. It showed an air-blood barrier as thick as that of flightless Galliformes. We found that the respiratory surface density was significantly greater in flying species compared to running species. The estimated values for the oxygen diffusion capacity, DtO2 follow the same pattern: the highest values were obtained in the flying species, the bat and the eared dove. The lowest value was in N. perdicaria. Our findings suggest that the studied species show refinements in their morphometric lung parameters commensurate to their energetic requirements as dictated by their mode of locomotion, rather than their phylogenetic origin. The air-blood barrier appears to be thin in most birds and small mammals, except those with low energetic requirements such as the Chilean tinamou. In the species we studied, the respiratory surface density appears to be the factor most responsive to the energetic requirements of flight