RESUMO
Allowing learners to control feedback has been an effective strategy in motor skills learning. However, most studies of self-controlled (SC) feedback have used simple tasks that may be dissimilar to sports skills that generally demand more degrees of freedom and cognition. Thus, this study investigated the effects of SC knowledge of results (KR) on learning a complex Taekwondo skill. Twenty-four undergraduate volunteers of both sexes, aged 18-35 years, practiced a specific serial Taekwondo skill that was novel to them. We divided participants randomly into SC and yoked groups and compared their performance after they learned a specific displacement sequence, finishing with a lateral kick (bandal-tchagui) at a punching bag within a target time span. During acquisition, all participants performed 48 trials divided into six blocks and, on a retention test 24 hours later, they performed 10 more trials. We found that both groups reduced their errors from the first to the last block of the acquisition phase and that the SC group showed a better performance on the retention test, relative to the yoked control group. SC KR participants requested KR mainly after good trials, though they showed no statistically significant differences between trials with and without KR. Their inefficiency in estimating their own errors may have been due to task complexity, since many aspects of the task beyond its temporal requirement demanded the learners' attention. Our results, using a novel Taekwondo serial skill, confirm and extend the benefits of SC KR from just simple motor learning in past studies to learning complex motor skills.
Assuntos
Conhecimento Psicológico de Resultados , Artes Marciais , Destreza Motora , Autocontrole , Adolescente , Adulto , Atenção , Cognição , Retroalimentação , Retroalimentação Psicológica , Feminino , Glicoesfingolipídeos , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled study was to assess if periodontal treatment with or without systemic antibiotic would change the mean level of Archaea. METHODS: Fifty-nine (59) subjects were randomly assigned to receive scaling and root planing (SRP) alone or combined with metronidazole (MTZ; 400 mg/TID) or either with MTZ and amoxicillin (AMX; 500 mg/TID) for 14 days. Clinical and microbiological examinations were performed at baseline and at 6 months post-SRP. Six subgingival plaque samples per subject were analysed for the presence and levels of Archaea using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Scaling and root planing alone or combined with MTZ or MTZ + AMX significantly reduced the prevalence of subjects colonized by Archaea at 6 months post-therapy, without significant differences among groups (P > .05). Both therapies led to a statistically significant decrease in the mean percentage of sites colonized by Archaea (P < .05). The MTZ and MTZ + AMX group had a significantly lower mean number of sites colonized by Archaea and lower levels of these micro-organisms at sites with probing depth ≥5 mm at 6 months compared with SRP group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Periodontal treatments including adjunctive MTZ or MTZ + AMX are more effective than mechanical treatment alone in reducing the levels and prevalence of sites colonized by Archaea in subjects with chronic periodontitis.
Assuntos
Amoxicilina/administração & dosagem , Archaea/isolamento & purificação , Biofilmes , Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Periodontite Crônica/terapia , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Raspagem Dentária , Gengiva/microbiologia , Metronidazol/administração & dosagem , Aplainamento Radicular , Adulto , Terapia Combinada , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Providing the learner control over aspects of practice has improved the process of motor skill acquisition, and self-controlled knowledge of results (KR) schedules have shown specific advantages over externally controlled ones. A possible explanation is that self-controlled KR schedules lead learners to more active task involvement, permitting deeper information processing. This study tested this explanatory hypothesis. Thirty undergraduate volunteers of both sexes, aged 18 to 35, all novices in the task, practiced transporting a tennis ball in a specified sequence within a time goal. We compared a high-involvement group (involvement yoked, IY), notified in advance about upcoming KR trials, to self-controlled KR (SC) and yoked KR (YK) groups. The experiment consisted of three phases: acquisition, retention, and transfer. We found both IY and SC groups to be superior to YK for transfer of learning. Postexperiment participant questionnaires confirmed a preference for receiving KR after learner-perceived good trials, even though performance on those trials did not differ from performance on trials without KR. Equivalent IY and SC performances provide support for the benefits of task involvement and deeper information processing when KR is self-controlled in motor skill acquisition.
Assuntos
Retroalimentação Psicológica/fisiologia , Conhecimento Psicológico de Resultados , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Autocontrole/psicologia , Transferência de Experiência/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Comprehension of the similarities and differences in the composition of the subgingival microbiota of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), smokers or smokers with DM is an important step in developing therapies specific for these groups at risk for periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the combined and individual effects of DM and smoking on the levels and prevalence of key subgingival periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred patients with generalized chronic periodontitis were allocated into one of the following groups: DM (n = 25, non-smokers with type 2 DM); S (n = 25, non-diabetic smokers); SDM (n = 25, smokers with type 2 DM); and control (n = 25, non-diabetic non-smokers). Two subgingival biofilm samples from healthy sites (probing depth and clinical attachment level ≤3 mm and no bleeding) and 2 from diseased sites (probing depth and clinical attachment level ≥5 mm and bleeding on probing) were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Eubacterium nodatum, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. and Prevotella intermedia. RESULTS: There were no differences among groups in the mean counts of the bacterial species studied, considering all sampled sites (healthy plus diseased sites). There were also no differences among groups regarding the prevalence of any bacteria species in healthy and diseased sites (P > .05). The mean P. micra count was significantly higher in the healthy sites of both smoking groups, than in those of the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The subgingival levels and prevalence of the bacterial species studied are not significantly different in subjects with chronic periodontitis presenting DM, smokers or smokers with DM. In addition, DM and smoking, jointly and individually, do not considerably affect the subgingival levels of target periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic periodontitis.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/etiologia , Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Complicações do Diabetes/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiologia , Microbiota , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Biofilmes , Periodontite Crônica/classificação , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Feminino , Gengiva/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Higiene Oral , Bolsa Periodontal/microbiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
SummaryThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin as an alternative antioxidant to cysteamine on in vitro maturation. Oocytes were collected from goat ovaries, destined for in vitro maturation and distributed into three groups: CIS group, oocytes were immersed in MIV base medium; in Groups Q4 and Q8, oocytes were immersed in the medium of the CIS group, adding 4 µM or 8 µM of quercetin, respectively, and cultured for 24 h at 38.5°C with 5% CO2. The CIS and Q4 groups presented the same percentage of expanded cumulus cells, but the per cent in the Q8 group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (P<0.05). The oocyte retraction rate in the Q8 group was higher (P<0.05) than in the CIS and Q4 groups. Treatment with 8 µM of quercetin presented a lower proportion of expanded oocytes than the CIS group and 4 µM of quercetin (P<0.05). The percentage of MII oocytes was higher in the Q4 group than in the CIS group (P<0.05), but the percentages in the CIS and Q8 groups were similar. The rate of apoptosis was higher in the CIS group than in the other groups (P<0.05). In addition, oocytes matured with 4 µM quercetin showed higher mitochondrial activity than matured oocytes in the CIS and Q8 groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, 4 µM of quercetin can be used as an alternative to cysteamine in the in vitro maturation of goat oocytes.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos/métodos , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Oócitos/fisiologia , Quercetina/farmacologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Cromatina/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatina/ultraestrutura , Células do Cúmulo , Fragmentação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Cabras , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: No previous study has directly compared the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) between smokers and individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) with periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in tissues with chronic periodontitis (ChP) of smokers and individuals with type 2 DM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Gingival biopsies were harvested from: non-smokers and non-diabetic individuals with ChP (n = 18) (ChP group); non-diabetic smokers (≥ 10 cigarettes per day for at least the past 5 years) with ChP (n = 18) (SChP group); non-smoking individuals with type 2 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin levels ≥ 7.5%) and ChP (n = 18) (DMChP group). The tissue levels of mRNA of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The MMP-8 expression was the lowest in the ChP group (p < 0.05). The DMChP group presented increased mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9, when compared to the SChP group (p < 0.05). MMP-1 expression and the MMP-1/TIMP-1, MMP-2/TIMP-1, MMP-8/TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1, MMP-1/TIMP-2 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios were higher in the DMChP group than in the ChP and SChP groups (p < 0.05). The DMChP group presented lower mRNA levels of TIMP-1 than the ChP group (p < 0.05). The MMP-8/TIMP-2 ratio was the highest in the SChP group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Uncontrolled type 2 DM upregulates the ratio of MMP/TIMPs in sites with ChP more than smoking, which may contribute to a greater extracellular matrix degradation and periodontal breakdown in DM-related periodontitis.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/metabolismo , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Periodontite Crônica/enzimologia , Periodontite Crônica/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enzimologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Feminino , Gengiva/enzimologia , Gengiva/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 1 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 8 da Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-1/metabolismo , Inibidor Tecidual de Metaloproteinase-2/metabolismoRESUMO
In this work, we report experimental and theoretical investigations performed in anti-spin ice structures, composed by square lattice of elongated antidots, patterned in nickel thin film. The magnetic vortex crystal state was obtained by micromagnetic simulation as the ground state magnetization, which arises due to the magnetic stray field at the antidot edges inducing chirality in the magnetization of platters among antidots. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and magnetoresistance (MR) measurements were utilized to investigate the vortex crystal magnetization dynamics and magnetoelectric response. By using FMR, it was possible to detect the spin wave modes and vortex crystal resonance, in good agreement with dynamic micromagnetic simulation results. The vortex crystal magnetization configuration and its response to the external magnetic field, were used to explain the isotropic MR behaviour observed.
RESUMO
Foram utilizados 138.976 registros de informações de pesos corporais variando de 60 a 610 dias de idade, provenientes de 27.327 animais da raça Nelore, oriundos de rebanhos do estado do Mato Grosso, com o objetivo de descrever a variabilidade genética e estimar parâmetros genéticos para o peso corporal em diferentes idades, utilizando-se modelos de regressão aleatória. O modelo empregado incluiu efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos e idade da vaca ao parto como covariáveis, além de efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo direto, genético materno, ambiente permanente de animal, ambiente permanente materno e efeito de ambiente temporário. O modelo de regressão aleatória mais adequado foi o que empregou função de covariância com polinômios de quarta ordem para descrição da variabilidade de todos os efeitos e duas classes de variância residual. As estimativas de variância genética aditiva direta e de ambiente permanente de animal aumentaram com a idade dos animais. As variâncias genética materna e de ambiente permanente materno exibiram comportamento semelhante, com maiores valores na fase de aleitamento. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade estimados variam de 0,25 a 0,43, com maiores valores nas idades mais avançadas na trajetória de crescimento dos animais. Esses resultados indicaram presença de variabilidade genética suficiente para obtenção de ganho genético expressivo por meio da seleção, principalmente após desmama. Os resultados encontrados para a correlação genética aditiva direta exibiram baixas correlações entre pesos nas idades iniciais e finais, porém pesos altamente correlacionados entre idades mais próximas. As correlações genéticas estimadas entre os pesos da desmama com os pesos até 610 dias de idade foram altas e positivas e indicam que os genes responsáveis por maiores pesos nesse período, em sua maioria, são os mesmos.
In this study 138,976 records of live weight between 60 to 610 days of age, from 27,327 Nellore cattle breed, from herds in Mato Grosso State were used in order to describe the genetic variability and to estimate genetic parameters for the live weight at different ages, using random regression models. The model included the fixed effects of contemporary group and age of cow at calving as covariate, random effects of direct additive genetic, maternal genetic, animal and maternal permanent environmental and temporary environment effect. The most appropriate random regression model employed the covariance function with fourth order polynomials to describe the variability of all effects and two residual variance classes. Estimates of direct additive genetic variance and animal permanent environment increased with the age of the animals. Maternal genetic variances and maternal permanent environment exhibited similar behavior, with higher values in pre weaning. The estimated heritability coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 0.43, with higher values at older ages in the growth trajectory of the animals. These results showed the presence of sufficient genetic variability to obtain significant genetic gain through selection, especially after weaning. The results for the direct additive genetic correlation exhibited low correlations between weights in initial and final ages, however, highly correlated weights between nearest ages. Genetic correlation estimates between weaning with weights up to 610 days of age were high and positive and indicate that most of the genes responsible for higher weights in this period are the same.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Peso Corporal , Variação Genética , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Desmame , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Bovinos , Hereditariedade/genéticaRESUMO
Foram utilizados 138.976 registros de informações de pesos corporais variando de 60 a 610 dias de idade, provenientes de 27.327 animais da raça Nelore, oriundos de rebanhos do estado do Mato Grosso, com o objetivo de descrever a variabilidade genética e estimar parâmetros genéticos para o peso corporal em diferentes idades, utilizando-se modelos de regressão aleatória. O modelo empregado incluiu efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneos e idade da vaca ao parto como covariáveis, além de efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo direto, genético materno, ambiente permanente de animal, ambiente permanente materno e efeito de ambiente temporário. O modelo de regressão aleatória mais adequado foi o que empregou função de covariância com polinômios de quarta ordem para descrição da variabilidade de todos os efeitos e duas classes de variância residual. As estimativas de variância genética aditiva direta e de ambiente permanente de animal aumentaram com a idade dos animais. As variâncias genética materna e de ambiente permanente materno exibiram comportamento semelhante, com maiores valores na fase de aleitamento. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade estimados variam de 0,25 a 0,43, com maiores valores nas idades mais avançadas na trajetória de crescimento dos animais. Esses resultados indicaram presença de variabilidade genética suficiente para obtenção de ganho genético expressivo por meio da seleção, principalmente após desmama. Os resultados encontrados para a correlação genética aditiva direta exibiram baixas correlações entre pesos nas idades iniciais e finais, porém pesos altamente correlacionados entre idades mais próximas. As correlações genéticas estimadas entre os pesos da desmama com os pesos até 610 dias de idade foram altas e positivas e indicam que os genes responsáveis por maiores pesos nesse período, em sua maioria, são os mesmos.(AU)
In this study 138,976 records of live weight between 60 to 610 days of age, from 27,327 Nellore cattle breed, from herds in Mato Grosso State were used in order to describe the genetic variability and to estimate genetic parameters for the live weight at different ages, using random regression models. The model included the fixed effects of contemporary group and age of cow at calving as covariate, random effects of direct additive genetic, maternal genetic, animal and maternal permanent environmental and temporary environment effect. The most appropriate random regression model employed the covariance function with fourth order polynomials to describe the variability of all effects and two residual variance classes. Estimates of direct additive genetic variance and animal permanent environment increased with the age of the animals. Maternal genetic variances and maternal permanent environment exhibited similar behavior, with higher values in pre weaning. The estimated heritability coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 0.43, with higher values at older ages in the growth trajectory of the animals. These results showed the presence of sufficient genetic variability to obtain significant genetic gain through selection, especially after weaning. The results for the direct additive genetic correlation exhibited low correlations between weights in initial and final ages, however, highly correlated weights between nearest ages. Genetic correlation estimates between weaning with weights up to 610 days of age were high and positive and indicate that most of the genes responsible for higher weights in this period are the same.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Variação Genética , Peso Corporal , Anotação de Sequência Molecular , Desmame , Gado , Hereditariedade/genética , Criação de Animais DomésticosRESUMO
In recent years, several new periodontal taxa have been associated with the etiology of periodontitis. A recent systematic review provides further support for the pathogenic role of 17 species/phylotypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and levels of these species in subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis (GChP; n = 30), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP; n = 30), and periodontal health (PH; n = 30). All subjects underwent clinical and microbiological assessment. Nine subgingival plaque samples were collected from each subject and analyzed for their content of 20 bacterial species/phylotypes through the RNA-oligonucleotide quantification technique. Subjects from the GChP and GAgP groups presented the highest mean values for all clinical parameters in comparison with the PH group (P < 0.05). Subjects with GChP and GAgP showed significantly higher mean levels of Bacteroidetes sp. human oral taxon (HOT) 274, Fretibacterium sp. HOT 360, and TM7 sp. HOT 356 phylotypes, as well as higher mean levels of Filifactor alocis, Fretibacterium fastidiosum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Selenomonas sputigena species than PH subjects (P < 0.05). GAgP subjects presented higher mean levels of TM7 sp. HOT 356 and F. alocis than GChP subjects (P < 0.05). A significantly higher mean prevalence of Bacteroidales sp. HOT 274, Desulfobulbus sp. HOT 041, Fretibacterium sp. HOT 360, and Fretibacterium sp. HOT 362 was found in subjects with GChP and GAgP than in PH subjects. Mean levels of P. gingivalis (r = 0.68), T. forsythia (r = 0.62), F. alocis (r = 0.51, P = 0.001), and Fretibacterium sp. HOT 360 (r = 0.41) were correlated with pocket depth (P < 0.001). In conclusion, Bacteroidales sp. HOT 274, Desulfobulbus sp. HOT 041, Fretibacterium sp. HOT 360, Fretibacterium sp. HOT 362, and TM7 sp. HOT 356 phylotypes, in addition to F. alocis, F. fastidiosum, and S. sputigena, seem to be associated with periodontitis, and their role in periodontal pathogenesis should be further investigated.
Assuntos
Periodontite Agressiva/microbiologia , Bactérias/classificação , Biofilmes/classificação , Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Bacteroides/classificação , Bacteroidetes/classificação , Humanos , MicrobiotaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the changes occurring in subgingival biofilm composition and in the periodontal clinical parameters of subjects with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) treated by means of scaling and root planing (SRP) only or combined with systemic metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin (AMX). Fifty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to receive SRP only (n = 29) or with MTZ (400 mg/thrice a day [TID]) and AMX (500 mg/TID) (n = 29) for 14 d. Six subgingival plaque samples/subject were analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species at baseline and 3 mo, 1 y, and 2 y posttherapy. At 2 y posttherapy, the antibiotic-treated group harbored lower mean proportions (5.5%) of red complex pathogens than the control group (12.1%) (P < 0.05). The proportions of the Actinomyces species remained stable in the antibiotic group but showed a statistically significant reduction in the control group from 1 to 2 y in subjects achieving a low risk clinical profile for future disease progression (i.e., ≤4 sites with probing depth [PD] ≥5 mm). The test group also had a lower mean number of sites with PD ≥5 mm (3.5 ± 3.4) and a higher percentage of subjects reaching the low risk clinical profile (76%) than the control group (14.7 ± 13.1 and 22%, respectively) (P < 0.05) at 2 y posttreatment. MTZ + AMX intake was the only significant predictor of subjects achieving the low risk at 2 y (odds ratio, 20.9; P = 0.0000). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the adjunctive use of MTZ + AMX improves the microbiological and clinical outcomes of SRP in the treatment of subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis and type 2 DM up to 2 y (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02135952).
Assuntos
Amoxicilina/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Metronidazol/uso terapêutico , Periodontite/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Amoxicilina/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Placa Dentária/complicações , Placa Dentária/tratamento farmacológico , Raspagem Dentária , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Gengiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Gengiva/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Metronidazol/administração & dosagem , Periodontite/complicaçõesRESUMO
Low pH (<5.0) can significantly decrease root growth but whether this is a direct effect of H(+) or an active plant response is examined here. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv Micro-Tom) roots were exposed directly or gradually to low pH through step-wise changes in pH over periods ranging from 4 to 24 h. Roots exposed gradually to pH 4.5 grew even less than those exposed directly, indicating a plant-coordinated response. Direct exposure to pH 4.0 suppressed root growth and caused high cell mortality, in contrast to roots exposed gradually, in which growth remained inhibited but cell viability was maintained. Total class III peroxidase activity increased significantly in all low pH treatments, but was not correlated with the observed differential responses. Use of the enzyme inhibitors salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) or diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) suggest that peroxidase and, to a lesser extent, NADPH oxidase were required to prevent or reduce injury in all low pH treatments. However, a role for other enzymes, such as the alternative oxidase is also possible. The results with SHAM, but not DPI, were confirmed in tobacco BY-2 cells. Our results indicate that root growth inhibition from low pH can be part of an active plant response, and suggest that peroxidases may have a critical early role in reducing loss of cell viability and in the observed root growth constraint.
Assuntos
NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Peroxidases/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/enzimologia , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Solanum lycopersicum/efeitos dos fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Solanum lycopersicum/fisiologia , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Oniocompostos/farmacologia , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Peroxidases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Plantas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/enzimologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Salicilamidas/farmacologia , Nicotiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Nicotiana/enzimologia , Nicotiana/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nicotiana/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Despite investigative efforts to identify the levels of different types of cytokines in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF), the efficacy of these biomarkers in assisting the diagnosis of peri-implantitis is still undetermined. This systematic review aimed to answer the following question: "Could cytokine levels in the PICF be used to distinguish between healthy implants and implants with peri-implantitis?" MATERIAL AND METHODS: This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from 1990 up to and including March 2015, using MeSH terms and other keywords. Additional publications were searched using a hand search of reference lists of relevant studies. Titles and abstracts were screened and papers that fulfilled eligibility criteria were assessed. RESULTS: Out of 1212 titles, 18 studies reporting the levels of nine different cytokines were included. Proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α) were the cytokines studied most commonly, followed by anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10), osteoclastogenesis-related cytokines (RANKL) and chemokines (IL-8). Nine studies reported statistically significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the PICF of implants with peri-implantitis than in the PICF of healthy implants. Most studies did not find any significant differences in the PICF levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and RANKL between healthy implants and implants with peri-implantitis. IL-8 was the only chemokine studied and its levels did not differ significantly between healthy and diseased implants. The studies differed greatly in the manner in which they reported the results (e.g. concentrations or total amounts) and in the exclusion of confounders, such as smoking. CONCLUSION: The results of this systematic review indicate moderate evidence in the literature to support that implants with peri-implantitis present higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the PICF than do healthy implants. Evidence regarding the PICF levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, osteoclastogenesis-related cytokines and chemokines as possible predictors of peri-implantitis is too limited.
Assuntos
Citocinas/análise , Implantes Dentários/efeitos adversos , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/química , Peri-Implantite/diagnóstico , Humanos , Peri-Implantite/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the subgingival microbial diversity between non-HIV-infected and HIV-infected individuals with chronic periodontitis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients were selected: 11 were HIV-infected and 21 were non-HIV-infected, and all had chronic periodontitis. Periodontal measurements included probing depth, clinical attachment level, visible supragingival biofilm and bleeding on probing. Subgingival biofilm samples were collected from periodontal sites (50% with probing depth ≤ 4 mm and 50% with probing depth ≥ 5 mm) and whole-genomic-amplified DNA was obtained. The DNA samples were subjected to amplification of a 16S rRNA gene fragment using universal bacterial primers, followed by DGGE analysis of the amplified gene sequences. RESULTS: The non-HIV-infected group presented higher mean full-mouth visible supragingival biofilm (p = 0.004), bleeding on probing (p = 0.006), probing depth (p < 0.001) and clinical attachment level (p = 0.001) in comparison with the HIV-infected group. DGGE analysis revealed 81 distinct bands from all 33 individuals. Banding profiles revealed a higher diversity of the bacterial communities in the subgingival biofilm of HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis. Moreover, cluster and principal component analyses demonstrated that the bacterial community profiles differed between these two conditions. High interindividual and intra-individual variability in banding profiles were observed for both groups. CONCLUSION: HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis present greater subgingival microbial diversity. In addition, the bacterial communities associated with HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals are different in structure.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica , Adulto , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano , Placa Dentária , Infecções por HIV , Humanos , Bolsa Periodontal , RNA Ribossômico 16SRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils on enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry fecal samples in the cloaca from 49 laying hens. To analyze the antimicrobial sensibility an agar diffusion susceptibility test was performed and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericida Concentration (MBC) of Lippia origanoides and Lippia rotundifolia essential oils was determined. The concentrations used were 160, 80 and 40 L/mL. The L. origanoides essential oil showed antimicrobial effect from 40 L/mL dose against both microorganisms, with larger efficiency in E. coli. The L.rotundifolia essential oil was more efficient at the concentration of 160L/mL. Its effect was observed in all microorganisms. These results suggest that L. origanoides oil is more effective than L. rotundifolia oil in inhibiting the growth of microorganism isolated from poultry, although it also has a satisfactory antimicrobial effect. Results indicate the potential use of these plant's essential oils in poultry feed as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial products.
Assuntos
Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Lippia/microbiologia , Escherichia coli , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare subgingival bacterial recolonization patterns after scaling and root planing in current smokers and non-smokers. METHODS: 15 smokers and 15 non-smokers with chronic periodontitis received scaling and root planing in six visits lasting one hour each, over a period of 21 days. Clinical monitoring was performed at baseline and 180 days, and microbiological monitoring was performed at baseline, immediately after scaling and root planing (Day 0) and at 42, 63 and 180 days post-therapy. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS: An improvement in clinical condition was observed for smokers and non-smokers; however, non-smokers showed a greater reduction in mean clinical attachment level in intermediate sites in comparison with smokers (p < 0.05). At Day 0, there was a significant reduction in the mean counts of the three pathogens from the red complex, Eubacterium nodatum and Parvimonas micra only in non-smokers (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the proportion of host-compatible species in non-smokers and smokers from baseline to 180 days post-therapy (p < 0.05). However, a significant decrease in the pathogenic species was observed only in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers were more susceptible to the re-establishment of a pathogenic subgingival biofilm than non-smokers.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Fumar , Adulto , Biofilmes , Periodontite Crônica/terapia , Raspagem Dentária , Eubacterium/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Aplainamento Radicular , Método Simples-CegoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Microbiological and immunological hypotheses have been raised to explain the differences in the clinical manifestations of aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis. However, studies comparing the cytokine/chemokine profiles in gingival crevicular fluid between these two clinical conditions have so far not been compiled. This systematic review aimed to answer the following question: "Do subjects with aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis have a different profile of cytokines/chemokines in the gingival crevicular fluid?" MATERIAL AND METHODS: An electronic database search of MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase was performed from 1990 up to and including August 2013, using MeSH terms and other keywords. Titles and abstracts were screened and the papers that satisfied eligibility criteria were assessed. RESULTS: Of 1954 titles, 17 studies reporting the levels of 21 different cytokines/chemokines were included. Most studies did not find any significant differences in the gingival crevicular fluid levels of cytokines/chemokines between aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis. Some studies demonstrated that the levels of specific proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were higher (n = 5) and lower (n = 3), respectively, in aggressive periodontitis than in chronic periodontitis. The studies differed in the manner in which they reported the results (e.g. concentrations or total amounts). It was not clear in some studies whether the sample sites from both groups were matched for disease severity. Some studies did not take into account confounders, such as smoking. CONCLUSION: The current weight of evidence is not sufficient to prove that there are distinct gingival crevicular fluid cytokine/chemokine profiles for patients with aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis.
Assuntos
Periodontite Agressiva/imunologia , Quimiocinas/análise , Periodontite Crônica/imunologia , Citocinas/análise , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/imunologia , Líquido do Sulco Gengival/química , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/análise , Interleucinas/análiseRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils on enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry fecal samples in the cloaca from 49 laying hens. To analyze the antimicrobial sensibility an agar diffusion susceptibility test was performed and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericida Concentration (MBC) of Lippia origanoides and Lippia rotundifolia essential oils was determined. The concentrations used were 160, 80 and 40 L/mL. The L. origanoides essential oil showed antimicrobial effect from 40 L/mL dose against both microorganisms, with larger efficiency in E. coli. The L.rotundifolia essential oil was more efficient at the concentration of 160L/mL. Its effect was observed in all microorganisms. These results suggest that L. origanoides oil is more effective than L. rotundifolia oil in inhibiting the growth of microorganism isolated from poultry, although it also has a satisfactory antimicrobial effect. Results indicate the potential use of these plant's essential oils in poultry feed as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial products(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Lippia/microbiologia , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Óleos Voláteis/uso terapêutico , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureusRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the microbiological effects of full-mouth (FM) and partial-mouth (PM) scaling and root planing (SRP) in type 2 diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis (ChP), up to 12 months. METHODS: Thirty-four type 2 diabetic subjects with ChP received either FMSRP (n = 17), in two sessions within two consecutive days, or PMSRP (n = 17) in four sessions within 21 days. Six subgingival biofilm samples per subject were analysed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species at baseline, 3 and 12 months. RESULTS: Both therapies significantly reduced the levels of the red complex species up to 12 months (p < 0.05). The levels of three putative pathogens from the orange complex were significantly reduced in the FMSRP group, whereas a single orange complex species was significantly decreased in the PMSRP group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the proportions of the host-compatible Actinomyces species were significantly increased in both groups at 3 and 12 months. No significant differences were observed between groups for the counts and proportions of the individual species and the proportions of microbial complexes at any time point (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in the bacterial species evaluated after FMSRP and PMSRP in the treatment of type 2 diabetic subjects with ChP, up to 12 months.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/epidemiologia , Periodontite Crônica/terapia , Raspagem Dentária , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologia , Aplainamento Radicular , Adulto , Idoso , Biofilmes , Periodontite Crônica/microbiologia , Comorbidade , Placa Dentária/microbiologia , Raspagem Dentária/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Perda da Inserção Periodontal/terapia , Bolsa Periodontal/microbiologiaRESUMO
There is substantial evidence supporting the role of certain oral bacteria species in the onset and progression of periodontitis. Nevertheless, results of independent-culture diagnostic methods introduced about a decade ago have pointed to the existence of new periodontal pathogens. However, the data of these studies have not been evaluated together, which may generate some misunderstanding on the actual role of these microorganisms in the etiology of periodontitis. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the current weight of evidence for newly identified periodontal pathogens based on the results of "association" studies. This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to September 2013 for studies (1) comparing microbial data of subgingival plaque samples collected from subjects with periodontitis and periodontal health and (2) evaluating at least 1 microorganism other than the already-known periodontal pathogens. From 1,450 papers identified, 41 studies were eligible. The data were extracted and registered in predefined piloted forms. The results suggested that there is moderate evidence in the literature to support the association of 17 species or phylotypes from the phyla Bacteroidetes, Candidatus Saccharibacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Synergistetes. The phylum Candidatus Saccharibacteria and the Archaea domain also seem to have an association with disease. These data point out the importance of previously unidentified species in the etiology of periodontitis and might guide future investigations on the actual role of these suspected new pathogens in the onset and progression of this infection.