RESUMO

The uterine tube extracellular matrix is a key component that regulates tubal tissue physiology, and it has a region-specific structural distribution, which is directly associated to its functions. Considering this, the application of biological matrices in culture systems is an interesting strategy to develop biomimetic tubal microenvironments and enhance their complexity. However, there are no established protocols to produce tubal biological matrices that consider the organ morphophysiology for such applications. Therefore, this study aimed to establish region-specific protocols to obtain decellularized scaffolds derived from porcine infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus to provide suitable sources of biomaterials for tissue-engineering approaches. Porcine uterine tubes were decellularized in solutions of 0.1% SDS and 0.5% Triton X-100. The decellularization efficiency was evaluated by DAPI staining and DNA quantification. We analyzed the ECM composition and structure by optical and scanning electronic microscopy, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. DNA and DAPI assays validated the decellularization, presenting a significative reduction in cellular content. Structural and spectroscopy analyses revealed that the produced scaffolds remained well structured and with the ECM composition preserved. YS and HEK293 cells were used to attest cytocompatibility, allowing high cell viability rates and successful interaction with the scaffolds. These results suggest that such matrices are applicable for future biotechnological approaches in the reproductive field.

RESUMO

Skeletal muscle degeneration is responsible for major mobility complications, and this muscle type has little regenerative capacity. Several biomaterials have been proposed to induce muscle regeneration and function restoration. Decellularized scaffolds present biological properties that allow efficient cell culture, providing a suitable microenvironment for artificial construct development and being an alternative for in vitro muscle culture. For translational purposes, biomaterials derived from large animals are an interesting and unexplored source for muscle scaffold production. Therefore, this study aimed to produce and characterize bovine muscle scaffolds to be applied to muscle cell 3D cultures. Bovine muscle fragments were immersed in decellularizing solutions for 7 days. Decellularization efficiency, structure, composition, and three-dimensionality were evaluated. Bovine fetal myoblasts were cultured on the scaffolds for 10 days to attest cytocompatibility. Decellularization was confirmed by DAPI staining and DNA quantification. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis attested to the preservation of main ECM components. SEM analysis demonstrated that the 3D structure was maintained. In addition, after 10 days, fetal myoblasts were able to adhere and proliferate on the scaffolds, attesting to their cytocompatibility. These data, even preliminary, infer that generated bovine muscular scaffolds were well structured, with preserved composition and allowed cell culture. This study demonstrated that biomaterials derived from bovine muscle could be used in tissue engineering.

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Heat stress has been related to the impairment of behavioral and immunological parameters in broiler chickens. However, the literature is not clear on the involvement of neuroimmune interactions in a heat stress situation associated with bacterial and parasitic infections. The present study evaluated the production of monoamines and their metabolites in brain regions (rostral pallium, hypothalamus, brain stem, and midbrain) in broiler chickens submitted to chronic heat stress and/or infection and co-infection with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens type A. The heat stress and avian necrotic enteritis (NE) modulated the neurochemical profile of monoamines in different areas of the central nervous system, in particular, those related to the activity of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal (HPA) axis that is responsible for sickness behavior. C. perfringens and/or Eimeria infection, heat stress increased 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 4,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and DOPAC/dopamine (DA) in the rostral pallium; 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), HVA/DA, DOPAC/DA, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT in the hypothalamus; MHPG, 5-HIAA/5-HT, DOPAC/DA, and HVA/DA in the midbrain; and MHPG, DOPAC, HVA, HVA/DA, DOPAC/DA, and 5-HIAA/5-HT in the brainstem. Heat stress decreased noradrenaline + norepinephrine (NOR + AD) in all brain regions analyzed; 5-HT in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and brainstem; and DA in the midbrain. The results also showed the existence and activity of the brain-gut axis in broiler chickens. The brain neurochemical profile and corticosterone production are consistent with those observed in chronic stressed mammals, in animals with sickness behavior, and an overloading of the HPA axis.

RESUMO

Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) represent an emerging pathogen, with pandemic strains increasingly involved in cases of urinary tract infections (UTIs), bacteremia, and meningitis. In addition to affecting humans, the avian pathotype of ExPEC, avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry. Several studies have revealed overlapping characteristics between APEC and human ExPEC, leading to the hypothesis of a zoonotic potential of poultry strains. However, the description of certain important pandemic clones, such as Sequence Type 73 (ST73), has not been reported in food sources. We characterized 27 temporally matched APEC strains from diverse poultry farms in Brazil belonging to the O6 serogroup because this serogroup is frequently described as a causal factor in UTI and septicemia in humans in Brazil and worldwide. The isolates were genotypically characterized by identifying ExPEC virulence factors, phylogenetically tested by phylogrouping and multilocus sequence type (MLST) analysis, and compared to determine their similarity employing the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) technique. The strains harbored a large number of virulence determinants that are commonly described in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and sepsis associated E. coli (SEPEC) strains and, to a lesser extent in neonatal meningitis associated E. coli (NMEC), such as pap (85%), sfa (100%), usp (100%), cnf1 (22%), kpsMTII (66%), hlyA (52%), and ibeA (4%). These isolates also yielded a low prevalence of some genes that are frequently described in APEC, such as iss (37%), tsh, ompT, and hlyF (8% each), and cvi/cva (0%). All strains were classified as part of the B2 phylogroup and sequence type 73 (ST73), with a cluster of 25 strains showing a clonal profile by PFGE. These results further suggest the zoonotic potential of some APEC clonal lineages and their possible role in the epidemiology of human ExPEC, in addition to providing the first description of the O6-B2-ST73 clonal group in poultry.

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Passerines such as canaries or finches are the most unlawfully captured species that are sent to wildlife centers in São Paulo, Brazil. Captured birds may have infection by opportunistic bacteria in stressful situations. This fact becomes relevant when seized passerine are reintroduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health state of finches from illegal wildlife trade using microbiological approaches. Microbiological samples were collected by cloacal and tracheal swabs of 100 birds, captured during 2012 and 2013. The results indicate high frequency of gram-negative bacteria in feces and oropharynx, especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (97.5%). The most frequent genera were Escherichia coli (46.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.4%). Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia spp. Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter freundii were isolated with lower frequency from asymptomatic birds. The presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shiga toxinproducing strain (STEC) confirm the zoonotic risks and public health concern.(AU)

No Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, os pássaros como os canários-da-terra têm sido uma das espécies mais frequentemente resgatadas do tráfico ilegal e enviadas aos centros de vida selvagem. Em situações de estresse estas aves podem ser acometidas por infecções causadas por bactérias oportunistas. Este fato é de grande importância quando é planejada da reintrodução das aves na natureza. O presente trabalho foi delineado para avaliar o estado de saúde de canários-da-terra resgatados do tráfico ilegal. Foram colhidas soabes da traqueia e da cloaca de 100 aves resgatadas durante os anos de 2012 e 2013. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alta frequência de bactérias gram-negativas nas fezes e no orofaringe dos animais, com maior frequência para os membros da família Enterobacteriaceae (97,5%). Os gêneros mais frequentes foram Escherichia coli (46,55) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,4%). Outros microorganismos incluindo Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia spp, Klebsiella oxytoca e Citrobacter freundii também foram isolados em menor frequencia de aves assintomáticas. A presença de estirpes de Escherichia coli enteropagênicas (EPEC) e as produtoras da toxina de Shiga confirmam o risco de zoonose e a importância para saúde pública deste tipo de ave.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Passerines such as canaries or finches are the most unlawfully captured species that are sent to wildlife centers in São Paulo, Brazil. Captured birds may have infection by opportunistic bacteria in stressful situations. This fact becomes relevant when seized passerine are reintroduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health state of finches from illegal wildlife trade using microbiological approaches. Microbiological samples were collected by cloacal and tracheal swabs of 100 birds, captured during 2012 and 2013. The results indicate high frequency of gram-negative bacteria in feces and oropharynx, especially from the Enterobacteriaceae family (97.5%). The most frequent genera were Escherichia coli (46.5%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae(10.4%). Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia spp. Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter freundii were isolated with lower frequency from asymptomatic birds. The presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shiga toxin-producing strain (STEC) confirm the zoonotic risks and public health concern.(AU)

No Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, os pássaros como os canários-da-terra têm sido uma das espécies mais frequentemente resgatadas do tráfico ilegal e enviadas aos centros de vida selvagem. Em situações de estresse estas aves podem ser acometidas por infecções causadas por bactérias oportunistas. Este fato é de grande importância quando é planejada da reintrodução das aves na natureza. O presente trabalho foi delineado para avaliar o estado de saúde de canários-da-terra resgatados do tráfico ilegal. Foram colhidas soabes da traqueia e da cloaca de 100 aves resgatadas durante os anos de 2012 e 2013. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alta frequência de bactérias gram-negativas nas fezes e no orofaringe dos animais, com maior frequência para os membros da família Enterobacteriaceae (97,5%). O s gêneros mais frequentes foram Escherichia coli (46,55) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,4%). Outros microorganismos incluindo Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia spp, Klebsiella oxytoca e Citrobacter freundii também foram isolados em menor frequencia de aves assintomáticas. A presença de estirpes de Escherichia coli enteropagênicas (EPEC) e as produtoras da toxina de Shiga confirmam o risco de zoonose e a importância para saúde pública deste tipo de ave. (AU)

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We analysed the effects of cold stress (19 ± 1°C, 6 h /day, from the first to the seventh day of life) applied to specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. On experimental Day 1 (ED1), chicks were divided into four groups: C (not infected and kept under thermoneutral condition); CS (not infected and cold stressed); PC (Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) infected and kept under thermoneutral condition) and PCS (SH infected and cold stressed). High concentrations of corticosterone were found in the cold stressed birds on ED7 and ED21, with a greater increase in birds of the PCS group. Stress or non-stressed SH-infected birds had high levels of norepinephrine on ED21. On ED21, an increased percentage and number of SH were found in birds of the PCS group. On ED7, a decrease in macrophages presenting MHCII, CD8(+) and CD8(+) γδ cells was observed in the chickens of the CS group. Decrease was observed in CD3(+) cells in the birds of the PCS group and increase in macrophages presenting MHCII cells and of the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in chickens of the CS group on ED21. There was a decrease in CD8(+) γδ cells in birds of the CS group on ED21 and in the CD3(+) and CD8(+)cell numbers in chickens of the PCS group on ED21. Our results suggest that cold stress applied to chickens in the first 7 days of life increases both the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system activities, leading to long-term immune cell dysfunction, thus allowing increased SH invasion and persistence within the birds' body.

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Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly infectious respiratory disease that causes morbidity and mortality in commercial chickens. Despite the use of attenuated vaccines, ILT outbreaks have been described in broiler and long-lived birds. Molecular approaches, including polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing, are used to characterize ILT viruses (ILTVs) detected in vaccinated and unvaccinated geographical regions. As part of an ILT control program implemented in a region of commercial layer production, samples of conjunctiva, trachea, and trigeminal ganglia were collected from chickens in a vaccinated and quarantined region over a period of 8 years after initiation of vaccination. To determine the origin of new ILT outbreaks in unvaccinated regions, samples collected from ill chickens were also analyzed. Chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine viruses and the Bastos field strain were detected circulating in healthy chickens in the vaccinated region. CEO strains and field viruses molecularly related to the Bastos strain were also detected outside of the quarantined region in chickens showing clinical signs of ILT. This study reveals the persistence and circulation of a wild field strain, despite the intensive use of tissue culture origin (TCO) and CEO vaccines in a quarantined region. Spreading of CEO viruses to unvaccinated regions and the capacity of this virus to establish latent infections and cause severe outbreaks were also observed.

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O circovirus (BFDV) e o poliomavirus (APV) são agentes virais de extrema importância de psitaciformes em cativeiro. A primeira infecção por APV descrita em aves foi em periquitos-australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) jovens, sendo depois associada a elevada mortalidade e morbidade em outros psitacídeos. O BFDV é o agente causador da doença do bico e das penas de psitacídeos, aves da ordem dos psitaciformes, principalmente em aves mantidas em criatórios, quarentenas e lojas de animais. Ambas as doenças podem resultar em alteração nas penas, sinais inespecíficos e óbito súbito. A similaridade do quadro clínico provocado por esses pat6genos dificulta o diagn6stico baseado somente nos sinais clínicos, sendo essencial o diagnóstico laboratorial. Esta é uma revisão de literatura dessas enfermidades, comparando as doenças.

The circovirus (BFDV) and the avian polyomavirus (APV) are common viral agents that threaten parrots in captivity. The first APV infection in birds has been described in young Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), being since associated with high mortality and morbidity in other psittacines. The BFDV is the causative agent of beak and feathers disease, which occurs almost exclusively in psittacines, birds from the order Psittaciformes, especially in aviaries, quarantine facilities and pet stores. Both diseases cause feather alterations, nonspecific clinical signs and sudden death. The similarity of the clinical presentation of these agents makes it difficult to obtain a diagnosis without laboratory results. This paper reviews the literature on these viruses and compares both diseases.

El circovirus (BFDV) y el poliomavirus (APV) son agentes virales de gran importancia en psitácidos en cautiverio. La primer infección aviaria por APV fue descripta en periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) jóvenes, asociándosela después a altas tasas de morbi mortalidad en otros psitácidos. El BFDV es el agente causal de la enfermedad del pico y de las plumas en psitácidos, aves del orden psitaciformes, principalmente en aquellas que viven en criaderos, cuarentenas y comercios de animales. Ambas enfermedades pueden alterar las plumas, tener signos inespecíficos y provocar muerte súbita. El hecho de que ambos patógenos provoquen cuadros clínicos similares hace mas difícil el diagnóstico a través de los signos clínicos, siendo esencial el uso del diagnóstico a través de exámenes de laboratorio. En esta revisión de literatura se analizan y comparan ambas enfermidades.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O circovirus (BFDV) e o poliomavirus (APV) são agentes virais de extrema importância de psitaciformes em cativeiro. A primeira infecção por APV descrita em aves foi em periquitos-australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) jovens, sendo depois associada a elevada mortalidade e morbidade em outros psitacídeos. O BFDV é o agente causador da doença do bico e das penas de psitacídeos, aves da ordem dos psitaciformes, principalmente em aves mantidas em criatórios, quarentenas e lojas de animais. Ambas as doenças podem resultar em alteração nas penas, sinais inespecíficos e óbito súbito. A similaridade do quadro clínico provocado por esses pat6genos dificulta o diagn6stico baseado somente nos sinais clínicos, sendo essencial o diagnóstico laboratorial. Esta é uma revisão de literatura dessas enfermidades, comparando as doenças.(AU)

The circovirus (BFDV) and the avian polyomavirus (APV) are common viral agents that threaten parrots in captivity. The first APV infection in birds has been described in young Australian budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), being since associated with high mortality and morbidity in other psittacines. The BFDV is the causative agent of beak and feathers disease, which occurs almost exclusively in psittacines, birds from the order Psittaciformes, especially in aviaries, quarantine facilities and pet stores. Both diseases cause feather alterations, nonspecific clinical signs and sudden death. The similarity of the clinical presentation of these agents makes it difficult to obtain a diagnosis without laboratory results. This paper reviews the literature on these viruses and compares both diseases.(AU)

El circovirus (BFDV) y el poliomavirus (APV) son agentes virales de gran importancia en psitácidos en cautiverio. La primer infección aviaria por APV fue descripta en periquitos australianos (Melopsittacus undulatus) jóvenes, asociándosela después a altas tasas de morbi mortalidad en otros psitácidos. El BFDV es el agente causal de la enfermedad del pico y de las plumas en psitácidos, aves del orden psitaciformes, principalmente en aquellas que viven en criaderos, cuarentenas y comercios de animales. Ambas enfermedades pueden alterar las plumas, tener signos inespecíficos y provocar muerte súbita. El hecho de que ambos patógenos provoquen cuadros clínicos similares hace mas difícil el diagnóstico a través de los signos clínicos, siendo esencial el uso del diagnóstico a través de exámenes de laboratorio. En esta revisión de literatura se analizan y comparan ambas enfermidades.(AU)

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RESUMO

A aterosclerose é uma doença amplamente descrita em psitacídeos podendo ou não causar sinais clínicos. Os sinais clínicos, quando observados, são geralmente inespecíficos, dificultando assim o diagnóstico. O diagnóstico é feito por exame radiográfico ou necropsia, pois grande parte dos animais vem a óbito sem sinais clínicos. O diagnóstico diferencial baseia-se em animais com claudicação, hipertensão e sinais neurológicos. Neste trabalho foram relatados dois casos clínicos, o primeiro um Amazona aestiva de 45 anos apresentando claudicação intermitente, e o segundo um A. brasiliensis de aproximadamente 35 anos que veio a óbito por traumatismo. Em ambos foram observados aterosclerose avançada durante a necropsia. Os tratamentos descritos na literatura não são eficazes, talvez devido a difuldade de se fazer um diagnóstico preciso e precoce. No entanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados, uma vez que tantos animais são acometidos e comumente vem a óbito decorrente desta doença.

Atherosclerosis is a disease widely described in psittacines and may or may not cause clinical signs. The diagnosis is made by radiographic examination or necropsy, since most of the animais come to death without clinical signs. In this present paper two cases are reported, the first one is a 45 years old Amazona aestiva presenting intermittent claudication, and the second one is an approximately 35 years old A. brasíliensis which died due trauma, and advanced atherosclerosis was observed during necropsy.Atherosclerosis may lead to unspecific signs and should be considered differential diagnosis in animals presenting lameness, neurological signs and signs associated with hypertension. The treatment is not yet effective and more studies need to be performed.

La aterosclerosis es una enfermedad ampliamente descrito en psittaciformes y puede o no causar signos clínicos. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante un examen radiográfico o la autopsia, ya que la mayoría de los animales llegan a la muerte y sin signos clínicos. Se presentan dos casos neste trabajo, el primero es un Amazona aestíva de 45 años que presenta claudicación intermitente, y el otro es un A. brasiliensis de aproximadamente 35 años, que murió debido a trauma, y se observó la aterosclerosis avanzada en la necropsia. La aterosclerosis puede conducir a signos inespecíficos y se debe considerar diagnóstico diferencial en los animales con cojera, signos neurológicos y signos asociados con la hipertensión. El tratamiento no es eficaz y más estudios necesitan ser realizados.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A aterosclerose é uma doença amplamente descrita em psitacídeos podendo ou não causar sinais clínicos. Os sinais clínicos, quando observados, são geralmente inespecíficos, dificultando assim o diagnóstico. O diagnóstico é feito por exame radiográfico ou necropsia, pois grande parte dos animais vem a óbito sem sinais clínicos. O diagnóstico diferencial baseia-se em animais com claudicação, hipertensão e sinais neurológicos. Neste trabalho foram relatados dois casos clínicos, o primeiro um Amazona aestiva de 45 anos apresentando claudicação intermitente, e o segundo um A. brasiliensis de aproximadamente 35 anos que veio a óbito por traumatismo. Em ambos foram observados aterosclerose avançada durante a necropsia. Os tratamentos descritos na literatura não são eficazes, talvez devido a difuldade de se fazer um diagnóstico preciso e precoce. No entanto, mais estudos devem ser realizados, uma vez que tantos animais são acometidos e comumente vem a óbito decorrente desta doença.(AU)

Atherosclerosis is a disease widely described in psittacines and may or may not cause clinical signs. The diagnosis is made by radiographic examination or necropsy, since most of the animais come to death without clinical signs. In this present paper two cases are reported, the first one is a 45 years old Amazona aestiva presenting intermittent claudication, and the second one is an approximately 35 years old A. brasíliensis which died due trauma, and advanced atherosclerosis was observed during necropsy.Atherosclerosis may lead to unspecific signs and should be considered differential diagnosis in animals presenting lameness, neurological signs and signs associated with hypertension. The treatment is not yet effective and more studies need to be performed.(AU)

La aterosclerosis es una enfermedad ampliamente descrito en psittaciformes y puede o no causar signos clínicos. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante un examen radiográfico o la autopsia, ya que la mayoría de los animales llegan a la muerte y sin signos clínicos. Se presentan dos casos neste trabajo, el primero es un Amazona aestíva de 45 años que presenta claudicación intermitente, y el otro es un A. brasiliensis de aproximadamente 35 años, que murió debido a trauma, y se observó la aterosclerosis avanzada en la necropsia. La aterosclerosis puede conducir a signos inespecíficos y se debe considerar diagnóstico diferencial en los animales con cojera, signos neurológicos y signos asociados con la hipertensión. El tratamiento no es eficaz y más estudios necesitan ser realizados.(AU)

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The poultry industry is a sector of agribusiness which represents an important role in the country's agricultural exports. Therefore, the study about embryogenesis of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) has a great economic importance. The aim of this study was to evaluate embryonic development of the endoderm in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Forty fertilized eggs of domestic chickens, starting from the 1st day of gestation and so on until the 19 days of the incubation were collected from the Granja São José (Amparo, SP, Brazil). Embryos and fetus were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution, identified, weighed, measured, and subjected to light and scanning electron microscopy. The endoderm originates the internal lining epithelium of the digestive, immune, respiratory systems, and the organs can be visualized from the second day (48 h) when the liver is formed. The formation of the digestive system was complete in the 12th day. Respiratory system organs begin at the fourth day as a disorganized tissue and undifferentiated. Their complete differentiation was observed at the 10 days of incubation, however, until the 19 days the syrinx was not observed. The formation of immune system at 10th day was observed with observation of the spleen, thymus, and cloacal bursa. The study of the organogenesis of the chicken based on germ layers is very complex and underexplored, and the study of chicken embryology is very important due the economic importance and growth of the use of this animal model studies such as genetic studies.

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Escherichia coli é um patógeno de importância para a medicina humana e veterinária em função dos inúmeros agravos de saúde causados por patotipos intestinais (EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EHEC e EaggEC) e extra-intestinais (ExPEC). A similaridade genética entre cepas de E.coli patogênica para as aves (APEC) e cepas associadas a infecções do trato urinário (UPEC), meningite e sepse humana (NMEC) se tornou alvo de investigação nos últimos anos, revelando uma preocupação sanitária na cadeia de produção de aves. Além da hipótese sobre o caráter zoonótico das amostras de origem aviária, é mundialmente crescente a preocupação referente ao aumento da resistência antimicrobiana entre as enterobactérias. Este artigo faz uma revisão do assunto, com vistas aos riscos sanitários associados à APEC.

Escherichia coli is an important pathogen for human and veterinary medicine because the microorganism is associated with many health disorders caused by intestinal (EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EHEC and EAggEC) and extraintestinal pathotypes (ExPEC). The genetic similarity between avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and strains associated with urinary tract infections (UPEC), meningitis and human sepsis (MENEC) became the target of research in recent years, revealing a health concern in poultry production. Besides the hypothesis about the zoonotic potential of avian strains, is growing worldwide concern about the increase of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteria. This paper makes a review of the subject, highlighting the health risks associated with APEC.

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Escherichia coli é um patógeno de importância para a medicina humana e veterinária em função dos inúmeros agravos de saúde causados por patotipos intestinais (EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EHEC e EaggEC) e extra-intestinais (ExPEC). A similaridade genética entre cepas de E.coli patogênica para as aves (APEC) e cepas associadas a infecções do trato urinário (UPEC), meningite e sepse humana (NMEC) se tornou alvo de investigação nos últimos anos, revelando uma preocupação sanitária na cadeia de produção de aves. Além da hipótese sobre o caráter zoonótico das amostras de origem aviária, é mundialmente crescente a preocupação referente ao aumento da resistência antimicrobiana entre as enterobactérias. Este artigo faz uma revisão do assunto, com vistas aos riscos sanitários associados à APEC.(AU)

Escherichia coli is an important pathogen for human and veterinary medicine because the microorganism is associated with many health disorders caused by intestinal (EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, EHEC and EAggEC) and extraintestinal pathotypes (ExPEC). The genetic similarity between avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and strains associated with urinary tract infections (UPEC), meningitis and human sepsis (MENEC) became the target of research in recent years, revealing a health concern in poultry production. Besides the hypothesis about the zoonotic potential of avian strains, is growing worldwide concern about the increase of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteria. This paper makes a review of the subject, highlighting the health risks associated with APEC.(AU)

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Escherichia coli sfa+ strains isolated from poultry were serotyped and characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Isolates collected from 12 Brazilian poultry farms mostly belonged to serogroup O6, followed by serogroups O2, O8, O21, O46, O78, O88, O106, O111, and O143. Virulence genes associated were: iuc 90%, fim 86% neuS 60%, hly 34%, tsh 28%, crl/csg 26%, iss 26%, pap 18%, and 14% cnf. Strains from the same farm presented more than one genotypic pattern belonging to different profiles in AFLP. AFLP showed a clonal relation between Escherichia coli sfa+ serogroup O6. The virulence genes found in these strains reveal some similarity with extraintestinal E. coli (ExPEC), thus alerting for potential zoonotic risk.

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RESUMO

This survey aimed to investigate chicken anemia virus (CAV) in broilers flocks experimenting retarded growth and increasing mortality since the fourth day of age. Clinically, chickens presented depression, paleness, depigmentation and retarded growth. At necropsy, chickens presented CAV-compatible lesions. Samples from liver, spleen and thymus were tested by PCR for a 675-bp fragment of the CAV VP-1 gene, and all tested samples were positive. Serological and molecular techniques did not detect other pathogens, such as adenovirus, reovirus, astrovirus, infectious bursal disease and avian infectious bronchitis virus. These results showed that chicken anemia virus (CAV) may occur since the first few days of life in broilers - a fact not as yet reported -, associated with high pathogenic Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) vaccine strain may induce a persistent growth retarded for several weeks in broilers.

Este estudo investigou a manifestação do vírus da Anemia Infecciosa das Aves (VAIA) em lotes de frangos que apresentavam retardo no crescimento e aumento da mortalidade observado a partir do quarto dia de idade. Clinicamente, as aves apresentavam depresão, palidez, despigmentação e retardo de crescimento. À necropsia, as aves apresentavam lesões compatíveis com a infecção pelo vírus da Anemia infecciosa das aves (VAIA). Amostras de fígado, baço e timo foram examinadas por PCR que amplifica um frangmento de 675 pb do gene VP-1 do VAIA. Todos os órgãos examinados foram positivos para o vírus da Anemia Infecciosa das Aves. Os demais patógenos, como adenovírus, reovírus, astrovírus, vírus da doença infecciosa bursal e coronavírus aviário não foram detectados pelas diferentes técnicas laboratoriais, como sorologia, PCR ou PAGE. Os resultados mostraram que o vírus da Anemia Infecciosa das Aves (VAIA) pode manifestar-se clinicamente nos primeiros dias de vida dos frangos – um fato ainda não reportado – associado ao vírus vacinal da doença infecciosa bursal (DIB) cepa forte pode induzir um persistente retardo de crescimento, por várias semanas, em frangos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This survey aimed to investigate chicken anemia virus (CAV) in broilers flocks experimenting retarded growth and increasing mortality since the fourth day of age. Clinically, chickens presented depression, paleness, depigmentation and retarded growth. At necropsy, chickens presented CAV-compatible lesions. Samples from liver, spleen and thymus were tested by PCR for a 675-bp fragment of the CAV VP-1 gene, and all tested samples were positive. Serological and molecular techniques did not detect other pathogens, such as adenovirus, reovirus, astrovirus, infectious bursal disease and avian infectious bronchitis virus. These results showed that chicken anemia virus (CAV) may occur since the first few days of life in broilers - a fact not as yet reported -, associated with high pathogenic Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) vaccine strain may induce a persistent growth retarded for several weeks in broilers.(AU)

Este estudo investigou a manifestação do vírus da Anemia Infecciosa das Aves (VAIA) em lotes de frangos que apresentavam retardo no crescimento e aumento da mortalidade observado a partir do quarto dia de idade. Clinicamente, as aves apresentavam depresão, palidez, despigmentação e retardo de crescimento. À necropsia, as aves apresentavam lesões compatíveis com a infecção pelo vírus da Anemia infecciosa das aves (VAIA). Amostras de fígado, baço e timo foram examinadas por PCR que amplifica um frangmento de 675 pb do gene VP-1 do VAIA. Todos os órgãos examinados foram positivos para o vírus da Anemia Infecciosa das Aves. Os demais patógenos, como adenovírus, reovírus, astrovírus, vírus da doença infecciosa bursal e coronavírus aviário não foram detectados pelas diferentes técnicas laboratoriais, como sorologia, PCR ou PAGE. Os resultados mostraram que o vírus da Anemia Infecciosa das Aves (VAIA) pode manifestar-se clinicamente nos primeiros dias de vida dos frangos um fato ainda não reportado associado ao vírus vacinal da doença infecciosa bursal (DIB) cepa forte pode induzir um persistente retardo de crescimento, por várias semanas, em frangos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Oito amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de papagaios com colibacilose aviária foram sorogrupadas e investigadas para a presença dos fatores de virulência: pili associado a pielonefrite (pap), fímbria S (sfa), adesina afimbrial (afa), cápsula K1 (neu), curli (crl, csgA), hemaglutinina termosensível(tsh), enterotoxinas termo-lábil (LT) e termo-estável (STa eSTb), Shiga-like toxinas (Stx1 e Stx2), Fator citotóxico necrotizante(cnf1), hemolisina (hly), aerobactina (iuc) e resistência sérica (iss). Os resultados mostraram que os isolados pertenciam a seis sorogrupos:O23; O54; O64; O76; O128 e O152. Os genes de virulência detectados foram: crl+ em todos os isolados; pap+; iss+ e iuc+ em três isolados, tsh+em dois isolados. Todas as amostras foram negativas para os genes neu, csgA, sfa, afa, hly, cnf e para as toxinas LT, STa, STb, Stx1 e Stx2.Estes resultados sugerem que amostras de E. coli isoladas de papagaios apresentam alguns fatores de virulência das amostras do patotipo de E. coli patogênica para aves (APEC).(AU)

A total of eight Escherichia. coli isolates from psittacine birds were serogrouping and investigated for the virulence factors: pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S fimbriae (sfa), afimbrial adhesin (afa), capsule K1 (neu), curli fibers (crl, csgA), temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), heat labile (LT) and heat stable (STa and STb)enterotoxins, Shiga-like toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), Cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf1), haemolysin (hly), aerobactin production (iuc) and serum resistance (iss). The results showed that the isolates belonged to six serogroups: O23; O54; O64; O76; O128 and O152. The found virulence genes were: crl+ in all isolates, pap+, iuc+ and iss+ in three isolates; tsh+ in two isolates. All strains were negative for genes neu,csgA, sfa, afa, hly, cnf and LT, STa, STb, Stx1, Stx2 toxins. Our findings suggested that some E. coli isolated from psittacine birds present some virulence factors of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) pathotype.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Oito amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de papagaios com colibacilose aviária foram sorogrupadas e investigadas para a presença dos fatores de virulência: pili associado a pielonefrite (pap), fímbria S (sfa), adesina afimbrial (afa), cápsula K1 (neu), curli (crl, csgA), hemaglutinina termosensível(tsh), enterotoxinas termo-lábil (LT) e termo-estável (STa eSTb), Shiga-like toxinas (Stx1 e Stx2), Fator citotóxico necrotizante(cnf1), hemolisina (hly), aerobactina (iuc) e resistência sérica (iss). Os resultados mostraram que os isolados pertenciam a seis sorogrupos:O23; O54; O64; O76; O128 e O152. Os genes de virulência detectados foram: crl+ em todos os isolados; pap+; iss+ e iuc+ em três isolados, tsh+em dois isolados. Todas as amostras foram negativas para os genes neu, csgA, sfa, afa, hly, cnf e para as toxinas LT, STa, STb, Stx1 e Stx2.Estes resultados sugerem que amostras de E. coli isoladas de papagaios apresentam alguns fatores de virulência das amostras do patotipo de E. coli patogênica para aves (APEC).

A total of eight Escherichia. coli isolates from psittacine birds were serogrouping and investigated for the virulence factors: pili associated with pyelonephritis (pap), S fimbriae (sfa), afimbrial adhesin (afa), capsule K1 (neu), curli fibers (crl, csgA), temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (tsh), heat labile (LT) and heat stable (STa and STb)enterotoxins, Shiga-like toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), Cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf1), haemolysin (hly), aerobactin production (iuc) and serum resistance (iss). The results showed that the isolates belonged to six serogroups: O23; O54; O64; O76; O128 and O152. The found virulence genes were: crl+ in all isolates, pap+, iuc+ and iss+ in three isolates; tsh+ in two isolates. All strains were negative for genes neu,csgA, sfa, afa, hly, cnf and LT, STa, STb, Stx1, Stx2 toxins. Our findings suggested that some E. coli isolated from psittacine birds present some virulence factors of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) pathotype.

Assuntos