RESUMO
There is no safe and effective prevention for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) mellitus, which makes it highly dependent on its treatment. This systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials investigated the overall effects of dietary supplements of vitamins, minerals, trace elements, and non-essential compounds with antioxidant properties, fatty acids, and amino acids in IDDM. Searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, The Grey Literature Report, and ClinicaTrials.gov, and citations from previous reviews were used to identify reports published through July 2023. The Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) tool was used to analyze the risk of bias and GRADE was used to assess the quality of the results. Fifty-eight studies (n=3,044) were included in qualitative analyses and seventeen (n=723) in meta-analyses. Qualitative analyses showed few positive effects on some metabolic function markers, such as endothelial and renal function and lipid profile. Meta-analyses showed a positive effect of omega-3 on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (RMD=-0.33; 95%CI: -0.53, -0.12, P=0.002; I2=0%; GRADE: low quality; 4 studies) and of vitamin D on fasting C-peptide (FCP) (RMD=0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.9, P=0.023; I2=0%; GRADE: very low quality; 4 studies). Most studies showed bias concern or high risk of bias. A recommendation for dietary supplementation in IDDM cannot be made because of the few positive results within different interventions and markers, the serious risk of bias in the included studies, and the low quality of evidence from meta-analyses. The positive result of vitamin D on FCP is preliminary, requiring further investigation.
RESUMO
In calves, neonatal mortality and disease susceptibility are greatly influenced by failure in passive immunization, normally provided by colostrum ingestion just after birth. Formulations projected to replace natural colostrum have not been successful, and one of the possible reasons for such failure is that orally administered Ig are probably digested in the gastrointestinal tract, so they are not absorbed as intact functional molecules. With the aim of finding an adequate colostrum substitute, we used columns of immobilized jacalin, a lectin known by its ability to bind O-linked oligosaccharides, to obtain a colostral Ig population putatively protected against enzymatic cleavage by the presence of sugar chains. Immunoglobulin G1 is a major constituent of colostrum Ig bound to jacalin (JB-Ig). This preparation contains 10% of the total colostral Ig and is typically 3 to 6 times more resistant to pepsin digestion than the Ig contained in the fraction that is not bound to jacalin, which presumably does not contain O-glycans. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that the tryptic peptides obtained from JB-Ig and unbound Ig were similar, indicating that their distinct susceptibility to enzyme hydrolysis was associated with differences in their sugar chains. Therefore, the present research suggests that the bovine colostrum JB-Ig has potential application in the immunotherapy of neonatal calves that have not been supplied with colostrum.
Assuntos
Animais Recém-Nascidos/imunologia , Bovinos/imunologia , Imunização Passiva/veterinária , Imunoglobulinas/isolamento & purificação , Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Pepsina A/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Colostro/imunologia , Digestão , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Imunoglobulina G/isolamento & purificação , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Indicadores e Reagentes , Cinética , Lectinas de Plantas/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Tripsina/metabolismoRESUMO
In recent years, the productivity of cotton in Brazil has been progressively decreasing, often the result of the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis. This species can reduce crop productivity by up to 40%. Nematodes can be controlled by nematicides but, because of expense and toxicity, application of nematicides to large crop areas may be undesirable. In this work, a methodology using geostatistics for quantifying the risk of nematicide application to small crop areas is proposed. This risk, in economic terms, can be compared to nematicide cost to develop an optimal strategy for Precision Farming. Soil (300 cm(3)) was sampled in a regular network from a R. reniformis-infested area that was a cotton monoculture for 20 years. The number of nematodes in each sample was counted. The nematode number per volume of soil was characterized using geostatistics, and 100 conditional simulations were conducted. Based on the simulations, risk maps were plotted showing the areas where nematicide should be applied in a Precision Farming context. The methodology developed can be applied to farming in countries that are highly dependent on agriculture, with useful economic implications.
RESUMO
The reproductive rates of the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita race 2 and M. javanica in the roots of eight medicinal plant species were assessed under greenhouse condition. Each plant, growing in a pot containing 500 ml of sterilized soil, was inoculated with an average number of 5,000 eggs, with five repetitions. Egg mass index and reproduction factor data were used for the evaluation, 45-55 days after plant inoculation. Achillea millefolium, Arctium lappa, Bryophyllum calycinum, and Crassula portulacea were rated as poor or nonefficient hosts, while Plectranthus barbatus and Polygonum hidropiperoides were efficient for both nematode species. Achyrocline satureoides and Tropaeolum majus were efficient for M. javanica, but nonefficient for M. incognita.
Avaliaram-se as taxas reprodutivas de Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 e de Meloidogyne javanica em oito espécies de plantas consideradas medicinais, em vasos com 500 ml de solo, sob condição de casa de vegetação. Cada planta foi inoculada com 5000 ovos, em média, estabelecendo-se cinco repetições. Realizaram-se as avaliações após 45 a 55 dias das inoculações, com base nos índices de massas de ovos e nos fatores de reprodução dos nematóides. Achillea millefolium (mil-folhas), Arctium lappa (bardana), Bryophyllum calycinum (folha-da-fortuna) e Crassula portulacea (bálsamo) foram hospedeiras não eficientes ou desfavoráveis a ambas as espécies. Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) e Polygonum hidropiperoides (polígono) foram eficientes à reprodução das duas espécies. Achyrocline satureoides (macela) e Tropaeolum majus (chagas) foram eficientes para M. javanica e não para M. incognita.
RESUMO
The reproductive rates of the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita race 2 and M. javanica in the roots of eight medicinal plant species were assessed under greenhouse condition. Each plant, growing in a pot containing 500 ml of sterilized soil, was inoculated with an average number of 5,000 eggs, with five repetitions. Egg mass index and reproduction factor data were used for the evaluation, 45-55 days after plant inoculation. Achillea millefolium, Arctium lappa, Bryophyllum calycinum, and Crassula portulacea were rated as poor or nonefficient hosts, while Plectranthus barbatus and Polygonum hidropiperoides were efficient for both nematode species. Achyrocline satureoides and Tropaeolum majus were efficient for M. javanica, but nonefficient for M. incognita.
Avaliaram-se as taxas reprodutivas de Meloidogyne incognita raça 2 e de Meloidogyne javanica em oito espécies de plantas consideradas medicinais, em vasos com 500 ml de solo, sob condição de casa de vegetação. Cada planta foi inoculada com 5000 ovos, em média, estabelecendo-se cinco repetições. Realizaram-se as avaliações após 45 a 55 dias das inoculações, com base nos índices de massas de ovos e nos fatores de reprodução dos nematóides. Achillea millefolium (mil-folhas), Arctium lappa (bardana), Bryophyllum calycinum (folha-da-fortuna) e Crassula portulacea (bálsamo) foram hospedeiras não eficientes ou desfavoráveis a ambas as espécies. Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) e Polygonum hidropiperoides (polígono) foram eficientes à reprodução das duas espécies. Achyrocline satureoides (macela) e Tropaeolum majus (chagas) foram eficientes para M. javanica e não para M. incognita.
RESUMO
The interactive effects between Pratylenchus brachyurus and Meloidogynejavanica on soybean cv. Crista-Una were evaluated. Ten treatments (noninoculated check; single inoculations of P. brachyurus at three inoculum levels; single inoculations of M. javanica at two inoculum levels; and mixed inoculations of both species at four different combinations) were stablished, with five replications, in a randomized block design. Sixty days after the inoculations, fresh root weight and top dry weight values were determined, as well as the final population of the nematodes. Antagonism between the species was observed in the mixed infestations, being generally P. brachyurus more adversely affected. Significant reduction hi plant growth only occurred with single P. brachyurus inoculations of 5,000 or 10,000 nematodes per plant.
Avaliaram-se os efeitos de interações entre Pratylenchus brachyurus e Meloidogynejavanica na soja 'Cristalina', sob condição de telado. Dez tratamentos (testemunha não inoculada; infestações simples de P. brachyurus em três níveis de inóculo; infestações simples de M. javanica em dois níveis de inóculo; e infestações conjuntas das duas espécies em quatro combinações de níveis de inóculo) foram estabelecidos, repetidos cinco vezes e arranjados em blocos casualizados. Após 60 dias das inoculações, determinaram-se os pesos de matéria fresca de raízes e matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas, bem como estimaram-se as populações finais dos nematóides. Observou-se antagonismo entre as duas espécies nas infestações conjuntas, sendo P. brachyurus geralmente a mais afetada. Reduções significativas nos pesos só ocorreram nas infestações simples de P. brachyurus nos níveis de 5000 e 10000 nematóides por planta.
RESUMO
The interactive effects between Pratylenchus brachyurus and Meloidogynejavanica on soybean cv. Crista-Una were evaluated. Ten treatments (noninoculated check; single inoculations of P. brachyurus at three inoculum levels; single inoculations of M. javanica at two inoculum levels; and mixed inoculations of both species at four different combinations) were stablished, with five replications, in a randomized block design. Sixty days after the inoculations, fresh root weight and top dry weight values were determined, as well as the final population of the nematodes. Antagonism between the species was observed in the mixed infestations, being generally P. brachyurus more adversely affected. Significant reduction hi plant growth only occurred with single P. brachyurus inoculations of 5,000 or 10,000 nematodes per plant.
Avaliaram-se os efeitos de interações entre Pratylenchus brachyurus e Meloidogynejavanica na soja 'Cristalina', sob condição de telado. Dez tratamentos (testemunha não inoculada; infestações simples de P. brachyurus em três níveis de inóculo; infestações simples de M. javanica em dois níveis de inóculo; e infestações conjuntas das duas espécies em quatro combinações de níveis de inóculo) foram estabelecidos, repetidos cinco vezes e arranjados em blocos casualizados. Após 60 dias das inoculações, determinaram-se os pesos de matéria fresca de raízes e matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas, bem como estimaram-se as populações finais dos nematóides. Observou-se antagonismo entre as duas espécies nas infestações conjuntas, sendo P. brachyurus geralmente a mais afetada. Reduções significativas nos pesos só ocorreram nas infestações simples de P. brachyurus nos níveis de 5000 e 10000 nematóides por planta.