RESUMO

Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on the surface of agricultural products have the drawback of leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs are perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance to mechanical treatment, high water content and the ostiole, which is an open door that expedites undesirable microorganism penetration. In this study, the effect of different energy levels of UV-C radiation on the appearance and physico-chemical properties of the figs when stored at 10 °C and 20 °C was evaluated focusing on the technological parameters of the application of radiation. The energy levels of radiation applied were 0.00, 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 and they showed neither acceleration nor delay effects on fig ripening. Figs exposed to the radiation energy at 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 showed a lower incidence of rot at the same temperature, but the figs exposed to the highest radiation, 4.01 kJ m−2, showed more wilting and stains, which significantly impaired their appearance. UV-C radiation reduces the development of rotting, providing evidence of its potential in the postharvest processing of ripe figs. However, radiation levels should be limited to avoid undesirable epidermis stains.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on the surface of agricultural products have the drawback of leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs are perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance to mechanical treatment, high water content and the ostiole, which is an open door that expedites undesirable microorganism penetration. In this study, the effect of different energy levels of UV-C radiation on the appearance and physico-chemical properties of the figs when stored at 10 °C and 20 °C was evaluated focusing on the technological parameters of the application of radiation. The energy levels of radiation applied were 0.00, 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 and they showed neither acceleration nor delay effects on fig ripening. Figs exposed to the radiation energy at 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 showed a lower incidence of rot at the same temperature, but the figs exposed to the highest radiation, 4.01 kJ m−2, showed more wilting and stains, which significantly impaired their appearance. UV-C radiation reduces the development of rotting, providing evidence of its potential in the postharvest processing of ripe figs. However, radiation levels should be limited to avoid undesirable epidermis stains.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The baru tree fruit has a sustainable economical potential. However, the shelling process to release the whole kernel, the most valued part of the fruit, is still performed in a rather inefficient way. The objective of this investigation was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of the fruit to understand its behavior during shelling. Fruit and nut were characterized by unit mass, dimensions, volume and bulk, and real densities. Compression tests up to endocarp disruption were performed to determine maximum force, corresponding deformation, and deformation energy. X-ray tomography was used to identify potential nut internal dimension changes, affected by the treatments. Whole fruits and nuts showed average unit mass values of 28.20 ± 0.99 g and 16.52 ± 1.67 g, respectively. Their average dimensions, such as length, width, and thickness were 52.40 ± 4.48 mm, 38.31 ± 4.05 mm, and 28.64 ± 3.67 mm, and 50.78 ± 5.57 mm, 34.65 ± 5.14 mm, and 21.36 ± 2.86 mm, respectively. Average bulk and real densities values were 519.33 ± 49.63 kg/m3 and 918.87 ± 77.77 kg/m3, and 517.14 ± 41.88 kg/m3 and 1072.00 ± 187.01 kg/m3, respectively. Considering all treatments, the average rupture force ranged between 7926.7 and 9284.4 N, with corresponding widthwise specific deformation of 5.1% and 6.6%, to release 100% whole kernels of the tested nuts. Up to maximum force, deformation energy values ranged between 6.55 and 9.26J. There was no evidence of treatments effect on the internal dimension.Based on its mechanical behavior, showing that it is possible to open the endocarp and release the wholekernel, it was concluded that the baru nut has mechanized shelling potential.(AU)

O fruto do baruzeiro apresenta potencial econômico sustentável, mas o processo de decorticação com liberação de amêndoa inteira, a parte mais valiosa, é ainda realizada de forma um tanto ineficiente. O objetivo nesta investigação foi determinar suas propriedades físico-mecânicas visando compreensão do seu comportamento durante a decorticação. Fruto e castanha foram caracterizados pela massa, volume e dimensões unitários e massas específicas aparente e real. Ensaios de compressão até a ruptura do endocarpo foram realizados para determinar a força máxima, deformações correspondentes e energia de deformação. Utilizou-se da tomografia de raio-X para investigar potenciais modificações, causadas pelos tratamentos, nas dimensões internas. Fruto e castanha apresentaram massa unitária média de 28,20 ± 0,99 e 16,52 ± 1,67 g, respectivamente. O comprimento, a largura e a espessura médias foram 52,40 ± 4,48, 38,31 ± 4,05 e 28,64 ± 3,67 mm, e 50,78 ± 5,57, 34,65 ± 5,14 e 21,36 ± 2,86 mm, respectivamente. Os valores médios das massas específicas aparente e real foram 519,33 ± 49,63 e 918,87 ± 77,77 kg/m3, e 517,14 ± 41,88 e 1072,00 ± 187,01 kg/m3, respectivamente. Considerando todos os condicionamentos, a força média de ruptura do endocarpo variou entre 7926,7 e 9284,4 N, com deformação específica entre 5,1 e 6,6% da largura para a obtenção de 100% de amêndoas inteiras. Os valores médios de energia dedeformação até a força máxima variaram entre 6,55 e 9,26 J. Não foi possível evidenciar os efeitos dosdiversos condicionamentos nas dimensões internas. Devido ao seu comportamento mecânico evidenciara possibilidade de abertura do endocarpo com liberação de amêndoa inteira, concluiu-se que existepotencial para a decorticação mecanizada da castanha de baru.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The baru tree fruit has a sustainable economical potential. However, the shelling process to release the whole kernel, the most valued part of the fruit, is still performed in a rather inefficient way. The objective of this investigation was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of the fruit to understand its behavior during shelling. Fruit and nut were characterized by unit mass, dimensions, volume and bulk, and real densities. Compression tests up to endocarp disruption were performed to determine maximum force, corresponding deformation, and deformation energy. X-ray tomography was used to identify potential nut internal dimension changes, affected by the treatments. Whole fruits and nuts showed average unit mass values of 28.20 ± 0.99 g and 16.52 ± 1.67 g, respectively. Their average dimensions, such as length, width, and thickness were 52.40 ± 4.48 mm, 38.31 ± 4.05 mm, and 28.64 ± 3.67 mm, and 50.78 ± 5.57 mm, 34.65 ± 5.14 mm, and 21.36 ± 2.86 mm, respectively. Average bulk and real densities values were 519.33 ± 49.63 kg/m3 and 918.87 ± 77.77 kg/m3, and 517.14 ± 41.88 kg/m3 and 1072.00 ± 187.01 kg/m3, respectively. Considering all treatments, the average rupture force ranged between 7926.7 and 9284.4 N, with corresponding widthwise specific deformation of 5.1% and 6.6%, to release 100% whole kernels of the tested nuts. Up to maximum force, deformation energy values ranged between 6.55 and 9.26J. There was no evidence of treatments’ effect on the internal dimension.Based on its mechanical behavior, showing that it is possible to open the endocarp and release the wholekernel, it was concluded that the baru nut has mechanized shelling potential.

O fruto do baruzeiro apresenta potencial econômico sustentável, mas o processo de decorticação com liberação de amêndoa inteira, a parte mais valiosa, é ainda realizada de forma um tanto ineficiente. O objetivo nesta investigação foi determinar suas propriedades físico-mecânicas visando compreensão do seu comportamento durante a decorticação. Fruto e castanha foram caracterizados pela massa, volume e dimensões unitários e massas específicas aparente e real. Ensaios de compressão até a ruptura do endocarpo foram realizados para determinar a força máxima, deformações correspondentes e energia de deformação. Utilizou-se da tomografia de raio-X para investigar potenciais modificações, causadas pelos tratamentos, nas dimensões internas. Fruto e castanha apresentaram massa unitária média de 28,20 ± 0,99 e 16,52 ± 1,67 g, respectivamente. O comprimento, a largura e a espessura médias foram 52,40 ± 4,48, 38,31 ± 4,05 e 28,64 ± 3,67 mm, e 50,78 ± 5,57, 34,65 ± 5,14 e 21,36 ± 2,86 mm, respectivamente. Os valores médios das massas específicas aparente e real foram 519,33 ± 49,63 e 918,87 ± 77,77 kg/m3, e 517,14 ± 41,88 e 1072,00 ± 187,01 kg/m3, respectivamente. Considerando todos os condicionamentos, a força média de ruptura do endocarpo variou entre 7926,7 e 9284,4 N, com deformação específica entre 5,1 e 6,6% da largura para a obtenção de 100% de amêndoas inteiras. Os valores médios de energia dedeformação até a força máxima variaram entre 6,55 e 9,26 J. Não foi possível evidenciar os efeitos dosdiversos condicionamentos nas dimensões internas. Devido ao seu comportamento mecânico evidenciara possibilidade de abertura do endocarpo com liberação de amêndoa inteira, concluiu-se que existepotencial para a decorticação mecanizada da castanha de baru.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O princípio da reometria é relativamente simples, e a construção de equipamentos para avaliação do comportamento reológico de materiais pode ser realizada com poucos investimentos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos projetar e construir um reômetro capilar para caracterizar ingredientes e misturas utilizadas em alimentação animal. Durante os testes, observou-se atrito desprezível (0,20 a 0,01 por cento da força aplicada) entre pistão e cilindro e não se observou refluxo de amostra. A força necessária para o escoamento das amostras através do capilar foi de 986,02±52,05; 559,60±52,24 e 338,25±45,86N, para as amostras com 29,04±0,08, 31,91±1,01 e 34,98±0,30 por cento de umidade, respectivamente. A partir da fundamentação teórica de reologia de materiais, foi possível construir um reômetro fundamental utilizando materiais e operações simples de tornearia, com custo total de R$ 4.500,00.

The fundaments of rheometry are relatively simple, and the construction of equipments to measure the rheological behavior of materials can be accomplished with small investment. The aim of this paper is to describe the design and construction of a capillary rheometer to characterize feed ingredients. The force required to extrude and maintain sample flow was 986.02±52.05; 559.60±52.24 and 338.25±45.86N for the samples with 29.04±0.08, 31.91±1.01 and 34.98±0.30 percent moisture, respectively, with negligible (0.20 to 0.01 percent of total force) friction among moving parts, neither any mass reflux between piston and cylinder. Based on the fundaments of rheology, it was possible to build a capillary rheometer using simple materials and operations usually available in an engineering laboratory at a total cost of R$ 4,500.00.