RESUMO

The Amazon forest contains globally important carbon stocks, but in recent years, atmospheric measurements suggest that it has been releasing more carbon than it has absorbed because of deforestation and forest degradation. Accurately attributing the sources of carbon loss to forest degradation and natural disturbances remains a challenge because of the difficulty of classifying disturbances and simultaneously estimating carbon changes. We used a unique, randomized, repeated, very high-resolution airborne laser scanning survey to provide a direct, detailed, and high-resolution partitioning of aboveground carbon gains and losses in the Brazilian Arc of Deforestation. Our analysis revealed that disturbances directly attributed to human activity impacted 4.2% of the survey area while windthrows and other disturbances affected 2.7% and 14.7%, respectively. Extrapolating the lidar-based statistics to the study area (544,300 km2), we found that 24.1, 24.2, and 14.5 Tg C y-1 were lost through clearing, fires, and logging, respectively. The losses due to large windthrows (21.5 Tg C y-1) and other disturbances (50.3 Tg C y-1) were partially counterbalanced by forest growth (44.1 Tg C y-1). Our high-resolution estimates demonstrated a greater loss of carbon through forest degradation than through deforestation and a net loss of carbon of 90.5 ± 16.6 Tg C y-1 for the study region attributable to both anthropogenic and natural processes. This study highlights the role of forest degradation in the carbon balance for this critical region in the Earth system.

Assuntos

Carbono , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Brasil/epidemiologia , Carbono/metabolismo , Humanos , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ciclo do Carbono

RESUMO

Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on the surface of agricultural products have the drawback of leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs are perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance to mechanical treatment, high water content and the ostiole, which is an open door that expedites undesirable microorganism penetration. In this study, the effect of different energy levels of UV-C radiation on the appearance and physico-chemical properties of the figs when stored at 10 °C and 20 °C was evaluated focusing on the technological parameters of the application of radiation. The energy levels of radiation applied were 0.00, 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 and they showed neither acceleration nor delay effects on fig ripening. Figs exposed to the radiation energy at 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 showed a lower incidence of rot at the same temperature, but the figs exposed to the highest radiation, 4.01 kJ m−2, showed more wilting and stains, which significantly impaired their appearance. UV-C radiation reduces the development of rotting, providing evidence of its potential in the postharvest processing of ripe figs. However, radiation levels should be limited to avoid undesirable epidermis stains.(AU)

Assuntos

Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Ficus/química , Conservação de Alimentos , Efeitos da Radiação

RESUMO

Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on the surface of agricultural products have the drawback of leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs are perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance to mechanical treatment, high water content and the ostiole, which is an open door that expedites undesirable microorganism penetration. In this study, the effect of different energy levels of UV-C radiation on the appearance and physico-chemical properties of the figs when stored at 10 °C and 20 °C was evaluated focusing on the technological parameters of the application of radiation. The energy levels of radiation applied were 0.00, 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 and they showed neither acceleration nor delay effects on fig ripening. Figs exposed to the radiation energy at 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 showed a lower incidence of rot at the same temperature, but the figs exposed to the highest radiation, 4.01 kJ m−2, showed more wilting and stains, which significantly impaired their appearance. UV-C radiation reduces the development of rotting, providing evidence of its potential in the postharvest processing of ripe figs. However, radiation levels should be limited to avoid undesirable epidermis stains.

Assuntos

Conservação de Alimentos , Ficus/química , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Efeitos da Radiação

RESUMO

In tropical rainforests, tree size and number density are influenced by disturbance history, soil, topography, climate, and biological factors that are difficult to predict without detailed and widespread forest inventory data. Here, we quantify tree size-frequency distributions over an old-growth wet tropical forest at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica by using an individual tree crown (ITC) algorithm on airborne lidar measurements. The ITC provided tree height, crown area, the number of trees >10 m height and, predicted tree diameter, and aboveground biomass from field allometry. The number density showed strong agreement with field observations at the plot- (97.4%; 3% bias) and tree-height-classes level (97.4%; 3% bias). The lidar trees size spectra of tree diameter and height closely follow the distributions measured on the ground but showed less agreement with crown area observations. The model to convert lidar-derived tree height and crown area to tree diameter produced unbiased (0.8%) estimates of plot-level basal area and with low uncertainty (6%). Predictions on basal area for tree height classes were also unbiased (1.3%) but with larger uncertainties (22%). The biomass estimates had no significant bias at the plot- and tree-height-classes level (-5.2% and 2.1%). Our ITC method provides a powerful tool for tree- to landscape-level tropical forest inventory and biomass estimation by overcoming the limitations of lidar area-based approaches that require local calibration using a large number of inventory plots.

Assuntos

Florestas , Árvores , Biomassa , Costa Rica , Floresta Úmida , Clima Tropical

RESUMO

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221218.].

RESUMO

Large trees, here defined as ≥60 cm trunk diameter, are the most massive organisms in tropical rain forest, and are important in forest structure, dynamics and carbon cycling. The status of large trees in tropical forest is unclear, with both increasing and decreasing trends reported. We sampled across an old-growth tropical rain forest landscape at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica to study the distribution and performance of large trees and their contribution to forest structure and dynamics. We censused all large trees in 238 0.50 ha plots, and also identified and measured all stems ≥10 cm diameter in 18 0.50 ha plots annually for 20 years (1997-2017). We assessed abundance, species diversity, and crown conditions of large trees in relation to soil type and topography, measured the contribution of large trees to stand structure, productivity, and dynamics, and analyzed the decadal population trends of large trees. Large trees accounted for 2.5% of stems and ~25% of mean basal area and Estimated Above-Ground Biomass, and produced ~10% of the estimated wood production. Crown exposure increased with stem diameter but predictability was low. Large tree density was about twice as high on more-fertile flat sites compared to less fertile sites on slopes and plateaus. Density of large trees increased 27% over the study interval, but the increase was restricted to the flat more-fertile sites. Mortality and recruitment differed between large trees and smaller stems, and strongly suggested that large tree density was affected by past climatic disturbances such as large El Niño events. Our results generally do not support the hypothesis of increasing biomass and turnover rates in tropical forest. We suggest that additional landscape-scale studies of large trees are needed to determine the generality of disturbance legacies in tropical forest study sites.

Assuntos

Biodiversidade , Floresta Úmida , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Costa Rica , Geografia , Luz , Caules de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dinâmica Populacional

RESUMO

Chronic critical illness (CCI) is a relevant clinical, social and financial health issue. The aim of this study was to compare the mental outcomes (symptoms of anxiety and depression) and quality of life outcomes of the family members of patients with CCI from different socioeconomic backgrounds who were admitted to one of the intensive care units (ICUs) in two Brazilian hospitals, one private and one public. It is a prospective study involving a public hospital that serves a low-income population and a tertiary private hospital that serves a high-income population. Family members of patients with CCI answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and The World Health Organization Quality of Life-WHOQOL-bref questionnaires. They responded to the European Quality of life Five Dimension three Level (EuroQol-5D-3L) and the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) questionnaires on behalf of the patients at three time points: during the ICU stay, 30 and 90 days after the patient was discharged. We used logistic regression models to evaluate the main predictors of a binary outcome regarding symptoms of anxiety and depression. We enrolled 186 patients with CCI. Many patients from public hospitals who were independent became dependent for their ADLs at 90 days (41.7% versus 14.3%, p = 0.03). At 30 days, family members from public hospital had worse impact on all domains of WHOQOL-bref compared with families from private hospital. At 90-days, the difference persists in the physical domain, worse for families from public hospital (p = 0.006). The symptoms of depression at 30-days (p = 0.008) and at 90-days (p = 0.013) were worse in the public hospital. CCIs affected quality of life and the emotional condition of family members, especially in families with fewer resources when the patients became more dependent. Family members with higher education were more likely to experience depression, while depression was associated with cohabiting with the patient in low-income families.

Assuntos

Estado Terminal/psicologia , Família/psicologia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Saúde Mental , Atividades Cotidianas/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ansiedade/psicologia , Brasil , Doença Crônica , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Hospitais Privados , Hospitais Públicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Qualidade de Vida , Classe Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Wet tropical forests of Chocó, along the Pacific Coast of Colombia, are known for their high plant diversity and endemic species. With increasing pressure of degradation and deforestation, these forests have been prioritized for conservation and carbon offset through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanisms. We provide the first regional assessment of forest structure and aboveground biomass using measurements from a combination of ground tree inventories and airborne Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar). More than 80,000 ha of lidar samples were collected based on a stratified random sampling to provide a regionally unbiased quantification of forest structure of Chocó across gradients of vegetation structure, disturbance and elevation. We developed a model to convert measurements of vertical structure of forests into aboveground biomass (AGB) for terra firme, wetlands, and mangrove forests. We used the Random Forest machine learning model and a formal uncertainty analysis to map forest height and AGB at 1-ha spatial resolution for the entire pacific coastal region using spaceborne data, extending from the coast to higher elevation of Andean forests. RESULTS: Upland Chocó forests have a mean canopy height of 21.8 m and AGB of 233.0 Mg/ha, while wetland forests are characterized by a lower height and AGB (13.5 m and 117.5 Mg/a). Mangroves have a lower mean height than upland forests (16.5 m), but have a similar AGB as upland forests (229.9 Mg/ha) due to their high wood density. Within the terra firme forest class, intact forests have the highest AGB (244.3 ± 34.8 Mg/ha) followed by degraded and secondary forests with 212.57 ± 62.40 Mg/ha of biomass. Forest degradation varies in biomass loss from small-scale selective logging and firewood harvesting to large-scale tree removals for gold mining, settlements, and illegal logging. Our findings suggest that the forest degradation has already caused the loss of more than 115 million tons of dry biomass, or 58 million tons of carbon. CONCLUSIONS: Our assessment of carbon stocks and forest degradation can be used as a reference for reporting on the state of the Chocó forests to REDD+ projects and to encourage restoration efforts through conservation and climate mitigation policies.

RESUMO

The baru tree fruit has a sustainable economical potential. However, the shelling process to release the whole kernel, the most valued part of the fruit, is still performed in a rather inefficient way. The objective of this investigation was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of the fruit to understand its behavior during shelling. Fruit and nut were characterized by unit mass, dimensions, volume and bulk, and real densities. Compression tests up to endocarp disruption were performed to determine maximum force, corresponding deformation, and deformation energy. X-ray tomography was used to identify potential nut internal dimension changes, affected by the treatments. Whole fruits and nuts showed average unit mass values of 28.20 ± 0.99 g and 16.52 ± 1.67 g, respectively. Their average dimensions, such as length, width, and thickness were 52.40 ± 4.48 mm, 38.31 ± 4.05 mm, and 28.64 ± 3.67 mm, and 50.78 ± 5.57 mm, 34.65 ± 5.14 mm, and 21.36 ± 2.86 mm, respectively. Average bulk and real densities values were 519.33 ± 49.63 kg/m3 and 918.87 ± 77.77 kg/m3, and 517.14 ± 41.88 kg/m3 and 1072.00 ± 187.01 kg/m3, respectively. Considering all treatments, the average rupture force ranged between 7926.7 and 9284.4 N, with corresponding widthwise specific deformation of 5.1% and 6.6%, to release 100% whole kernels of the tested nuts. Up to maximum force, deformation energy values ranged between 6.55 and 9.26J. There was no evidence of treatments effect on the internal dimension.Based on its mechanical behavior, showing that it is possible to open the endocarp and release the wholekernel, it was concluded that the baru nut has mechanized shelling potential.(AU)

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O fruto do baruzeiro apresenta potencial econômico sustentável, mas o processo de decorticação com liberação de amêndoa inteira, a parte mais valiosa, é ainda realizada de forma um tanto ineficiente. O objetivo nesta investigação foi determinar suas propriedades físico-mecânicas visando compreensão do seu comportamento durante a decorticação. Fruto e castanha foram caracterizados pela massa, volume e dimensões unitários e massas específicas aparente e real. Ensaios de compressão até a ruptura do endocarpo foram realizados para determinar a força máxima, deformações correspondentes e energia de deformação. Utilizou-se da tomografia de raio-X para investigar potenciais modificações, causadas pelos tratamentos, nas dimensões internas. Fruto e castanha apresentaram massa unitária média de 28,20 ± 0,99 e 16,52 ± 1,67 g, respectivamente. O comprimento, a largura e a espessura médias foram 52,40 ± 4,48, 38,31 ± 4,05 e 28,64 ± 3,67 mm, e 50,78 ± 5,57, 34,65 ± 5,14 e 21,36 ± 2,86 mm, respectivamente. Os valores médios das massas específicas aparente e real foram 519,33 ± 49,63 e 918,87 ± 77,77 kg/m3, e 517,14 ± 41,88 e 1072,00 ± 187,01 kg/m3, respectivamente. Considerando todos os condicionamentos, a força média de ruptura do endocarpo variou entre 7926,7 e 9284,4 N, com deformação específica entre 5,1 e 6,6% da largura para a obtenção de 100% de amêndoas inteiras. Os valores médios de energia dedeformação até a força máxima variaram entre 6,55 e 9,26 J. Não foi possível evidenciar os efeitos dosdiversos condicionamentos nas dimensões internas. Devido ao seu comportamento mecânico evidenciara possibilidade de abertura do endocarpo com liberação de amêndoa inteira, concluiu-se que existepotencial para a decorticação mecanizada da castanha de baru.(AU)

Assuntos

Dipteryx/química , Dipteryx/classificação , Prunus dulcis/química , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos

RESUMO

Azo dyes, which are widely used in the textile industry, exhibit significant toxic characteristics for the environment and the human population. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic reactor systems are efficient for the degradation of dyes and the mineralization of intermediate compounds; however, little is known about the composition of the microbial communities responsible for dye degradation in these systems. 454-Pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was employed to assess the bacterial biodiversity and composition of a two-stage (anaerobic-aerobic) pilot-scale reactor that treats effluent from a denim factory. The anaerobic reactor was inoculated with anaerobic sludge from a domestic sewage treatment plant. Due to the selective composition of the textile wastewater, after 210 days of operation, the anaerobic reactor was dominated by the single genus Clostridium, affiliated with the Firmicutes phylum. The aerobic biofilter harbored a diverse bacterial community. The most abundant phylum in the aerobic biofilter was Proteobacteria, which was primarily represented by the Gamma, Delta and Epsilon classes followed by Firmicutes and other phyla. Several bacterial genera were identified that most likely played an essential role in azo dye degradation in the investigated system.

Assuntos

Bactérias/metabolismo , Corantes/metabolismo , Microbiota , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Aerobiose , Anaerobiose , Compostos Azo/metabolismo , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Biodegradação Ambiental , Reatores Biológicos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Resíduos Industriais/análise , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Têxteis

RESUMO

The baru tree fruit has a sustainable economical potential. However, the shelling process to release the whole kernel, the most valued part of the fruit, is still performed in a rather inefficient way. The objective of this investigation was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of the fruit to understand its behavior during shelling. Fruit and nut were characterized by unit mass, dimensions, volume and bulk, and real densities. Compression tests up to endocarp disruption were performed to determine maximum force, corresponding deformation, and deformation energy. X-ray tomography was used to identify potential nut internal dimension changes, affected by the treatments. Whole fruits and nuts showed average unit mass values of 28.20 ± 0.99 g and 16.52 ± 1.67 g, respectively. Their average dimensions, such as length, width, and thickness were 52.40 ± 4.48 mm, 38.31 ± 4.05 mm, and 28.64 ± 3.67 mm, and 50.78 ± 5.57 mm, 34.65 ± 5.14 mm, and 21.36 ± 2.86 mm, respectively. Average bulk and real densities values were 519.33 ± 49.63 kg/m3 and 918.87 ± 77.77 kg/m3, and 517.14 ± 41.88 kg/m3 and 1072.00 ± 187.01 kg/m3, respectively. Considering all treatments, the average rupture force ranged between 7926.7 and 9284.4 N, with corresponding widthwise specific deformation of 5.1% and 6.6%, to release 100% whole kernels of the tested nuts. Up to maximum force, deformation energy values ranged between 6.55 and 9.26J. There was no evidence of treatments’ effect on the internal dimension.Based on its mechanical behavior, showing that it is possible to open the endocarp and release the wholekernel, it was concluded that the baru nut has mechanized shelling potential.

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O fruto do baruzeiro apresenta potencial econômico sustentável, mas o processo de decorticação com liberação de amêndoa inteira, a parte mais valiosa, é ainda realizada de forma um tanto ineficiente. O objetivo nesta investigação foi determinar suas propriedades físico-mecânicas visando compreensão do seu comportamento durante a decorticação. Fruto e castanha foram caracterizados pela massa, volume e dimensões unitários e massas específicas aparente e real. Ensaios de compressão até a ruptura do endocarpo foram realizados para determinar a força máxima, deformações correspondentes e energia de deformação. Utilizou-se da tomografia de raio-X para investigar potenciais modificações, causadas pelos tratamentos, nas dimensões internas. Fruto e castanha apresentaram massa unitária média de 28,20 ± 0,99 e 16,52 ± 1,67 g, respectivamente. O comprimento, a largura e a espessura médias foram 52,40 ± 4,48, 38,31 ± 4,05 e 28,64 ± 3,67 mm, e 50,78 ± 5,57, 34,65 ± 5,14 e 21,36 ± 2,86 mm, respectivamente. Os valores médios das massas específicas aparente e real foram 519,33 ± 49,63 e 918,87 ± 77,77 kg/m3, e 517,14 ± 41,88 e 1072,00 ± 187,01 kg/m3, respectivamente. Considerando todos os condicionamentos, a força média de ruptura do endocarpo variou entre 7926,7 e 9284,4 N, com deformação específica entre 5,1 e 6,6% da largura para a obtenção de 100% de amêndoas inteiras. Os valores médios de energia dedeformação até a força máxima variaram entre 6,55 e 9,26 J. Não foi possível evidenciar os efeitos dosdiversos condicionamentos nas dimensões internas. Devido ao seu comportamento mecânico evidenciara possibilidade de abertura do endocarpo com liberação de amêndoa inteira, concluiu-se que existepotencial para a decorticação mecanizada da castanha de baru.

Assuntos

Dipteryx/classificação , Dipteryx/química , Prunus dulcis/química , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos

RESUMO

Non-destructive quality assessment of food prior to processing is desirable in commercial facilities due to its non-invasive nature, for economic reasons and for its safety appeals. Grading Brazil nuts in this way allows for the separation of undesirable nuts to avoid contamination during the automatic nut-shelling process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of X-ray phase contrast enhanced imaging in assessing nut quality. For this goal, details of the imaging technique are described and phase contrast X-ray and microtomography imaging of nut samples are investigated. Both high quality (i.e. sound) nuts as well as treated nuts were examined. It was concluded that both the X-ray imaging and tomography techniques have the potential to discriminate morphological features of the nut and to identify sound kernels from atypical ones. Larger nuts and nuts with a larger gap area between shell and kernel were concluded to have more atypical formations. Both techniques also seemed promising for use in automatic sorting lines. However, by using microtomography, the visualization of finer formations not noticeable in the X-ray images was possible. Further studies shall be carried out to investigate the nature of these formations, how they affect nut quality and their evolution with storage time.(AU)

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Atualmente os grandes centros comerciais de processamento de alimentos buscam a avaliação prévia da qualidade dos produtos através de técnicas não destrutivas, devido aos apelos econômicos e de segurança alimentar. A classificação de castanhas-do-brasil através desta avaliação permite a separação das castanhas indesejáveis com a finalidade de evitar contaminações durante o processo de extração da amêndoa. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso da imagem de raios-X, obtida através da técnica de contraste de fase para avaliação da qualidade da castanha. Para este objetivo, detalhes da técnica de são descritos e amostras de castanhas-do-brasil são investigadas pelas técnicas de imageamento por microtomografia e por contraste de fase de raios-X. São utilizadas castanhas saudáveis e castanhas tratadas, sendo estas últimas utilizadas com o objetivo de identificar modificações. Concluiu-se que ambas as imagens de radiografia e de tomografia de raios-X, apresentam um grande potencial para discriminar características morfológicas das castanhas e selecionar amostras saudáveis das tratadas. Dentro do conjunto de amostragem, castanhas grandes e castanhas que apresentam espaços maiores entre casca e amêndoa, mostraram formações atípicas. Ambas as técnicas mostraram-se também promissoras para serem utilizadas em linhas de produção automatizadas. Não obstante...(AU)

Assuntos

Raios X , Bertholletia , Controle de Qualidade

RESUMO

The intense economic growth experienced by Brazil in recent decades and its consequent explosive motorization process have evidenced an undesirable impact: the increasing and unbroken trend in traffic fatality numbers. In order to contribute to road safety diagnosis on a national level, this study presents a research into two main indicators available in Brazil: mortality rate (represented by fatalities per capita) and fatality rate (represented by two sub-indicators, i.e., fatalities per vehicle and fatalities per vehicle kilometer traveled). These indicators were aggregated into a composite indicator or index through a multiple layer data envelopment analysis (DEA) composite indicator model, which looks for the optimum combination of indicators' weights for each decision-making unit, in this case 27 Brazilian states. The index score represents the road safety performance, based on which a ranking of states can be made. Since such a model has never been applied for road safety evaluation in Brazil, its parameters were calibrated based on the experience of more consolidated European Union research in ranking its member countries using DEA techniques. Secondly, cluster analysis was conducted aiming to provide more realistic performance comparisons and, finally, the sensitivity of the results was measured through a bootstrapping method application. It can be concluded that by combining fatality indicators, defining clusters and applying bootstrapping procedures a trustworthy ranking can be created, which is valuable for nationwide road safety planning.

Assuntos

Acidentes de Trânsito/mortalidade , Ferimentos e Lesões/mortalidade , Brasil , Causas de Morte , Análise por Conglomerados , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Planejamento Ambiental , Humanos , Modelos Estatísticos , Pesquisa/estatística & dados numéricos

RESUMO

Non-destructive quality assessment of food prior to processing is desirable in commercial facilities due to its non-invasive nature, for economic reasons and for its safety appeals. Grading Brazil nuts in this way allows for the separation of undesirable nuts to avoid contamination during the automatic nut-shelling process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of X-ray phase contrast enhanced imaging in assessing nut quality. For this goal, details of the imaging technique are described and phase contrast X-ray and microtomography imaging of nut samples are investigated. Both high quality (i.e. sound) nuts as well as treated nuts were examined. It was concluded that both the X-ray imaging and tomography techniques have the potential to discriminate morphological features of the nut and to identify sound kernels from atypical ones. Larger nuts and nuts with a larger gap area between shell and kernel were concluded to have more atypical formations. Both techniques also seemed promising for use in automatic sorting lines. However, by using microtomography, the visualization of finer formations not noticeable in the X-ray images was possible. Further studies shall be carried out to investigate the nature of these formations, how they affect nut quality and their evolution with storage time.

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Atualmente os grandes centros comerciais de processamento de alimentos buscam a avaliação prévia da qualidade dos produtos através de técnicas não destrutivas, devido aos apelos econômicos e de segurança alimentar. A classificação de castanhas-do-brasil através desta avaliação permite a separação das castanhas indesejáveis com a finalidade de evitar contaminações durante o processo de extração da amêndoa. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso da imagem de raios-X, obtida através da técnica de contraste de fase para avaliação da qualidade da castanha. Para este objetivo, detalhes da técnica de são descritos e amostras de castanhas-do-brasil são investigadas pelas técnicas de imageamento por microtomografia e por contraste de fase de raios-X. São utilizadas castanhas saudáveis e castanhas tratadas, sendo estas últimas utilizadas com o objetivo de identificar modificações. Concluiu-se que ambas as imagens de radiografia e de tomografia de raios-X, apresentam um grande potencial para discriminar características morfológicas das castanhas e selecionar amostras saudáveis das tratadas. Dentro do conjunto de amostragem, castanhas grandes e castanhas que apresentam espaços maiores entre casca e amêndoa, mostraram formações atípicas. Ambas as técnicas mostraram-se também promissoras para serem utilizadas em linhas de produção automatizadas. Não obstante...

Assuntos

Bertholletia , Controle de Qualidade , Raios X

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile and analyze the cases of pulmonary tuberculosis reported in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul from 2001 to 2009, according to the chosen variable categories (gender, age, ethnicity, education, residing in the border area, indigenous population and individuals deprived of liberty). METHODS: An ecological study was conducted from data of reported cases of TB. RESULTS: Estimates of risk higher than the general population, and even extremely high, were obtained in three specific populations, which certainly requires priority attention from health policies and health network professionals to keep the transmission of tuberculosis under control, including in the population residing in the borders with Bolivia and Paraguay, the indigenous population and individuals deprived of liberty. CONCLUSIONS: This study sought to show the importance of discussing territoriality more adequately in Brazil. A continuous reevaluation of all health programs is needed for populations in each of the areas where they live. Then, it will be possible to correct the incidence rate of tuberculosis for specific populations in the state, taking into account populations in each place of residence and considering their specificities and differences. In conclusion, in the light of the present study, it is necessary to discuss more efficient strategies to control tuberculosis in the various territories of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul if we actually want to minimize this endemic to acceptable levels in our environment.

Assuntos

Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile and analyze the cases of pulmonary tuberculosis reported in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul from 2001 to 2009, according to the chosen variable categories (gender, age, ethnicity, education, residing in the border area, indigenous population and individuals deprived of liberty). METHODS: An ecological study was conducted from data of reported cases of TB. RESULTS: Estimates of risk higher than the general population, and even extremely high, were obtained in three specific populations, which certainly requires priority attention from health policies and health network professionals to keep the transmission of tuberculosis under control, including in the population residing in the borders with Bolivia and Paraguay, the indigenous population and individuals deprived of liberty. CONCLUSIONS: This study sought to show the importance of discussing territoriality more adequately in Brazil. A continuous reevaluation of all health programs is needed for populations in each of the areas where they live. Then, it will be possible to correct the incidence rate of tuberculosis for specific populations in the state, taking into account populations in each place of residence and considering their specificities and differences. In conclusion, in the light of the present study, it is necessary to discuss more efficient strategies to control tuberculosis in the various territories of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul if we actually want to minimize this endemic to acceptable levels in our environment. .

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OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil e analisar os casos notificados de tuberculose pulmonar, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, de 2001 a 2009, segundo categorias de variáveis selecionadas (sexo, faixa etária, raça, escolaridade, domicílio em área de fronteira, população indígena e população privada de liberdade). MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo ecológico a partir dos dados de notificação de casos de TB. RESULTADOS: Estimativas de risco mais elevadas do que a população geral, e até extremamente altas, foram obtidas em três populações específicas, o que, certamente, exige atenção prioritária das políticas de saúde ao fim de controlar a transmissão da tuberculose e de profissionais da rede de saúde, as quais incluem a população fronteiriça com a Bolívia e o Paraguai; a indígena e a população privada de liberdade. CONCLUSÕES: Buscou-se mostrar a importância de se discutir, mais adequadamente, a territorialidade no Brasil. É necessária uma constante reavaliação de todos os programas de saúde para as populações de cada espaço onde vivem. Assim, será possível corrigir a taxa de incidência de tuberculose para populações específicas no Estado, levando-se em conta populações em cada local de residência, considerando suas especificidades e diferenças. Conclui-se, com o presente estudo, que é necessário discutir estratégias mais eficientes para o controle da tuberculose nos vários territórios do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, se quiser, de fato, minimizar essa endemia a níveis aceitáveis em nosso meio. .

Assuntos

Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the presence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), and correlate with tomographic findings and clinical aspects. STUDY DESIGN: Fifteen patients with JIA were evaluated by means of RDC/TMD, and submitted to a cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) examination, then correlated with the clinical diagnosis of TMD with tomographic findings, gender, age at the time of evaluation, time elapsed since the onset of symptoms, and time of treatment of JIA. RESULTS: In the 30 temporomandibular joints evaluated, 25 (83.3%) were clinically diagnosed with TMD. Although tomographic alterations have frequently been found (83.3%), only 5 (16.7%) were clinically diagnosed with osteoarthritis/arthrosis. There was a difference in the degree of TMD when evaluated, the time elapsed since the onset of symptoms, and the time of treatment of JIA. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis based on physical examination and complementary evaluation is necessary to provide early therapeutic procedures so that possible functional and/or anatomical problems do not develop.

Assuntos

Artrite Juvenil/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico/métodos , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Artralgia/diagnóstico , Artrite Juvenil/diagnóstico , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Diagnóstico Precoce , Dor Facial/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Luxações Articulares/diagnóstico , Masculino , Côndilo Mandibular/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoartrite/diagnóstico , Osteoartrite/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteófito/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteosclerose/diagnóstico por imagem , Exame Físico , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Disco da Articulação Temporomandibular/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Disfunção da Articulação Temporomandibular/diagnóstico , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

Com uma notificação de 71 mil casos e 4.800 óbitos no Brasil, em 2010, a tuberculose foi a terceira causa de mortalidade dentre as doenças infecciosas. Objetivando avaliar a situação da tuberculose no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, foi elaborada a presente pesquisa. Realizou-se um estudo ecológico, a partir do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), tendo sido calculadas taxas de incidência de tuberculose pulmonar, para variáveis sócio-demográficas e proporções para outras variáveis selecionadas. A fonte de informação sobre a População Privada de Liberdade (PPL) foi o Ministério da Justiça. Comparações internas foram realizadas no primeiro artigo; comparações dos resultados obtidos para PPL com a população geral do estado, no segundo artigo; e, resultados obtido para a população das áreas de fronteira foram comparados com as populações residentes em outras áreas do estado, no terceiro artigo. Observou-se uma taxa de incidência anual média de 39 casos na população geral do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, e, entre os PPL, uma taxa de 978 casos de tuberculose pulmonar por 100.000 habitantes-ano, 25,4 (IC 95%: 22,5-28,1) vezes a taxa para a população geral. Observou-se, ainda, entre a população indígena do estado, um taxa de 244 casos, com um risco relativo de 7,32 (IC 95%: 6,1-8,8) na comparação com a população geral do estado. Na área de fronteira com o Paraguai, pôde ser observada uma taxa de 50 casos, e, na fronteira com a Bolívia, uma taxa de 84 casos por 100.000 habitantes-ano, correspondentes a riscos relativos de 2,16 (IC 95%: 2,01-2,33) e 1,28 (1,19-1,37), para as áreas de fronteira com o Paraguai e a Bolívia, respectivamente, ao se comparar com a população global do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul...

Assuntos

Humanos , População Institucionalizada , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Áreas de Fronteira , Brasil , Estudos Ecológicos

RESUMO

O princípio da reometria é relativamente simples, e a construção de equipamentos para avaliação do comportamento reológico de materiais pode ser realizada com poucos investimentos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos projetar e construir um reômetro capilar para caracterizar ingredientes e misturas utilizadas em alimentação animal. Durante os testes, observou-se atrito desprezível (0,20 a 0,01 por cento da força aplicada) entre pistão e cilindro e não se observou refluxo de amostra. A força necessária para o escoamento das amostras através do capilar foi de 986,02±52,05; 559,60±52,24 e 338,25±45,86N, para as amostras com 29,04±0,08, 31,91±1,01 e 34,98±0,30 por cento de umidade, respectivamente. A partir da fundamentação teórica de reologia de materiais, foi possível construir um reômetro fundamental utilizando materiais e operações simples de tornearia, com custo total de R$ 4.500,00.

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The fundaments of rheometry are relatively simple, and the construction of equipments to measure the rheological behavior of materials can be accomplished with small investment. The aim of this paper is to describe the design and construction of a capillary rheometer to characterize feed ingredients. The force required to extrude and maintain sample flow was 986.02±52.05; 559.60±52.24 and 338.25±45.86N for the samples with 29.04±0.08, 31.91±1.01 and 34.98±0.30 percent moisture, respectively, with negligible (0.20 to 0.01 percent of total force) friction among moving parts, neither any mass reflux between piston and cylinder. Based on the fundaments of rheology, it was possible to build a capillary rheometer using simple materials and operations usually available in an engineering laboratory at a total cost of R$ 4,500.00.

RESUMO

The fundaments of rheometry are relatively simple, and the construction of equipments to measure the rheological behavior of materials can be accomplished with small investment. The aim of this paper is to describe the design and construction of a capillary rheometer to characterize feed ingredients. The force required to extrude and maintain sample flow was 986.02±52.05; 559.60±52.24 and 338.25±45.86N for the samples with 29.04±0.08, 31.91±1.01 and 34.98±0.30% moisture, respectively, with negligible (0.20 to 0.01% of total force) friction among moving parts, neither any mass reflux between piston and cylinder. Based on the fundaments of rheology, it was possible to build a capillary rheometer using simple materials and operations usually available in an engineering laboratory at a total cost of R$ 4,500.00.

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O princípio da reometria é relativamente simples, e a construção de equipamentos para avaliação do comportamento reológico de materiais pode ser realizada com poucos investimentos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos projetar e construir um reômetro capilar para caracterizar ingredientes e misturas utilizadas em alimentação animal. Durante os testes, observou-se atrito desprezível (0,20 a 0,01% da força aplicada) entre pistão e cilindro e não se observou refluxo de amostra. A força necessária para o escoamento das amostras através do capilar foi de 986,02±52,05; 559,60±52,24 e 338,25±45,86N, para as amostras com 29,04±0,08, 31,91±1,01 e 34,98±0,30% de umidade, respectivamente. A partir da fundamentação teórica de reologia de materiais, foi possível construir um reômetro fundamental utilizando materiais e operações simples de tornearia, com custo total de R$ 4.500,00.