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Our study evaluates the liquidation effect of a health insurer from a subsidized scheme, with the largest number of members in Colombia, on restrictions to future access to user care. Based on the information regarding complaints and judicial claims about healthcare, the effect of this government decision is estimated using a dynamic econometric model of differences in differences. Our results suggest that the liquidation of the Health-Promoting Entity (EPS, its acronym in Spanish) CAPRECOM has a negative effect, specifically, it led to an increase of 0.32 and 0.21 in complaints rates per 1,000 members in the receiving EPSs during the first and second quarters after the intervention, respectively. However, this effect does not persist over time and becomes diluted in the following quarters. There is no evidence of a relationship between the magnitude of the effect and the EPSs performance ranking. Additionally, we do not find significant effects on judicial claims. Our results are important concerning the design and implementation of public policies for EPSs liquidation. We demonstrate the necessity of implementing actions to incorporate guidelines and strategic plans during the transition period. Such actions would enable safeguarding the right to health for the affected population in a liquidation insurer case.

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Introducción: La violencia de pareja contra la mujer (VPM) es un problema de salud pública a nivel global cuya prevalencia en Ecuador es de las más elevadas de Latinoamérica. La gravedad percibida de la VPM influye en las actitudes públicas hacia la VPM, como la aceptabilidad, el sentido de responsabilidad personal o la disposición a intervenir en casos de VPM. Método: En este estudio se presenta la adaptación de la escala española de gravedad percibida de la VPM (PS-IPVAW) al contexto cultural ecuatoriano, en una muestra de 652 participantes. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la escala PS-IPVAW tiene una buena consistencia interna, que sus ítems tienen una baja carga de deseabilidad social, que es invariante entre géneros y que se relaciona con la culpabilidad a la víctima, la aceptabilidad de la VPM y el sexismo hostil. Discusión: La escala PS-IPVAW es un instrumento con suficientes evidencias de fiabilidad y validez para evaluar la gravedad percibida de la VPM en Ecuador y representa un importante aporte para mejorar las estrategias de prevención, intervención y erradicación de este tipo de violencia en el contexto ecuatoriano.

Introduction: Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a global public health problem whose prevalence in Ecuador is among the highest in Latin America. The perceived severity of IPV influences public attitudes toward IPVAW, such as acceptability, sense of personal responsibility, or willingness to intervene in cases of IPV. Method: This study presents the adaptation of the Spanish scale of perceived severity of IPVAW (PS-IPVAW) to the Ecuadorian cultural context, in a sample of 652 participants. Results: Our results showed that the PS-IPVAW scale has good internal consistency, its items presented low loadings of social desirability, that it is invariant across genders and that it is related to victim blaming, acceptability of IPV and hostile sexism. Discussion: The PS-IPVAW scale showed adequate evidence.

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Introduction: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus tend to have insulin resistance, a condition that is evaluated using expensive methods that are not easily accessible in routine clinical practice. Objective: To determine the anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic parameters that allow for the discrimination of type 2 diabetic patients who have insulin resistance from those who do not. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical observational study was carried out in 92 type 2 diabetic patients. A discriminant analysis was applied using the SPSS statistical package to establish the characteristics that differentiate type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance from those without it. Results: Most of the variables analyzed in this study have a statistically significant association with the HOMA-IR. However, only HDL-c, LDL-c, glycemia, BMI, and tobacco exposure time allow for the discrimination of type 2 diabetic patients who have insulin resistance from those who do not, considering the interaction between them. According to the absolute value of the structure matrix, the variable that contributes most to the discriminant model is HDL-c (-0.69). Conclusions: The association between HDL-c, LDL-c, glycemia, BMI, and tobacco exposure time allows for the discrimination of type 2 diabetic patients who have insulin resistance from those who do not. This constitutes a simple model that can be used in routine clinical practice.

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Abstract The deadly triad concept represented a dogma in the definition of poor outcomes and death associated with major bleeding in trauma. This model of end-stage disease was then rapidly transferred to other major bleeding scenarios. However, and notwithstanding the fact that it represented a severe scenario, the original triad fails to establish a sequence, which would be relevant when defining the objectives during the initial treatment of severe bleeding. Likewise, this model admits only one scenario where all the conditions shall co-exist, knowing that each one of them contributes with a different risk burden. Based on a structured review, we propose a pentad model that includes a natural pattern of events occurring with hypoxemia as the main trigger for the development of hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, acidosis and hypothermia, as surrogates of multi-organ impairment. This severity model of major bleeding considers coagulopathy as a result of the failure to restore the initial components of damage.

Resumen El concepto de la tríada mortal significó un dogma en la definición de malos desenlaces y muerte asociados al sangrado mayor en trauma. Este modelo de afectación terminal fue luego rápidamente trasladado a otros escenarios de sangrado mayor. Sin embargo y a pesar de significar un escenario de gravedad, la tríada original falla en adjudicar una secuencialidad, lo cual sería importante a la hora de definir los objetivos durante el tratamiento inicial de la hemorragia grave. De igual forma, solo admite un único escenario en donde deben coexistir todas las condiciones, cuando se sabe que cada una atribuye una carga diferencial de riesgo. A partir de una revisión estructurada proponemos un modelo de pentada que incluye un patrón natural de eventos que se implantan sobre la hipoxemia como principal detonante para el desarrollo de hipocalcemia, hiperglucemia, acidosis e hipotermia como representantes del deterioro en múltiples sistemas. Este modelo de gravedad del sangrado mayor culmina con la coagulopatía como resultante de la falla en la resolución de los demás componentes previos.

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Resumen: En los últimos años, el mundo entero se vio enfrentado al manejo de pacientes con una patología totalmente nueva y desafiante en términos de su entendimiento fisiopatológico y estrategias de manejo, mientras que su tasa de contagio se incrementaba de manera importante. Se trata de la enfermedad COVID-19, originada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 y que puso en alerta a toda la humanidad. Por lo tanto, se presentaron grandes problemas de salud pública, incluyendo el desabastecimiento de medicamentos y recursos de primera línea para el control de la enfermedad, y en los pacientes críticos se afectó el manejo de soporte óptimo a medida que se superaba la compleja respuesta inmunológica, que terminaba afectando en sus primeros estadios el parénquima pulmonar, y según el estado fisiológico, mórbido y genético del huésped, generando una disfunción orgánica múltiple. En el presente documento se establecen las mejores alternativas para enfrentar un desabastecimiento de medicamentos asociados al abordaje integral de la analgosedación, prevención y manejo de delirium y abstinencia, así como la necesidad de relajación neuromuscular en cada una de las fases por las que atraviesa el paciente crítico hospitalizado en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo con soporte respiratorio invasivo o no invasivo.

Abstract: In recent years, the entire world has been faced with the management of patients with a totally new and challenging pathology in terms of its pathophysiological understanding and management strategies, while its rate of infection was increased significantly. It is the COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and that put all of humanity on alert. Therefore, major public health problems arose, including shortages of medicines and first-line resources for disease control, and in critical patients, optimal support management was affected as the complex immune response was overcome, which ended up affecting the lung parenchymal in its early stages, and depending on the physiological, morbid and genetic state of the host, generating multiple organ dysfunction. This document establishes the best alternatives to face a shortage of medications associated with the comprehensive approach to analgesia and sedation, prevention and management of delirium and withdrawal, and the need for neuromuscular relaxation in each of the phases that critically hospitalized patients go through in Intensive Care Units with invasive or non-invasive respiratory support.

Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o mundo inteiro se deparou com o manejo de pacientes com uma patologia totalmente nova e desafiadora em termos de compreensão fisiopatológica e estratégias de manejo, enquanto sua taxa de contágio aumentava significativamente. Trata-se da doença COVID-19, causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 que colocou toda a humanidade em alerta. Surgiram, assim, grandes problemas de saúde pública, incluindo a escassez de medicamentos e recursos de primeira linha para o controle da doença, em pacientes em estado crítico afetou-se o manejo do suporte ideal à medida que superavase a complexa resposta imune, que terminava afetando o parênquima pulmonar em seu estágio inicial, e dependendo do estado fisiológico, mórbido e genético do hospedeiro, gerando múltiplas disfunções orgânicas. Este documento estabelece as melhores alternativas para enfrentar a escassez de medicamentos associada à abordagem integral da analgesedação, prevenção e manejo do delirium e abstinência, e a necessidade de relaxamento muscular em cada uma das fases que atravessa o paciente em estado crítico internado na UTI com suporte respiratório invasivo ou não invasivo.

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Resumen Introducción: El cierre percutáneo de la comunicación interauricular ostium secundum ha pasado a ser una alternativa a la cirugía convencional. En ese caso, los dispositivos de autocentrado son los más usados entre los cardiólogos intervencionistas. El tipo y la tasa de complicaciones difieren para los distintos dispositivos. Objetivo: Reportar las complicaciones a corto plazo del cierre percutáneo de la comunicación interauricular ostium secundum. Método: Entre abril de 2001 y diciembre de 2017, 129 pacientes (media de edad: 26 años; desviación estándar: 20,39 años) fueron sometidos a cierre percutáneo de comunicación interauricular ostium secundum. Las complicaciones fueron identificadas y clasificadas como mayores y menores. Resultados: 14 pacientes experimentaron complicaciones menores durante la hospitalización y en el primer año de seguimiento (10.85 %), y uno tuvo una complicación mayor que requirió cirugía electiva 4 meses después para la remoción del dispositivo mal posicionado. Entre los que presentaron complicaciones menores, dos tuvieron shunt residual leve, cinco presentaron arritmias interoperatorias, uno refirió dolor torácico y seis tuvieron migraña posimplante. Conclusiones: Esta serie de pacientes muestra que el cierre percutáneo de la comunicación interauricular ostium secundum es un procedimiento seguro y efectivo en casos bien seleccionados. Con el fin de reducir la tasa de complicaciones, están indicados el diagnóstico y el tratamiento tempranos, así como la observación de los criterios de selección de acuerdo con la morfología de la comunicación interauricular ostium secundum. La profilaxis antiagregante con clopidogrel para todos los pacientes requiere mayor investigación.

Abstract Introduction: Percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects has become an alternative to conventional surgery. Self-centering devices are the ones most used by interventional cardiologists in these cases. The type and rate of complications varies according to the various devices. Objective: To report the short-term complications of percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects. Method: Between April 2001 and December 2017, 129 patients (mean age: 26; standard deviation: 20.39 years) underwent percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects. Complications were identified and classified as major or minor. Two types of devices were used: the Amplatzer™ Septal Occluder in 98 patients, and the Figulla® Septal Occluder in 31 patients. Results: 14 patients had minor complications during hospitalization and the first year of follow up (10.85%), and one had a major complication which required elective surgery four months later to remove the misaligned device. Of those who experienced minor complications, two had mild residual shunting, five had intraoperative arrhythmias, one reported chest pain, and six had post-implant migraines. Conclusions: This series of patients shows that percutaneous closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects is a safe and effective procedure in carefully selected cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to decrease the rate of complications, along with adherence to the selection criteria according to the morphology of the ostium secundum atrial septal defect. Antiplatelet prophylaxis with clopidogrel for all patients requires further study.

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Las lesiones tumorales de localización parafaríngea presentan una escasa incidencia, representando entre el 0,5 y el 0,8% de todas las tumoraciones de cabeza y cuello. Aproximadamente el 80% presentan un comportamiento benigno. La singularidad de dichas lesiones deriva de su compleja situación anatómica y de la clínica con la que suelen debutar, siendo en la mayoría de los casos inespecífica y casi siempre derivada del efecto compresivo producido por la lesión sobre la oro y rinofaringe. Los Schwannoma del espacio parafaríngeo son tumores muy infrecuentes, que se originan de la vaina de schawnn, generalmente de crecimiento lento, suelen ser asintomáticos. El tratamiento es quirúrgico, muchas veces complejo por la localización anatómica. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 42 años de edad con diagnóstico de Schwannoma en la región parafaríngea izquierda demostrada mediante biopsia incisional; realizándosele tratamiento quirúrgico, el cual se llevó a cabo sin complicaciones.

Parapharyngeal tumor lesions present a low incidence, representing between 0,5 and 0,8% of all head and neck tumors. Approximately 80% show benign behavior. The uniqueness of these lesions derives from their complex anatomical situation and the symptoms with which they usually appear, being in most cases nonspecific and almost always derived from the compressive effect produced by the lesion on the oropharynx and the oropharynx. Schwannomas of the parapharyngeal space are very rare tumors that originate from the sheath of schawnn, generally slow growing, and are usually asymptomatic. Treatment is surgical, often complex due to the anatomical location. The case of a 42-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of Schwannoma in the left parapharyngeal region, demonstrated by incisional biopsy, is presented; undergoing surgical treatment, which was carried out without complications.

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Resumen Introducción: La fibrilación auricular es la arritmia más frecuente, y a pesar de importantes avances en su tratamiento, sigue siendo una de las principales causas de accidente cerebrovascular, insuficiencia cardíaca, muerte súbita y morbimortalidad cardiovascular en el mundo (1,2). En Colombia se cuenta con muy pocos registros que determinen su prevalencia y patrón epidemiológico. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento de los pacientes que ingresan al servicio de urgencias con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular, así como establecer la prevalencia, epidemiología y eventos adversos asociados con el tratamiento. Materiales y método: Se utilizaron los programas EXCEL, para la organización de los datos, y SPSS versión 23, para el análisis. Resultados: Durante el periodo del estudio 105 pacientes fueron admitidos en el servicio de Urgencias con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular. 58% eran hombres, con promedio de edad de 67.8 años. Las comorbilidades más asociadas a la fibrilación auricular fueron hipertensión arterial y falla cardiaca. El 35% de los pacientes habían tenido alguna complicación cardioembólica, principalmente ataque cerebrovascular, y 12% ingresaron por complicaciones derivadas de la anticoagulación. En la mayoría de los casos se prefirió una estrategia de control de frecuencia cardíaca y anticoagulación. En cuanto al manejo anticoagulante, el 45% fueron tratados con warfarina y el 37% con anticoagulantes orales directos. Se documentaron tres casos de sangrados mayores en pacientes tratados con warfarina y ninguno en pacientes tratados con anticoagulantes orales directos. Conclusión: La fibrilación auricular continúa siendo una de las principales causas de atención en el servicio de urgencias, así como una importante causa de accidente cerebrovascular. Las comorbilidades asociadas son hipertensión arterial y falla cardiaca. La estrategia terapéutica más utilizada es el control de la frecuencia cardiaca y la anticoagulación; adicionalmente, hay un porcentaje creciente de pacientes en tratamiento con anticoagulantes directos.

Abstract Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia, and despite the significant advances in its treatment, it continues to be one of the main causes of cerebrovascular accident, heart failure, sudden death, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the world. In Colombia, there are very few registers that help to determine its prevalence and epidemiological pattern. Objective: To describe the treatment of the patients admitted to the Emergency Department with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, as well as to establish the prevalence, epidemiology, and adverse events associated with the treatment. Materials and method: Excel programs were used for the organisation of the data, SPSS version 23, for the analysis. Results: During the study period, a total of 105 patients were admitted into the Emergency Department with a diagnosis of atrial defibrillation. The mean age was 67.8 years and the majority (58%) were males. Arterial hypertension and heart failure were comorbidities most associated with the atrial fibrillation. More than one-third (35%) of the patients had suffered some cardio-embolic complication, mainly a stroke, and 12% were admitted due to complications arising from anticoagulation. Monitoring heart rate and anticoagulation was the preferred strategy in the majority of patients. As regards anticoagulant management, 45% were treated with warfarin, and 37% with direct oral anticoagulants. Three cases of major bleeding were documented in patients on warfarin, and none in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. Conclusion: Atrial fibrillation continues to be one of the main causes in the Emergency Department, as well as a significant cause of cerebrovascular accident. Arterial hypertension and heart failure were the most associated comorbidities. The most used therapeutic strategy was monitoring of heart rate and the anticoagulation. Furthermore, there was an increasing percentage of patients on treatment with direct oral anticoagulants.

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Resumen La violencia de pareja contra la mujer (VPM) constituye un grave problema de salud pública con importantes consecuencias para la salud física y psicológica de las mujeres. Las ac titudes de culpabilización de la víctima pueden contribuir a crear un clima de aceptación social en el que la VPM se perciba como una conducta normativa, influyendo en las respuestas de los individuos, comunidades, e instituciones frente a este problema. Ecuador es uno de los países de Latinoamérica donde la prevalencia de VPM es más alta, y las investigaciones sobre esta temática son todavía escasas. El objetivo de este estudio es adaptar y validar la Escala Española de Actitudes de Culpabilización de la Víctima (VB-IPVAW) al entorno cultural ecuatoriano. Para ello se ana lizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala en una muestra de 1122 ecuatorianos, así como su invarianza factorial entre hombres y mujeres con una segunda muestra de 400 estudiantes universitarios. Se examinó también el posible sesgo por deseabilidad social de los ítems de este instrumento. Los resultados mostraron que la escala VB-IPVAW tiene una excelente consistencia interna, que se relaciona con otros constructos como la gravedad percibida de la VPM y el sexis mo ambivalente, que sus ítems tienen una baja carga de deseabilidad social y que es invariante entre géneros. La adaptación de la escala VB-IPVAW al contexto cultural ecuatoriano representa un avance clave en el estudio y la comprensión de las actitudes de culpabilización a la víctima, proporcionando un instrumento fiable y válido para evaluar estas actitudes.

Abstract Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a major public health problem with serious consequences for women's physical and psychological health. Victim-blaming attitudes can shape a social climate of acceptance where IPVAW can be perceived as normative, affecting the responses of individuals, communities, and institutions to this problem. Ecuador is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of IPVAW in Latin America, and research addressing this is sue is still scarce. The aim of this study is to adapt and validate the Spanish Scale of Victim-Blaming Attitudes in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (VB-IPVAW) to the Ecuadorian cultural context. To this end, the psychometric properties of this scale were assessed in a sample of 1122 Ecuadorian participants, and also its measurement invariance across gender in a second sample of 400 college students. The potential social desirability bias of the items was also ex amined. Results showed that the VB-IPVAW scale has an excellent internal consistency, is related to other constructs, such as perceived severity of IPVAW and ambivalent sexism, their items presented low loadings of social desirability, and its invariant across gender. The adaptation of the VB-IPVAW scale to the Ecuadorian cultural context constitutes a step forward in the study and understanding of victim-blaming attitudes, providing a reliable and valid instrument to assess these attitudes.

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La violencia de pareja contra la mujer (VPM) constituye un grave problema de salud pública con importantes consecuencias para la salud física y psicológica de las mujeres. Las ac titudes de culpabilización de la víctima pueden contribuir a crear un clima de aceptación social en el que la VPM se perciba como una conducta normativa, influyendo en las respuestas de los individuos, comunidades, e instituciones frente a este problema. Ecuador es uno de los países de Latinoamérica donde la prevalencia de VPM es más alta, y las investigaciones sobre esta temática son todavía escasas. El objetivo de este estudio es adaptar y validar la Escala Española de Actitudes de Culpabilización de la Víctima (VB-IPVAW) al entorno cultural ecuatoriano. Para ello se ana lizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala en una muestra de 1122 ecuatorianos, así como su invarianza factorial entre hombres y mujeres con una segunda muestra de 400 estudiantes universitarios. Se examinó también el posible sesgo por deseabilidad social de los ítems de este instrumento. Los resultados mostraron que la escala VB-IPVAW tiene una excelente consistencia interna, que se relaciona con otros constructos como la gravedad percibida de la VPM y el sexis mo ambivalente, que sus ítems tienen una baja carga de deseabilidad social y que es invariante entre géneros. La adaptación de la escala VB-IPVAW al contexto cultural ecuatoriano representa un avance clave en el estudio y la comprensión de las actitudes de culpabilización a la víctima, proporcionando un instrumento fiable y válido para evaluar estas actitudes.

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a major public health problem with serious consequences for women's physical and psychological health. Victim-blaming attitudes can shape a social climate of acceptance where IPVAW can be perceived as normative, affecting the responses of individuals, communities, and institutions to this problem. Ecuador is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of IPVAW in Latin America, and research addressing this is sue is still scarce. The aim of this study is to adapt and validate the Spanish Scale of Victim-Blaming Attitudes in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (VB-IPVAW) to the Ecuadorian cultural context. To this end, the psychometric properties of this scale were assessed in a sample of 1122 Ecuadorian participants, and also its measurement invariance across gender in a second sample of 400 college students. The potential social desirability bias of the items was also ex amined. Results showed that the VB-IPVAW scale has an excellent internal consistency, is related to other constructs, such as perceived severity of IPVAW and ambivalent sexism, their items presented low loadings of social desirability, and its invariant across gender. The adaptation of the VB-IPVAW scale to the Ecuadorian cultural context constitutes a step forward in the study and understanding of victim-blaming attitudes, providing a reliable and valid instrument to assess these attitudes.

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Attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD) is the main reason for consultation in most Pediatric Neurology units in Spain. The new technologies also associate benefits for both patients and professionals and the health system itself, which makes its rational implementation essential. Genetics, neuroimaging or virtual reality, for example, are clear exponents of the results that can be achieved by optimizing traditional processes. The different technologies that we collect in this article are fully operational and have thousands of experience in patients. The incorporation of them to the usual clinical practice is in our hands.

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es el principal motivo de consulta en la mayoría de las unidades de Neurología Pediátrica en España. Las nuevas tecnologías asocian además beneficios tanto para los pacientes como para los profesionales y el propio sistema sanitario. Se hace imprescindible su implementación racional. La genética, la neuroimagen o la realidad virtual por ejemplo, son claros exponentes de los resultados que se pueden conseguir al optimizar los procesos tradicionales. Las diferentes tecnologías que recogemos en este artículo están completamente operativas y cuentan con miles de pacientes de experiencia. La incorporación de las mismas a la práctica clínica habitual está en nuestras manos.

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El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es el principal motivo de consulta en la mayoría de las unidades de Neurología Pediátrica en España. Las nuevas tecnologías asocian además beneficios tanto para los pacientes como para los profesionales y el propio sistema sanitario. Se hace imprescindible su implementación racional. La genética, la neuroimagen o la realidad virtual por ejemplo, son claros exponentes de los resultados que se pueden conseguir al optimizar los procesos tradicionales. Las diferentes tecnologías que recogemos en este artículo están completamente operativas y cuentan con miles de pacientes de experiencia. La incorporación de las mismas a la práctica clínica habitual está en nuestras manos.

Attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (ADHD) is the main reason for consultation in most Pediatric Neurology units in Spain. The new technologies also associate benefits for both patients and professionals and the health system itself, which makes its rational implementation essential. Genetics, neuroimaging or virtual reality, for example, are clear exponents of the results that can be achieved by optimizing traditional processes. The different technologies that we collect in this article are fully operational and have thousands of experience in patients. The incorporation of them to the usual clinical practice is in our hands.

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Resumen: Las complicaciones agudas de la diabetes representan aproximadamente 20 a 30% de los pacientes adultos hospitalizados en los servicios de urgencias. Cerca de 90% de todos los pacientes que reciben insulina experimentan al menos un episodio de hipoglucemia. Ante la disminución de concentraciones séricas de glucosa, tiene lugar una serie de respuestas en el organismo de manera escalonada. El primer mecanismo de defensa desencadenado es el cese de producción de insulina en las células B pancreáticas, apareciendo aproximadamente a 80 mg/dL. En segundo lugar, el aumento de la secreción de glucagón aparece alrededor de 68 mg/dL. El tejido cerebral consume aproximadamente 25% del consumo corporal total en su estado posabsortivo. La glucosa sérica atraviesa la barrera hematoencefálica a través de los capilares por difusión facilitada mediante el transportador GLUT-1. Las zonas más sensibles a la disminución de aporte glucémico son la corteza, el hipocampo y el cuerpo estriado. En este artículo se proporciona una visión de la fisiopatología en la hipoglucemia, con insistencia en sus efectos nocivos en el tejido cerebral, así como su abordaje dirigido a médicos en el servicio de urgencias.

Abstract: Acute complications of diabetes account for approximately 20 to 30% of adult patients hospitalized in the emergency department. Approximately 90% of all patients recei-ving insulin experience at least one episode of hypoglycemia. As serum glucose levels decrease, a series of responses in the body occurs in a staggered fashion. The first triggered mechanism of defense is the cessation of insulin production in pancreatic B cells, appearing at approximately 80 mg/dL. Second, increased glucagon secretion appears around 68 mg/dL. Brain tissue consumes approximately 25% of total body consumption in its post-absorptive state. Serum glucose crosses the blood-brain barrier through the capillaries by diffusion facilitated by the GLUT-1 transporter. The most sensitive areas to decreased glycemic intake are the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. This article provides an overview of hypoglycemia pathophysiology, with emphasis on its deleterious effects on brain tissue, as well as its approach to physicians in the emergency department.

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BACKGROUND: The immune mechanism involved in the reaction to hydrochlorothiazide, which is widely used to control hypertension, is unknown. The short latency period between the take of the drug and the onset of symptoms suggests immediate hypersensitivity. CASE REPORT: 63-year-old woman with arterial hypertension who, on three occasions, experienced nausea, vomiting, general malaise, shivering, arthralgias, dysthermic sensation, back pain of mechanical characteristics and mild non-productive cough, as well as fever and chest tightness with increased dyspnea and desaturation of up to 88 %, after taking hydrochlorothiazide. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical presentation in the patient was similar to a septic shock, which is a rare allergic reaction. The diagnosis has to be clinical. This type of reaction might be due to type III hypersensitivity owing to the formation of immune complexes. Avoiding of the culprit drug is key to a good evolution.

Antecedentes: Se desconoce el mecanismo inmunológico implicado en la reacción a la hidroclorotiazida, de amplio uso para el control de la hipertensión arterial. El corto periodo de latencia entre la toma del fármaco y la aparición de síntomas sugiere hipersensibilidad inmediata. Reporte de caso: Mujer de 63 años con hipertensión arterial quien en tres ocasiones presentó náuseas, vómitos, malestar general, tiritona, artralgias, sensación distérmica, dolor lumbar de características mecánicas y tos escasa no productiva, así como fiebre y opresión torácica con incremento de la disnea y desaturación hasta de 88 %, tras la toma de hidroclorotiazida. Conclusiones: La presentación clínica en la paciente fue similar a choque séptico, reacción alérgica rara cuyo diagnóstico es clínico Este tipo de reacción podría deberse a hipersensibilidad tipo III debido a la formación de inmunocomplejos. Evitar el fármaco implicado es clave para la buena evolución.

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Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) is increasing. In vitro test such as omega-5-gliadin levels are useful in the diagnosis, while oral single blind challenge tests (OCT) with wheat plus exercise continuous being the gold standard diagnostic method. This paper reports the case of a 38-year-old woman, with several episodes of anaphylaxis after eating different foods and doing exercise after ingestion. An allergy study was performed with positive skin prick tests for wheat, barley and rye. Total IgE 238.0KU/L, positive specific IgE (>100KU/L) to wheat, barley and rye, and negative to rTri-a-19 omega-5 gliadin. OCT with bread and exercise was positive. In this case of wheat-dependent exerciseinduced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) with negative serum specific IgE to omega-5-gliadin, negative results with gamma, alpha, bheta y omega-gliadin doesn't exclude the diagnosis of WDEIA.

La anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio dependiente de trigo (WDEIA por sus siglas en inglés de wheat-dependent-exercise-induced-anaphylaxis) es una entidad cada vez más frecuente. La detección de IgE frente a omega-5-gliadina in vitro se usa como método diagnóstico, pero la provocación oral controlada simple ciego (POC) con el alimento, junto con la realización de ejercicio físico, es el método diagnóstico patrón de referencia. Se comunica el caso de una paciente de 38 años de edad, con antecedente de episodios de anafilaxia relacionados con la ingestión de alimentos y la realización de actividad física. Se realizó un estudio alergológico. Las pruebas cutáneas fueron positivas a harina de trigo, cebada y centeno. IgE total: 238.0 kU/L, IgE específica positiva (mayor de 100 kU/L) a trigo, cebada, centeno y negativa a rTri-a-19omega-5 gliadina. La provocación oral controlada con pan de trigo y ejercicio físico fue positiva. En este caso con anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio dependiente de trigo sin sensibilización omega-5 gliadina la ausencia de IgE frente gamma, alfa, beta yomega-gliadina no excluiría el diagnóstico de esta enfermedad.

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BACKGROUND: Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a cardiometabolic risk indicator in children. A value greater than or equal to 0.55 is an effective screening tool for identifying obese children with metabolic syndrome. However, it is unclear whether this cutoff can be applied equally to any age or gender. AIM: To analyze the variability of WHtR by age, gender and pubertal stage in elementary school children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 2,980 school children (6-14 years old, 51% male) of Santiago, Chile. We measured weight, height and waist circumference and calculated body mass index and WHtR. Pubertal stage was assessed and classified as peripubertal (Tanner I and II) and pubertal (Tanner III, IV and V). RESULTS: The mean age was 9.9 ± 2.3 years, with no gender difference (p = 0.5). Eighty one percent of boys and 59.4% of girls were peripubertal (p < 0.001). The association between age-adjusted WHtR by gender and pubertal stage was not significant (p = 0.409). Therefore mean, standard deviation and percentiles of WHtR were calculated without sex and pubertal stage segmentations. CONCLUSIONS: Since WHtR does not vary with age, gender and pubertal status in elementary school children, it is possible to use a single cutoff value, previously defined in this population, to identify children with cardiometabolic risk.

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El objetivo del estudio fue examinar si el impacto conjunto de los paradigmas de auto-persuasión y de cambio indirecto sobre el cambio de las actitudes hacia la diversidad sexual es mayor que cuando se emplea el de auto-persuasión por separado. Los resultados mostraron que los participantes que generaban argumentos en contra de una determinada propuesta presentaron un mayor cambio de actitud, aunque su objetivo no era convencerse a sí mismos sino a otros. Este cambio fue mayor para aquellos que habían generado argumentos de acuerdo con el paradigma de cambio indirecto. Por último, se discute la importancia que pueden tener estos paradigmas en el deterioro de las actitudes hacia la diversidad sexual...

The objective of the study was to analyze whether the joint impact of the paradigms of self-persuasion and indirect change on attitude changes with respect to sexual diversity was greater than when the self-persuasion paradigm is used alone. The results showed that participants who argued against a certain proposal showed greater attitude changes, though their objective was not to convince themselves but others. This change was greater for those who had argued according to the indirect change paradigm. Finally, the study discusses the importance that these paradigms can have in the deterioration of attitudes toward sexual diversity...

O objetivo do estudo foi examinar se o impacto conjunto dos paradigmas de autopersuasão e de mudança indireta sobre a mudança das atitudes ante a diversidade sexual é maior que quando se emprega o de autopersuasão separadamente. Os resultados mostraram que os participantes que geravam argumentos contra uma determinada proposta apresentaram uma maior mudança de atitude, embora seu objetivo não tivesse sido convencerem-se a si mesmos, mas sim a outros. Essa mudança foi maior para aqueles que tinham gerado argumentos de acordo com o paradigma de mudança indireta. Por último, discute-se a importância que podem ter esses paradigmas na deterioração das atitudes ante a diversidade sexual...

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Background: Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a cardiometabolic risk indicator in children. A value greater than or equal to 0.55 is an effective screening tool for identifying obese children with metabolic syndrome. However, it is unclear whether this cutoff can be applied equally to any age or gender. Aim: To analyze the variability of WHtR by age, gender and pubertal stage in elementary school children. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 2,980 school children (6-14 years old, 51% male) of Santiago, Chile. We measured weight, height and waist circumference and calculated body mass index and WHtR. Pubertal stage was assessed and classified as peripubertal (Tanner I and II) and pubertal (Tanner III, IV and V). Results: The mean age was 9.9 ± 2.3 years, with no gender difference (p = 0.5). Eighty one percent of boys and 59.4% of girls were peripubertal (p < 0.001). The association between age-adjusted WHtR by gender and pubertal stage was not significant (p = 0.409). Therefore mean, standard deviation and percentiles of WHtR were calculated without sex and pubertal stage segmentations. Conclusions: Since WHtR does not vary with age, gender and pubertal status in elementary school children, it is possible to use a single cutoff value, previously defined in this population, to identify children with cardiometabolic risk.

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A fibromialgia (FM) é uma síndrome crônica que se caracteriza por dor musculoesquelética generalizada, que provoca acentuada redução na capacidade física dos pacientes afetando a sua saúde e qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade física dos pacientes com FM relacionada com a gravidade da enfermidade. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo transversal sobre uma amostra de 66 mulheres com FM (idade: 51,79 ± 8,02 anos) e um grupo de controle de mulheres saudáveis (idade 50,26 ± 8,75 anos). Analisou-se a amplitude física mediante bateria de provas físicas específicas com aplicação de questionários: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) e o Short-Form Healthy Survey (SF-36), na versão espanhola. RESULTADOS: As mulheres saudáveis apresentam os valores de amplitude física superiores aos das mulheres enfermas com (p < 0,05) exceto na prova de dinamometria manual. Exclusivamente na prova de agilidade se pôde discriminar os pacientes de FM segundo a gravidade da enfermidade (p = 0,021). A qualidade de vida nos pacientes com FM se encontra muito deteriorada em comparação (p = 0,021) com as mulheres saudáveis e os valores que normatizam a sociedade espanhola. CONCLUSÕES: A análise das capacidades físicas é um elemento de relevância clínica na avaliação complementar da fibromialgia.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic syndrome characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, which causes significant reduction in physical capacity of patients and affects their health and quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the physical capacity of FM patients correlated with the severity of the disease. METHOD: A transversal descriptive study on a sample of 66 women with FM (age: 51.79 ± 02.08 years) and a control group of healthy women (age 50.26 ± 8.75years). Physical amplitude was assessed by a battery of specific physical evidence and application of questionnaires: the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Short-Form Healthy Survey (SF-36) in the Spanish version. RESULTS: healthy women have higher values of physical amplitude than sick women (p <0.05), except for in manual dynamometry proof. Exclusively in the agility test the patients with FM could be identified according to their disease severity (p = 0.021).Quality of life in patients with FM is very deteriorated compared (p = 0.021) to healthy women and values that regulate the Spanish society. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the physical capacities is an additional assessment on the clinical relevance of fibromyalgia.