RESUMO
Objetivo: identificar atitudes das crianças em relação aos idosos. Método: foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, exploratório e correlacional. Resultados: a população de crianças entre os 3 e os 10 anos. A recolha de dados com alguns dados sociodemográficos da escala "Galvão" é aplicada na população portuguesa. Amostra com 109 crianças entre os 3 e os 10 anos, nacionalidade portuguesa e residentes em Portugal. Os resultados mostraram que em média as crianças (24%) apresentam atitude positiva em relação aos idosos. Este valor esteve próximo do ponto médio da escala (28%), que os coloca numa atitude moderada. Conclusão: as crianças apresentaram atitudes mais positivas para com os idosos, embora com alguma inconsistência em algumas dimensões. Pode tornar-se uma contribuição importante para a análise de estereótipos sobre o envelhecimento. É importante ser capaz de intervir nas atitudes das crianças em relação aos idosos, ajudando as crianças a compreender as mudanças normais de envelhecimento.
Objective: to identify children's attitudes towards the elderly. Methods: a quantitative, descriptive, exploratory, correlational study was conducted. Results: the study population was children from 3 to 10 years old. Sociodemographic data were collected and a Galvão scale, validated for the population of Portugal, was applied. The convenience sample comprised 109 children from 3 to 10 years old, of Portuguese nationality and resident in Portugal. On average, the children were found to have a 24% positive attitude towards the elderly. This value was close to the midpoint of the scale (28%), rating their attitude as moderate. Conclusion: the children's attitudes towards the elderly were predominantly positive, although with inconsistency in some dimensions. This study may become an important contribution to the analysis of stereotypes about aging. It is important to be able to influence children's attitudes towards the elderly and help them understand the normal changes of aging.
Objetivo: identificar actitudes de niños hacia los ancianos. Método: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio y correlacional. Resultados: la población estudiada fue de niños entre 3 y 10 años. La recolección con algunos datos sociodemográficos, aplicación de la escala "Galvão" se aplicó en la población portuguesa. La muestra era compuesta por 109 niños entre 3 y 10 años, de nacionalidad portuguesa y residentes en Portugal. Los resultados han demostrado que en promedio los niños (24%) presentan una actitud positiva respecto a los ancianos. Este valor estuvo cerca del punto medio de la escala (28%), lo que los pone en una actitud moderada. Conclusión: los niños presentaron actitudes más positivas hacia los ancianos, aunque con cierta inconsistencia en algunas dimensiones. Esta investigación puede convertirse en una importante contribución para analizar los estereotipos sobre el envejecimiento. Es importante ser capaz de intervenir en las actitudes de los niños, ayudándolos a comprender los cambios normales del envejecimiento.
RESUMO
This paper presents a summary of some relevant documents published during the last decades regarding arsenic contamination in Brazil until December 2018, including scientific papers, reports and regulatory documents. Natural and anthropogenic arsenic sources were covered, excluding those related to agriculture. International "key" documents related to arsenic contamination were used to support the discussion and comparative analysis. This paper aims: (a) to summarize and discuss some available data (including Portuguese written documents) concerning arsenic contamination in Brazil, mainly geographical, geological, geochemical, environmental and health studies; (b) to critically review the published studies comparing their main findings; (c) to describe and compare ancient and recent contamination events; and (d) to highlight key knowledge gaps, and identify promising areas for future researches. The arsenic contamination scenario in Brazil results not only from mining. Natural or anthropogenic emissions caused by great magnitude phenomena as flooding, erosion, landslide and, water scarcity equally impact arsenic mobilization/immobilization equilibria. Our literature review demonstrates that arsenic contamination of soils, sediments and water sources is observed at least at three of the five geographically defined Brazilian regions (Northern, Southern and, Southeastern regions). Arsenic enriched soils, and waters naturally occur all around the country and anthropogenic activities have been the main contributory factor to the environmental contamination since the 18th Century. Geogenic materials (topsoil and mining tailings), and water samples could contain extremely high arsenic concentrations, i.e. 21,000 mg kg-1 or 1,700,000 µg L-1, respectively, have been found mainly at the "Iron Quadrangle". Moreover, if we consider both the Brazilian and international parameters, the health risks associated with the human exposition to arsenic are of significant concern. For those reasons, constant monitoring of As contaminated areas in Brazil is mandatory. Furthermore, it is necessary to learn from the mistakes made in the past in order to prevent or minimize future problems.