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INTRODUCTION: Patients with severe COVID-19 develops an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring admission to the intensive care unit. COVID-19 also reports an increased prevalence of comorbidities, similar to patients with Sleep disorder breathing (SDB). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between undiagnosed SDB and the risk of ARDS and pulmonary abnormalities in a cohort of patients' survivors of COVID-19 between 3 and 6 months after diagnosis. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of patients who developed ARDS during hospitalization due to COVID-19 compared with a control group of patients who had COVID-19 with mild to moderate symptoms. All patients were evaluated between the 12th and 24th week after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The evaluation includes persistent symptoms, lung diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO), chest CT scan and home sleep apnea test. SDB was diagnosed by the respiratory disturbance index ≥5 ev/h. The association between SDB and ARDS, the hazards of lung impairment and the hazard ratios (HR) were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were included (ARDS: 34 patients, Control: 26 patients). The mean follow-up was 16 weeks (range 12-24). ARDS reported a high prevalence of SDB (79% vs. 38% in control group). A total of 35% reported DLCO impairment, and 67.6% abnormal chest CT. SDB was independently associated to ARDS, OR 6.72 (CI, 1.56-28.93), p < 0.01, and abnormal Chest CT, HR 17.2 (CI, 1.68-177.4, p = 0.01). Besides, ARDS, days in mechanical ventilation, male gender were also associated with an increased risk of abnormal chest CT. CONCLUSION: Undiagnosed SDB is prevalent and independently associated with ARDS. In addition, undiagnosed SDB increased the hazard of abnormal Chest CT in the midterm. STUDY REGISTER: ISRCTN16865246.

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BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranges from asymptomatic disease to respiratory failure and requires invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Data about the sequelae after infection are scarce. The study aims to describe the prevalence of symptoms, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and radiological changes after four months of follow-up. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, multicentre study was performed. Patients with different illness severities were consecutively included (mild; moderate: hospitalized without IMV; severe: hospitalized with IMV). Clinical variables, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), PFT (spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO)), and (CT) scans of the chest were obtained. The association between the risk of sequelae (DLCO <80%) and altered CT was analysed using logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS: 60 patients (18 mild, 17 moderate, and 25 severe) were included. Fatigue was found in 11% of the mild, 47% of the moderate and 36% of the severe group. Altered DLCO (mild: 5.5%, moderate: 41%, severe: 28%, p < .05) and change in HRQoL (mild: 50%, moderate: 94%, severe: 60%), while the severe group showed a higher prevalence of altered CT (88% vs. 64%). Awake prone position (APP) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) was independently associated with altered DLCO, Odds ratio (OR) 7.28 (CI, 1.10-47.81; p < .05), and altered CT, OR 9.50 (CI, 1.26-71.5; p < .05). Besides, prolonged time in IMV was associated with altered CT, OR 1.24 (CI, 1.05-1.46; p < .05). DISCUSSION: It is common to find sequelae in symptoms, radiology, and PFT. In our series, the use of APP+HFNC and days on IMV were associated with an increased risk of sequelae.

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Systematic reviews evaluating multiple interventions can be useful in different clinical situations. However, some concerns arise when more than two interventions are compared and there is a paucity of good quality randomized clinical trials. A novel statistical method based on indirect comparisons, called network meta-analysis (NMA), can be a useful approach to find a clinical answer when multiple interventions are evaluated for the same outcome or comparator. The aim of this review is to describe the main characteristics and provide a user guide for a critical analysis of NMA focusing on its three main domains, namely homogeneity, transitivity and consistency.

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Coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2), is a pandemic disease declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). This disease reports a high risk of contagion, especially by the transmission of aerosols in health care workers. In this scenario, aerosol exposure is increased in various procedures related to the airway, lungs, and pleural space. For this reason, it is important to have recommendations that reduce the risk of exposure and infection with COVID-19. In this document, a team of international specialists in interventional pulmonology elaborated a series of recommendations, based on the available evidence to define the risk stratification, diagnostic methods and technical considerations on procedures such as bronchoscopy, tracheostomy, and pleural procedures among others. As well as the precautions to reduce the risk of contagion when carrying out pulmonary interventions.

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Systematic reviews evaluating multiple interventions can be useful in different clinical situations. However, some concerns arise when more than two interventions are compared and there is a paucity of good quality randomized clinical trials. A novel statistical method based on indirect comparisons, called network meta-analysis (NMA), can be a useful approach to find a clinical answer when multiple interventions are evaluated for the same outcome or comparator. The aim of this review is to describe the main characteristics and provide a user guide for a critical analysis of NMA focusing on its three main domains, namely homogeneity, transitivity and consistency.

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Coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2), is a pandemic disease declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). This disease reports a high risk of contagion, especially by the transmission of aerosols in health care workers. In this scenario, aerosol exposure is increased in various procedures related to the airway, lungs, and pleural space. For this reason, it is important to have recommendations that reduce the risk of exposure and infection with COVID-19. In this document, a team of international specialists in interventional pulmonology elaborated a series of recommendations, based on the available evidence to define the risk stratification, diagnostic methods and technical considerations on procedures such as bronchoscopy, tracheostomy, and pleural procedures among others. As well as the precautions to reduce the risk of contagion when carrying out pulmonary interventions.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate current practices in sedation for bronchoscopy in Latin America. Methods: This was an anonymous survey of select members of the Latin American Thoracic Association. The questionnaire, made available online from November of 2015 through February of 2016, was designed to collect data on demographic characteristics; type of facility (public or private); type/volume of bronchoscopies; type of sedation; and type of professional administering the sedation. Results: We received 338 completed questionnaires from 19 countries; 250 respondents (74.0%) were male. The mean respondent age was 36.0 ± 10.5 years. Of the 338 respondents, 304 (89.9%) were pulmonologists; 169 (50.0%) worked at public facilities; and 152 (45.0%) worked at teaching facilities. All of the respondents performed diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 206 (60.9%) performed therapeutic fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 125 (37.0%) performed rigid bronchoscopy, 37 (10.9%) performed endobronchial ultrasound, and 3 (0.9%) performed laser therapy/thermoplasty/cryotherapy. Sedation for bronchoscopy was employed by 324 respondents (95.6%). Of the 338 respondents, 103 (30.5%) and 96 (28.4%) stated, respectively, that such sedation should "usually" and "never" be administered by a bronchoscopist; 324 (95.9%) supported training bronchoscopists in sedation. Sedation administered by a bronchoscopist was reported by 113 respondents, conscious sedation being employed by 109 (96.2%). The use of benzodiazepines, propofol, and opiates was reported, respectively, by 252 (74.6%), 179 (52.9%), and 132 (39.0%) of the 338 respondents. Deep sedation and general anesthesia were more common at private facilities. Conclusions: The consensus seems to be that a well-trained bronchoscopist can safely administer sedation for bronchoscopy. However, approximately 40% of bronchoscopists do not do so regularly.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as práticas atuais de sedação na broncoscopia na América Latina. Métodos: Trata-se de um inquérito realizado de forma anônima com membros selecionados da Associação Latino-Americana de Tórax. O questionário, disponibilizado on-line entre novembro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016, foi desenvolvido para coletar dados sobre características demográficas, tipo de serviço (público ou privado), tipo/volume de broncoscopias, tipo de sedação e tipo de profissional que administra a sedação. Resultados: Recebemos 338 questionários preenchidos de 19 países; 250 entrevistados (74,0%) eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos entrevistados foi de 36,0 ± 10,5 anos. Dos 338 entrevistados, 304 (89,9%) eram pneumologistas; 169 (50,0%) trabalhavam em estabelecimentos públicos; e 152 (45,0%) trabalhavam em instituições educacionais. Todos os entrevistados realizavam fibrobroncoscopia diagnóstica, 206 (60,9%) realizavam fibrobroncoscopia terapêutica, 125 (37,0%) realizavam broncoscopia rígida, 37 (10,9%) realizavam ultrassom endobrônquico, e 3 (0,9%) realizavam terapia a laser/termoplastia/crioterapia. A sedação na broncoscopia foi empregada por 324 entrevistados (95,6%). Dos 338 entrevistados, 103 (30,5%) e 96 (28,4%) afirmaram, respectivamente, que a sedação "geralmente" e "nunca" deveria ser administrada por um broncoscopista; 324 (95,9%) apoiavam o treinamento de broncoscopistas em sedação. A sedação era administrada por um broncoscopista segundo 113 entrevistados, sendo a sedação consciente empregada por 109 (96,2%). O uso de benzodiazepínicos, propofol e opiáceos foi relatado, respectivamente, por 252 (74,6%), 179 (52,9%) e 132 (39,0%) dos 338 entrevistados. Sedação profunda e anestesia geral eram mais comuns em serviços privados. Conclusões: O consenso foi de que um broncoscopista bem treinado poderia administrar com segurança a sedação na broncoscopia. No entanto, aproximadamente 40% dos broncoscopistas não o fazem regularmente.

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INTRODUCTION: There is evidence of an association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This systematic review and meta-analysis explored the risk of new onset IBD in patients with COPD and new onset COPD in IBD patients. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of observational studies exploring the risk of both associations. Two independent reviewers explored the EMBASE, MEDLINE, LILACS and DOAJ databases, and the risk of bias was evaluated using the ROBBINS-I tool. Data from included studies was pooled in a random effect meta-analysis following a DerSimonian-Laird method. The quality of the evidence was ranked using GRADE criteria. RESULTS: Four studies including a pooled population of 1355 new cases were included. We found association between new onset IBD in COPD population. The risk of bias was low in most of them. Only one study reported tobacco exposure as a potential confounding factor. The pooled risk ratio (RR) for a new diagnosis of IBD in COPD patients was 2.02 (CI, 1.56 to 2.63), I2 = 72% (GRADE: low). The subgroup analyses for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis yielded RRs of 2.29 (CI, 1.51 to 3.48; I2 = 62%), and 1.79 (CI, 1.39 to 2.29; I2 = 19%.), respectively. DISCUSSION: According to our findings, the risk of new onset IBD was higher in populations with COPD compared to the general population without this condition. Based on our analysis, we suggest a potential association between IBD and COPD; however, further research exploring the potential effect of confounding variables, especially cigarette smoking, is still needed. REVIEW REGISTER: (PROSPERO: CRD42018096624).

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Tridimensional printing is becoming relevant in medicine, specially in surgical and interventional specialties. We review the technical aspects and clinical application of airway tridimensional printing. Using this technique, simulation models for bronchoscopy and models for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as stent design, tracheal reconstruction and airway models can be created.

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Rationale: Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive method used to diagnose suspected mediastinal lymph nodes or masses. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis in patients with suspected lymphoma is unclear.Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA in patients with suspected lymphoma.Methods: A literature search including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was performed by two reviewers. Included articles were evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool and meta-analysis with a binary method model to compare the sensitivity, specificity, and summary receiver operating characteristic curve in patients with suspected lymphoma.Results: Fourteen studies (425 participants) were pooled in the analysis. EBUS-TBNA reported an overall sensitivity of 66.2% (confidence interval [CI], 55-75.8%; I2 = 76.2%) and specificity of 99.3% (CI, 98.2-99.7%; I2 = 40%). For a new diagnosis of lymphoma, 13 studies including 243 participants reported sensitivity of 67.1% (CI, 54.2-77.9%; I2 = 66.8%) and specificity of 99.6% (CI, 99.1-99.8%; I2 = 0%). For recurrence of lymphoma, 11 studies including 166 participants reported sensitivity of 77.8% (CI, 68.1-85.2%; I2 = 20.2%) and specificity of 99.5% (CI, 98.9-99.8%; I2 = 0%). In the recurrence group, we found the use of rapid onsite examination, sample size, and flow cytometry increased the sensitivity of EBUS-TBNA, albeit a potential source of heterogeneity.Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA has fair sensitivity for identifying a new diagnosis of lymphoma and fair to good sensitivity for identifying recurrence.Trial Registry: PROSPERO CRD42018102773 https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=102773.

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Tridimensional printing is becoming relevant in medicine, specially in surgical and interventional specialties. We review the technical aspects and clinical application of airway tridimensional printing. Using this technique, simulation models for bronchoscopy and models for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as stent design, tracheal reconstruction and airway models can be created.

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Bronchoscopy cryoprobes are used for palliative treatment of endobronchial obstructions caused by tumors and removal of granulation tissue or foreign bodies. Currently this technology is also used for diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD). The multidisciplinary team that establishes the clinical, radiological and histopathological correlation in ILD, decides about performing a surgical lung biopsy when the characteristics of the interstitial disease are not similar to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). Although surgical lung biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, transbronchial cryo-biopsy has a high diagnostic yield, low morbidity and mortality rate, low rate of complications and lower cost. It is the diagnostic method of choice in ILD when it is available. Technological improvements with greater freezing power and tensile strength of the cryo probes, allow their use in cryotherapy and cryo-recanalization for occlusive airway tumors.

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RATIONALE: Endobronchial ultrasound and transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) are commonly used for the diagnosis and mediastinal staging of lung cancer. Molecular markers are becoming increasingly important in patients with lung cancer to define targetable mutations suitable for personalized therapy, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), reactive oxygen species proto-oncogene (ROS1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the adequacy of EBUS-TBNA-derived tissue for molecular analysis. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE, LILACS, www.clinicaltrials.gov , and Epistemonikos databases through January 2018. DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent reviewers performed the data search, quality assessment, and data extraction. We included both prospective and retrospective studies; risk of bias was evaluated using the ROBINS-I tool. The primary outcome was the proportion of adequate samples obtained by EBUS-TBNA for molecular analysis. Data were pooled by using a binary random effects model. Finally, evidence was rated by using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. RESULTS: A total of 33 studies including 2,698 participants were analyzed. In 28 studies that evaluated EBUS-TBNA for the identification of EGFR mutations, the pooled probability of obtaining a sufficient sample was 94.5% (95% confidence interval CI], 93.2-96.4%). For identification of ALK mutations, the pooled probability was 94.9% (95% CI, 89.4-98.8%). Finally, the prevalence of EGFR mutation was 15.8% (95% CI, 12.1-19.4%), and the prevalence of ALK mutation was 2.77% (95% CI, 1.0-4.8%). Data for ROS1 and PD-L1 mutations were not suitable for meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: EBUS-TBNA has a high yield for molecular analysis of both EGFR and ALK mutations. However, the suitability of TBNA samples for next-generation sequencing is uncertain and should be explored in further studies. Clinical trial registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017080008).

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Endoscopic lung volume reduction is a minimally invasive procedure performed to reduce the space occupied by the emphysemas' lobes. This procedure has been demonstrated to be beneficial for patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe hyperinflation. The use of endobronchial valves is increasing, as well as the number of reports of adverse events. The most common complications after the procedure are a pneumothorax, bleeding, infections, the need for valve removal, and valve expulsion. We have recently treated a patient who achieved immediate left upper lobe atelectasis but developed a pneumothorax on the 6th day and near-fatal kinking of the left lower lobe bronchus. This patient had asphyctic episodes probably due to a functional left pneumonectomy. We should consider this unusual complication in patients undergoing endoscopic lung volume reduction whose condition worsens after achieving complete lobar atelectasis.

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Bronchoscopy cryoprobes are used for palliative treatment of endobronchial obstructions caused by tumors and removal of granulation tissue or foreign bodies. Currently this technology is also used for diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD). The multidisciplinary team that establishes the clinical, radiological and histopathological correlation in ILD, decides about performing a surgical lung biopsy when the characteristics of the interstitial disease are not similar to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). Although surgical lung biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, transbronchial cryo-biopsy has a high diagnostic yield, low morbidity and mortality rate, low rate of complications and lower cost. It is the diagnostic method of choice in ILD when it is available. Technological improvements with greater freezing power and tensile strength of the cryo probes, allow their use in cryotherapy and cryo-recanalization for occlusive airway tumors.

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Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by the intra-alveolar accumulation of a proteinaceous phospholipid-laden material called surfactant. Clinically, this disease should be suspected with respiratory failure in association with a crazy paving pattern on high-resolution chest computed tomography. We report a 24-year-old gentleman who was referred to us for a history of respiratory failure, treatment with invasive ventilation and tracheostomy. His blood exams and biochemistry were normal. His infectious and rheumatological panel was negative for a secondary disease. A flexible bronchoscopy with a transbronchial biopsy through a CryoProbe was performed. An anatomopathological analysis was periodic acid-Schiff positive for PAP. A CryoProbe is a recently developed diagnostic tool that improves the diagnostic yield in diffuse lung diseases compared to bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy. This method should be considered for patients with diffuse lung disease and PAP.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has no curative treatment, and in moderate to advanced stages, functional parameters and quality of life are affected. Lung volume reduction improves respiratory parameters and quality of life of these patients. Endoscopic lung volume reduction is a minimally invasive procedure that uses endobronchial valves or coils. Valves are unidirectional, blocking the air from entering the target lobe during inspiration, allowing the exit of air and secretions during expiration. Complete fissure and absence of collateral ventilation are needed for an adequate functioning of endobronchial valves. Endobronchial coils cause mechanical retraction of the lung parenchyma. We report two patients who underwent endoscopic lung volume reduction by endobronchial valves. One patient was on continuous positive pressure non-invasive ventilation due to his severe emphysema.

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