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BACKGROUND: Although anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses and epidemiology have been extensively studied, data gaps remain for certain populations such as indigenous people or children especially in low- and middle-income countries. To address this gap, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and humoral immunity towards the parental B.1 strain, local SARS-CoV-2 variants, and endemic coronaviruses in children from Colombia from March to April 2021. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional seroprevalence study with 80 children from Bogotá and expanded our analysis by comparing results with an independent observational study of 82 children from the Wiwa community living in the north-eastern Colombian territories. Antibody IgG titers towards SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic coronaviruses as well as ACE2 binding inhibition as a proxy for neutralization towards several SARS-CoV-2 variants were analyzed using two multiplex-based immunoassays. RESULTS: While we find seroprevalence estimates of 21.3% in children from Bogotá, seroprevalence is higher with 34.1% in Wiwa children. We observe a robust induction of antibodies towards the surface-exposed spike protein, its S1-, S2- and receptor-binding-subdomains in all SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children. Only nucleocapsid-specific IgG is significantly lower in the indigenous participants. ACE2 binding inhibition is low for all SARS-CoV-2 variants examined. We observe a dominance of NL63 S1 IgG levels in urban and indigenous children which suggests an early exposure to this respiratory virus independent of living conditions and geographic location. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity does not correlate with antibody levels towards any of the four endemic coronaviruses indicating the absence of cross-protective immunity. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, antibody titers, but in particular ACE2 binding inhibition are low within Colombian samples, requiring further investigation to determine any potential clinical significance.
Our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19 remains incomplete for certain populations including indigenous people and younger age groups. Here, we aim to understand the extent to which children from urban and indigenous populations of Colombia were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the related common cold coronaviruses. By measuring antibodies, protective proteins produced by the immune system, we find higher levels of previous SARS-CoV-2 infections in indigenous children of the Wiwa community (34.1%) compared to children from urbanized Bogotá (21.3%). Antibody levels towards the common cold coronaviruses were similar in SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected children suggesting immune responses to one coronavirus do not automatically protect against closely-related viruses. Further, we find low levels of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in both populations. This finding warrants further investigation as it relates to reinfection risk and future vaccination strategies in these populations.
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The majority of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)-related studies are carried out in adults whereas information about HEV seroprevalence, clinical disease manifestation, molecular epidemiology, and transmission patterns in children is limited. To estimate HEV seroprevalence among scholar children living in an urban setting and to analyze risk factors for an infection, we invited children aged 5-18 years from Bogotá (Colombia) for a cross-sectional survey. We collected self-reported data on demographics, social, clinical, and exposure variables in a structured interview. Venous blood samples were analyzed with two commercially available ELISAs for HEV-specific IgG antibodies. Among the 263 participants, we found three HEV IgG-reactive samples (1.1%) using both assays. We additionally characterized the samples for HEV IgM using a commercially available IgM ELISA and for HEV RNA. Here, we found one IgM-reactive sample, which was also reactive for IgG. In contrast, none of the IgM- and IgG-reactive sera samples showed detectable RNA levels indicating HEV exposure had not been recently. All participants reported access to drinking water and sanitary systems in their households and frequent hand washing routines (76-88%). Eighty percent of children reported no direct contact with pigs, but occasional pork consumption was common (90%). In contrast to the majority of studies performed in Colombian adults, we found a low unadjusted HEV seroprevalence of 1.1% (95% CI: 0.3-3.6%) for both HEV IgG ELISAs in our study population. While the majority of participants reported pork consumption, we speculate in the absence of viral RNA for genotyping in the affected individuals, that existing access to drinking water and sanitary systems within our study group contribute to the low HEV seroprevalence.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Vírus da Hepatite E , Hepatite E , Humanos , Criança , Animais , Suínos , Estudos Transversais , Hepatite E/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Colômbia , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite , RNA Viral , Imunoglobulina G , Imunoglobulina MRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: caracterizar el proceso de implementación de la Política Nacional para el Control de la Tuberculosis, en Costa Rica, 2012-2015. Métodos: se utilizó la estrategia política de Monitoreo y Evaluación (M&E) con la finalidad de analizar los objetivos del programa según su contexto y los indicadores obtenidos durante el período 2012-2015. Se planteó un estudio instrumental de caso para saber cuáles componentes de la política se han utilizado y así comprender el proceso de implementación. Se recolectó la información por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas a las personas tomadoras de decisiones y al personal encargado de la implementación de la política. Resultados: Costa Rica para el año 2015 tuvo 8.13 casos reportados de tuberculosis (TB) por 100 000 habitantes. Además, cumplió con la meta del 85 % del tratamiento exitoso; no obstante, el porcentaje de curación fue del 60 % y el porcentaje de fallecimiento del 6.55 %. Conclusiones: se concluye que el país no realiza las estrategias de colaboración establecidas por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, no existe coordinación intersectorial ni trabajo interinstitucional con las demás entidades que forman parte del Sistema de Salud y no se ha logrado involucrar a la comunidad ni a instituciones sociales.
Summary Aim: To characterize the implementation process of the National Policy of Tuberculosis Control in Costa Rica 2012-2015. Methods: The Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy (M&E) was used in order to analyze the objectives of the program according to the context and to obtained indicators for 2012-2015. A case study was proposed to know which components of the policy had been used and to comprehend the implementation process. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews to policy makers and implementers of the policy. Results: In 2015, Costa Rica had 8.13 reported cases of tuberculosis per 100 000 people. The country achieved the 85 % of successful treatment; however, the cure rate was 60 % and the death rate was 6.55 %. Conclusions: The country did not perform the recommended collaborative strategies by Pan American Health Organization, did not have inter-sectorial coordination or inter-institutional work with other institutions from the Health System, and did not achieve the participation of the community or the social institutions in the program.
Assuntos
Humanos , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Política de Saúde , Costa RicaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: la minería artesanal de oro es una actividad económica que se realiza principalmente en países de bajos ingresos. Durante esta actividad se utiliza el mercurio para la recuperación de oro, el cual tiene diversas formas de afectación a la salud humana, especialmente por la inhalación del vapor de mercurio. Objetivo: describir los mecanismos de exposición al mercurio de las personas que trabajan en la minería artesanal de oro, en las Juntas de Abangares, Costa Rica, 2015-2016. Materiales y métodos: se aplicó un cuestionario para conocer factores de riesgo. Además, se utilizó una lista de chequeo para observar el proceso de minería artesanal de oro. Finalmente, se realizó la medición de concentraciones de mercurio atmosférico en los lugares de trabajo para conocer los límites de mercurio al que se encontraban expuestas las personas. Resultados: durante el proceso de quemado se libera vapor de mercurio, además, existen factores de riesgo que incrementan el riesgo de intoxicación al mercurio al no utilizar el equipo de protección personal adecuado durante la realización de la actividad minera. Conclusiones: las personas participantes que trabajan en minería artesanal de oro utilizan tecnología que no cuenta con los requisitos necesarios para minimizar sus riesgos, especialmente la retorta y su función de evitar el escape de mercurio.
Abstract Introduction: Artisanal gold mining is an economic activity that is done primarily in low-income countries. During this activity, mercury is used for the recovery of gold, which has various ways of affecting human health, especially by inhalation of mercury vapor. Aim: describe the mechanisms of exposure to mercury from people working in artisanal mining of gold, on the boards of Abangares, Costa Rica, 2015-2016. Materials and methods: A questionnaire was applied to learn about risk factors. In addition, a checklist was used to observe the process of artisanal gold mining. Finally, it was made the measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations in the workplace to learn the limits of mercury to which people were exposed. Results: The measurements indicated that release of mercury vapor is generated during the burning process, and the personal protective equipment was not suitable during the conduct of mining activity. There are risk factors that increase the risk of mercury poisoning. Conclusions: the participants who work in artisanal gold mining use technology that does not have the necessary requirements to minimize their risks, especially the retort and its function to prevent the escape of mercury.