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Heat stress is a major factor that negatively affects animal welfare and production systems. Livestock should adapt to tropical and subtropical areas and to meet this, composite breeds have been developed. This work aimed to evaluate gene expression profiles in the skin of Brangus cattle under heat stress using a case-control design, and to correlate this with skin histological characteristics. Two groups of bulls were set using rectal temperature as a criterion to define stress conditions: stressed (N = 5) and non-stressed (N = 5) groups. Skin transcriptomics was performed and correlations between breed composition, phenotypic and skin histological traits were evaluated. Results showed 4309 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.01), 2113 downregulated and 2196 upregulated. Enrichment and ontology analyses revealed 132 GO terms and 67 pathways (P < 0.01), including thermogenesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, mitochondrial activity, antioxidant and immune response, and apoptosis. The identity of the terms and pathways indicated the diversity of mechanisms directed to relieve the animals' suffering, acting from simple passive mechanisms (conduction, convection and radiation) to more complex active ones (behavioural changes, evaporation, vasodilation and wheezing). Furthermore, significant differences between phenotypic and skin histological traits and correlations between pairs of traits suggested a direction towards heat dissipation processes. In this sense, number of vessels was positively correlated with number of sweat glands (P < 0.001) and both were positively correlated with zebuine genetic content (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), gland size was positively correlated with epidermal thickness and negatively with hair length (P < 0.05), and epidermal thickness was negatively correlated with gland-epidermis distance (P < 0.0005). These results support the notion that response to heat stress is physiologically complex, producing significant changes in the expression of genes involved in several biological pathways, while the animal's ability to face it depends greatly on their skin features.

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Lactic Acid Bacteria play an important role in the milk fermentation processes of traditional cheeses and have become an important target for the development of novel cheese cultures because of their ability to confer health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the probiotic potential of 12 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains previously isolated and molecularly identified from an artisanal Colombian Double-Cream Cheese. Probiotic properties, including safety (hemolysis and sensibility to antibiotics), pH and bile salt tolerance, auto-aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, antibacterial activity, and exopolysaccharide production, were examined. None of the strains were hemolytic, and Pediococcus (16, 18) and Lactobacillus (28, 29) were found to be sensitive to all antibiotics. Moreover, all the strains tolerated pH (3.0, 6.5 and 8.0) and bile salt conditions (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 % w/v). Pediococcus pentosaceus (16), Leuconostoc citreum (17), Pediococcus acidilactici (18), Enterococcus faecium (21,22), Enterococcus faecalis (24) and Limosilactobacillus fermentum (29) exhibited medium autoaggregation and affinity to chloroform. Six of the strains exhibited a ropy exopolysaccharide phenotype. Antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, was found to be strain dependent, with the strains 16, 18, 21, 26, 28 and 29 presenting a higher inhibition (>4 mm) against all of them. According to Principal Component Analysis, P. pentosaceus (16), Leu. mesenteroides (26), L. casei (28), L. fermentum (29), and E. faecium (21) showed strong probiotic properties. Our findings suggest that five strains out of the 12 sampled strains are potential probiotics that could be used in the processing of traditional dairy products on an industrial scale to improve their quality.

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OBJECTIVE: Degenerative joint disease (DJD) includes a group of disorders characterised by the deterioration of the articular cartilage. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic profile of peripheral blood in German Shepherd dogs with DJD to identify putative diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS: Differential gene expression (DGE) and gene ontology (GO) analyses of the bulk RNA-seq experiment were performed in a cohort of 12 adult dogs (five cases and seven controls, classified by clinical and radiographic analyses). RESULTS: Radiographs of cases revealed severe signs of progressive DJD. Two up-regulated (LOC106559672 and THBS4) and one down-regulated (LOC106559235) differentially expressed genes (adjusted p value < 0.05) were identified. The DGE with log2 fold change < -1.5 and > 1.5 and non-adjusted p < 0.01 were selected for GO analysis. No significant enrichment terms were observed in the selected threshold. CONCLUSION: The gene-encoding protein THBS4 is correlated with DJD severity and long noncoding RNA LOC106559235 is probably involved in the DJD process. The THBS4 gene should be considered a good biomarker for DJD in dogs. Future studies using independent cohorts will be necessary to validate the present results.

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Introducción: la infección tuberculosa latente es un estado de respuesta inmune tipo hipersensibilidad celular retardada del organismo a la estimulación por antígenos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis sin evidencia clínica y radiológica de tuberculosis. Puede ser diagnosticada mediante la prueba de tuberculina o derivado proteico purificado de tuberculina. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de Medicina y las variables asociadas a una reacción positiva en la prueba de tuberculina. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el cual se procedió a realizar la prueba de tuberculina por el método de Mantoux utilizando 0,1 ml de derivado proteico purificado de tuberculina Tubersol, en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina de una universidad. Resultados: participaron 290 estudiantes. La frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente fue 19,3%. Al relacionar las variables demográficas con la reacción positiva en la prueba de tuberculina, los hombres presentaron 1,895 veces mayor probabilidad de dar positivo a la prueba de tuberculina que las mujeres. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de infección tuberculosa latente en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina fue 19,3% y la variable que presentó asociación estadística a la prueba de tuberculina positiva fue el sexo masculino.

Introduction: Latent tuberculosis infection is a state of delayed cellular hypersensitivity immune response of the organism to stimulation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without clinical and radiological evidence of tuberculosis. It can be diagnosed by tuberculin test or tuberculin purified protein derivative. Objectives: To determine the frequency of latent tuberculosis infection in medical students and the variables associated with a positive reaction in the tuberculin test. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out, in which the tuberculin test was made by the Mantoux method using 0.1 ml of purified protein derivative of Tubersol tuberculin in students of the medicine career of a university. Results: Two hundred ninety students participated. The frequency of latent tuberculosis infection was 19.3%. When relating the demographic variables to the positive reaction in the tuberculin test, men were 1,895 times more likely to test positive for the tuberculin test than women. Conclusions: The frequency of latent tuberculosis infection in medical students was 19.3% and the variable that presented a statistical association with the positive tuberculin test was male sex.

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Tree breeding programs and wood industries require simple, time- and cost-effective techniques to process large volumes of samples. In recent decades, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been acknowledged as one of the most powerful techniques for wood analysis, making it the most used tool for high-throughput phenotyping. Previous studies have shown that a significant number of anatomical, physical, chemical and mechanical wood properties can be estimated through NIRS, both for angiosperm and gymnosperm species. However, the ability of this technique to predict functional traits related to drought resistance has been poorly explored, especially in angiosperm species. This is particularly relevant since determining xylem hydraulic properties by conventional techniques is complex and time-consuming, clearly limiting its use in studies and applications that demand large amounts of samples. In this study, we measured several wood anatomical and hydraulic traits and collected NIR spectra in branches of two Eucalyptus L'Hér species. We developed NIRS calibration models and discussed their ability to accurately predict the studied traits. The models generated allowed us to adequately calibrate the reference traits, with high R2 (≥0.75) for traits such as P12, P88, the slope of the vulnerability curves to xylem embolism or the fiber wall fraction, and with lower R2 (0.39-0.52) for P50, maximum hydraulic conductivity or frequency of ray parenchyma. We found that certain wavenumbers improve models' calibration, with those in the range of 4000-5500 cm-1 predicting the highest number of both anatomical and functional traits. We concluded that the use of NIRS allows calibrating models with potential predictive value not only for wood structural and chemical variables but also for anatomical and functional traits related to drought resistance in wood types with complex structure as eucalypts. These results are promising in light of the required knowledge about species and genotypes adaptability to global climatic change.

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Over 65% of the world's cattle population resides in warm areas where heat stress conditions limit the breed of European taurine cattle. Composite breeds were developed to retain the main traits of both parental breeds. The skin plays a central role in animal response to heat stress. Research on the genetic architecture of skin traits has identified genes and regions related to warm resistance skin features. The aim of this study was to determine whether the indicine proportion accounted for coat type or whether there were genes of large effect segregating in Brangus. Bulls (n = 108) were genotyped using microarrays and their coat score and hair length were evaluated. Indicine-taurine genome-wide composition was estimated and GWAS was performed. Although significant correlations between indicine proportion and traits were not observed, four windows of SNPs on BTA4 and BTA5 explained more than 2% of the trait variance. The GWAS for coat score in summer showed the main peak on BTA5:46,941,446-48,030,219 bp, accounting for 4.65% of the variance. Our results suggest that the variation in coat score and undercoat hair length in Argentinian Brangus bulls is associated with the presence of some particular gene variants, rather than with the whole indicine genetic content.

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Brangus is a composite cattle breed developed with the objective of combining the advantages of Angus and Zebuine breeds (Brahman, mainly) in tropical climates. The aim of this work was to estimate breed composition both genome-wide and locally, at the chromosome level, and to uncover genomic regions evidencing positive selection in the Argentinean Brangus population/nucleus. To do so, we analysed marker data from 478 animals, including Brangus, Angus and Brahman. Average breed composition was 35.0% ± 9.6% of Brahman, lower than expected according to the theoretical fractions deduced by the usual cross-breeding practice in this breed. Local ancestry analysis evidenced that breed composition varies between chromosomes, ranging from 19.6% for BTA26 to 56.1% for BTA5. Using approaches based on allelic frequencies and linkage disequilibrium, genomic regions with putative selection signatures were identified in several chromosomes (BTA1, BTA5, BTA6 and BTA14). These regions harbour genes involved in horn development, growth, lipid metabolism, reproduction and immune response. We argue that the overlapping of a chromosome segment originated in one of the parental breeds and over-represented in the sample with the location of a signature of selection constitutes evidence of a selection process that has occurred in the breed since its take off in the 1950s. In this regard, our results could contribute to the understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in cross-bred cattle adaptation and productivity in tropical environments.

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RESUMEN Introducción: en el mundo, el cáncer de próstata es la principal causa de muerte en hombres. Algunas evidencias sugieren que los ácidos grasos omega-3 reducen la viabilidad de las células tumorales mientras que los ácidos omega-6 promueven su proliferación; al respecto, otros estudios han mostrado resultados controvertidos. Objetivo: evaluar los efectos citotóxicos, genotóxicos y anticlonogénicos de ácidos omega-3: α-linolénico (ALA), eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), omega-6: linoleico (LA), araquidónico (AA) y omega-9: oleico (OA) en células de cáncer de próstata (PC-3). Metodología: se evaluó el efecto sobre la viabilidad celular relativa mediante las pruebas de MTT y Azul de Tripano, el efecto genotóxico mediante intercambios de cromátidas hermanas (ICHs) y ensayo cometa, y el efecto anticlonogénico in vitro, en diferentes concentraciones (25, 50, 100 y 150 µM) de seis ácidos grasos omega en células de cáncer de próstata (PC-3). Resultados: la viabilidad relativa por MTT mostró valores ≤ IC50 con las concentraciones mayores (100 y 150 µM) para los ácidos grasos omega-3 EPA y DHA y omega-6 AA (150 µM), mientras que la viabilidad relativa, evaluada con Azul de Tripano, con estos mismos ácidos, redujeron la viabilidad a 0 %. DHA y EPA mostraron efecto genotóxico y la disminución de la clonogenicidad celular (p < 0,01). Por otro lado, LA y AA disminuyeron la viabilidad relativa observada con Azul de Tripano, sugiriendo diferentes mecanismos de acción de los ácidos grasos en la membrana celular. Conclusión: los resultados mostraron que los ácidos grasos omega-3, EPA, DHA, y omega-6, AA, disminuyen la formación de colonias, reducen la viabilidad celular y aumentan el efecto genotóxico respecto al control no tratado, en el modelo in vitro de células tumorales de próstata PC-3.

SUMMARY Introduction: Prostate cancer is the main cause of cancer related deaths in men worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that omega-3 fatty acids reduce cell viability in tumour cells, whereas omega-6 fatty acids increase clonogenicity. Nevertheless, other reports have shown controversial results. Objective: Evaluate cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and clonogenicity in a prostate cancer derived human cell line (PC-3), treated with fatty acids omega-3: α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); omega-6: linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA); omega-9: oleic acid (OA). Methods: The tests included (a) cytotoxicity assays by MTT and Trypan Blue; (b) genotoxicity evaluation by the sister-chromatid exchanges technique (SCE) and the DNA-comet assay; and (c) in vitro clonogenic assay of six fatty acids in prostate cancer cell (PC-3) at different concentrations (25 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM and 150 µM). Results: The cell viability by MTT data showed ≤ IC50 values for the omega-3 EPA and DHA and omega-6 AA fatty acids at the two major concentrations (100 µM and 150 µM). Moreover, the same fatty acids viability values dropped to 0 % with Trypan Blue test. EPA and DHA showed genotoxic effect and a clonogenic cell decrease (p<0,01). The latter test also revealed a viability diminishment for LA and AA, suggesting different mechanisms of action of fatty acids on cell membrane. Conclusion: The in vitro evaluation revealed that EPA, DHA and AA reduce the clonogenicity and cell viability of prostate tumour cells and cause genotoxicity in prostate tumour derived PC-3 cells.

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Synthetic antioxidants are used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, however, there is concern about their safety; this has prompted the search for new antioxidants that are effective, safe and act at low concentrations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the oxygen radical scavenging capacity and clastogenic effect of the Isoespintanol /2-isopropyl-3,6-dimethyl-5-methylphenol) in DNA of human lymphocyte compared with the BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole). The oxygen radical scavenging ability was evaluated by methods ORACFL and ORACPGR, genotoxicity was determined by comet assay and data analysis was performed using ANOVA and Duncan test. The results show that the oxygen radical scavenging capacity of the BHA is higher than Isoespintanol, however according to the reactivity concept proposed by Lopez-Alarcon and Lissi, the Isoespintanol it is more reactive than BHA. Furthermore, according to some studies, BHA presented adverse effects on the health of consumers. Comet assay results revealed that at concentrations between 3 and 1620 µM the Isoespintanol don't show clastogenic effects on DNA. In conclusion, the antioxidant capacity for the BHA is higher than Isoespintanol, but considering reactivity concepts proposed by López-Alarcon and Lissi, the Isoespintanol is faster to neutralize radicals that the BHA, furthermore, according to the National Institute of Health "BHA" is a human carcinogen.

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Wood density can be considered as a measure of the internal wood structure, and it is usually used as a proxy measure of other mechanical and functional traits. Eucalyptus is one of the most important commercial forestry genera worldwide, but the relationship between wood density and vulnerability to cavitation in this genus has been little studied. The analysis is hampered by, among other things, its anatomical complexity, so it becomes necessary to address more complex techniques and analyses to elucidate the way in which the different anatomical elements are functionally integrated. In this study, vulnerability to cavitation in two races of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. with different wood density was evaluated through Path analysis, a multivariate method that allows evaluation of descriptive models of causal relationship between variables. A model relating anatomical variables with wood properties and functional parameters was proposed and tested. We found significant differences in wood basic density and vulnerability to cavitation between races. The main exogenous variables predicting vulnerability to cavitation were vessel hydraulic diameter and fibre wall fraction. Fibre wall fraction showed a direct impact on wood basic density and the slope of vulnerability curve, and an indirect and negative effect over the pressure imposing 50% of conductivity loss (P50) through them. Hydraulic diameter showed a direct negative effect on P50, but an indirect and positive influence over this variable through wood density on one hand, and through maximum hydraulic conductivity (ks max) and slope on the other. Our results highlight the complexity of the relationship between xylem efficiency and safety in species with solitary vessels such as Eucalyptus spp., with no evident compromise at the intraspecific level.

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Introducción: los efectos negativos de la globalización y el neoliberalismo conducen a que la situación ambiental a nivel global, regional, territorial e incluso local se agrave cada día más, lo que hace necesaria la modificación de la conducta humana en relación con los problemas de la naturaleza, del ser humano y de la sociedad. En el caso de los médicos lo anterior adquiere mayor relevancia dada la relación entre los problemas ambientales y los problemas de salud, por esto es importante introducir la Dimensión Ambiental en los planes de estudio, vinculándola al objeto de trabajo y objetivos de la profesión, tanto desde lo curricular como de lo extracurricular. Objetivos: diseñar un programa de un curso electivo sobre Medio Ambiente y Salud como otra forma de educación ambiental desde lo extracurricular que contribuya a la formación ambiental del médico. Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de los estudiantes sobre la Dimensión Ambiental al comienzo del curso. Métodos: se diseñó el curso electivo para estudiantes de 4to año de Medicina, con el sistema de tareas y actividades que lo conforman. Se aplicó una prueba diagnóstica inicial a dichos estudiantes. Resultados: la prueba diagnóstica fue desaprobada por el 60 por ciento de los estudiantes obteniéndose estos menos de 21 puntos de un total de 30. El 100 por ciento de los estudiantes aprobaron el curso, alcanzando la máxima calificación el 80 por ciento de ellos. Conclusiones: el curso, desde lo extracurricular puede contribuir al desarrollo de la Educación Ambiental en estudiantes de Medicina(AU)

Introduction: The negative effects of neoliberalism and globalization lead to the environment's global, regional, territorial, and even local situation worsening day by day, which makes necessary the modification of the human conduct regarding the problems of nature, the human being and the society. In the case of physicians, the latter becomes more relevant given the relation between the environmental and health problems; therefore, it is important to present the environmental dimension into the curricula, relating it with the object of work and objectives of the profession, from both the curricular and the extra-curricular approaches. Objective: Design an elective course program about Environment and Health as a way for environmental education, from the extracurricular approach, which contributes to the physician's environmental training. Assess, at the beginning of the course, the students' level of knowledge about the environmental dimension. Methods: The elective course with the system of tasks and activities was designed for four year medical students. These students were applied an initial diagnostic test. Results: 60 percent of the students did not pass the diagnostic test; they obtained less than 21/30 points. 100 percent of the students passed the course; 80 percent of them obtained the highest qualification. Conclusions: The course, from the extra-curricular approach, may contribute to the development of environmental education on medical students(AU)

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The relationship between hydraulic specific conductivity (ks) and vulnerability to cavitation (VC) with size and number of vessels has been studied in many angiosperms. However, few of the studies link other cell types (vasicentric tracheids (VT), fibre-tracheids, parenchyma) with these hydraulic functions. Eucalyptus is one of the most important genera in forestry worldwide. It exhibits a complex wood anatomy, with solitary vessels surrounded by VT and parenchyma, which could serve as a good model to investigate the functional role of the different cell types in xylem functioning. Wood anatomy (several traits of vessels, VT, fibres and parenchyma) in conjunction with maximum ks and VC was studied in adult trees of commercial species with medium-to-high wood density (Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.). Traits of cells accompanying vessels presented correlations with functional variables suggesting that they contribute to both increasing connectivity between adjacent vessels-and, therefore, to xylem conduction efficiency-and decreasing the probability of embolism propagation into the tissue, i.e., xylem safety. All three species presented moderate-to-high resistance to cavitation (mean P50 values = -2.4 to -4.2 MPa) with no general trade-off between efficiency and safety at the interspecific level. The results in these species do not support some well-established hypotheses of the functional meaning of wood anatomy.

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Puberty is a stage of sexual development determined by the interaction of many loci and environmental factors. Identification of genes contributing to genetic variation in this character can assist with selection for early pubertal bulls, improving genetic progress in livestock breeding. Thyroid hormones play an important role in sexual development and spermatogenic function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in thyroglobulin(TG) gene with age of puberty in Angus bulls. Four SNPs were genotyped in 273 animals using SEQUENOM technology and the association between markers and puberty age was analyzed. Results showed a significant association (P < 0.05) between these markers and puberty age estimated at a sperm concentration of 50 million and a progressive motility of 10%. This is the first report of an association of TG polymorphisms with age of puberty in bulls, and results suggest the importance of thyroidal regulation in bovine sexual development and arrival to puberty.

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La esponja Leucetta aff. floridana produce compuestos con actividad antiproliferativa diferencial en células tumorales de pulmón y mama, la cual no ha sido explorada en otras líneas tumorales y se desconoce si su potencial antiproliferativo está relacionado con la progresión de células a través del ciclo celular. Objetivo: evaluar el potencial antiproliferativo, anticlonogénico y el efecto sobre el ciclo celular de los extractos hexánico y metanólico de la esponja Leucetta aff. floridana del Caribe colombiano en las líneas celulares leucemoides Jurkat y K562. Métodos: la viabilidad y proliferación celular se determinaron mediante el ensayo de azul de tripano a 0, 24, 48, 72 y 96 h. La eficiencia de clonación y el efecto sobre el ciclo celular se evaluaron a 10 y 100 µg/mL. Los datos se analizaron usando ANOVA multifactorial y la prueba Tukey. Resultados: el extracto hexánico presentó actividad antiproliferativa en ambas líneas celulares siendo Jurkat más sensible que K562, lo cual se corroboró con los ensayos de clonogenicidad. Este extracto también mostró un efecto de acumulación de células Sub-G1 dependiente de la dosis, el cual fue diferencial entre las dos líneas celulares. La duración del tratamiento con el extracto hexánico no fue significativa para las células K562 pero sí para la línea celular Jurkat. Además, el porcentaje de acumulación de las células Sub-G1 fue mayor para células K562 comparado con Jurkat. El extracto metanólico presentó un efecto antiproliferativo similar al hexánico, pero fue más potente con la menor concentración (10 µg/mL) en la clonogenicidad de K562. El efecto sobre el ciclo celular, también fue similar al hexánico, pero la duración del tratamiento no fue significativa en la acumulación de células en Sub-G1. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran el potencial diferencial de los extractos sobre el ciclo celular de las líneas leucemoides evaluadas...

Leucetta aff. floridana sponge produces compounds with differential antiproliferative activity on lung and breast cancer. Nevertheless, this activity in other tumour cell lines has not yet been tested and it remains unknown whether its antiproliferative potential is correlated with the cell progression through cell cycle or not. Objective: To evaluate the antiproliferative and anticlonogenic potential and the effect of methanolic and hexanic extracts of sponge L. aff. floridana from the Colombian Caribbean region on the cell cycle of Jurkat and K562 leukemoid cell lines. Methods: The viability and antiproliferative effect were determined using trypan blue assay at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Clongenicity and effect on cell cycle were assayed at 10 and 100 µg/mL Data obtained were analyzed using multifactorial ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: The hexanic extract presented antiproliferative activity in both Jurkat and K652 cell lines; Jurkat being more sensitive than K652. These results were confirmed by clongenicity assays. The hexanic extract also showed its effect on the dose-dependent accumulation of Sub-G1 cells, although it was different in the two cell lines. The duration of the treatment with the hexanic extract was not significant for K562 cell line, but it was for Jurkat cells. Additionally, the percentage of cell accumulation in Sub-G1 was higher in K562 than in Jurkat cells. The methanolic extract showed antiproliferative effect similar to that of the hexanic extract, but more potent at the lowest concentration (10 µg/mL) in K652 cell line clonegenicity. The effect on cell cycle was also similar to that of the hexanic extract, but in this case the duration of treatment was not significant in the cell accumulation in Sub-G1. Conclusions: Altogether these results show the differential potential of the extracts on the cell cycle of the evaluated leukemoid cell lines...

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Introducción: Las fracturas son por lo general el resultado de una caída. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, este fenómeno es la causa principal de fractura de cadera en el Adulto Mayor, el 88% es por una caída. Este padecimiento crónico, altera la calidad de vida de los pacientes por imponer limitación funcional, creando una dependencia para desarrollar las actividades de la vida diaria tanto básicas como instrumentales. La intervención educativa en los cuidadores primarios presupone una oportunidad para evitar las complicaciones en el hogar después del alta por cirugía de cadera. Objetivos. Diseñar un programa de int4erveión educativa para los cuidadores primaros sobre la atención en casa a pacientes adultos mayores con cirugía de cadera para disminuir complicaciones. Hipótesis. Un programa educativo que es transmitido por el profesional de Enfermería al cuidador primario repercute en evitar complicaciones, al adulto mayor con cirugía de cadera en el hogar. Metodología. Él estudió fue de tipo cuantitativo, explicativa y casi experimental y longitudinal, la muestra fue probabilística de 60 pacientes; con los instrumentos utilizados fueron probados en el ámbito nacional e internacional con el adulto mayor, se realizaron seis intervenciones demostrativas en el servicio con cuidador primario en sesiones de 2 horas, además de proporcionar a los mismos un Manual para la atención del paciente con fractura de cadera en el hogar, realizada en la presente investigación y se realzó consultas de seguimiento de complicaciones en el paciente al egreso, a las dos y seis semanas, tanto al paciente como al cuidador en los casos y controles. Resultados. Se aplicaron estudios descriptivos e inferenciales que en concreto establecen que entre el grupo de control y de casos se presenta un grado de significancia .000 en la mayoría de las complicaciones de .000, entre casos y controles, al observar una disminución de complicaciones en los casos en estudio.

Introduction: Fractures are usually the result of a fall. From the epidemiological point of view, this phenomenon is the main cause of hip fracture in the Elderly, 88% is due to a fall. This chronic condition alters the quality of life of patients by imposing functional limitation, creating a dependence to develop activities of daily life, both basic and instrumental. The educational intervention in primary caregivers presupposes an opportunity to avoid complications in the home after discharge by hip surgery. Goals. Design an educational program for primary caregivers on home care for elderly patients with hip surgery to reduce complications. Hypothesis. An educational program that is transmitted by the nursing professional to the primary caregiver has repercussions in avoiding complications, to the older adult with hip surgery at home. Methodology. He studied was quantitative, explanatory and almost experimental and longitudinal, the sample was probabilistic of 60 patients; With the instruments used, they were tested at the national and international level with the elderly, six demonstration interventions were performed in the service with primary caregiver in sessions of 2 hours, in addition to providing them with a Manual for the care of the patient with fracture of hip at home, carried out in the present investigation and follow-up consultations of complications were made in the patient at discharge, at two and six weeks, both to the patient and to the caregiver in the cases and controls. Results Descriptive and inferential studies were applied, which specifically established that between the control and case group a degree of significance was found in .000 in the majority of complications of .000, between cases and controls, when observing a decrease in complications in the cases in study.

Introdução: As fraturas são geralmente o resultado de uma queda. Do ponto de vista epidemiológico, esse fenômeno é a principal causa de fratura de quadril em idosos, 88% é devido a uma queda. Essa condição crônica altera a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, impondo limitação funcional, criando dependência para o desenvolvimento de atividades da vida cotidiana, tanto básica quanto instrumental. A intervenção educativa em cuidadores primários pressupõe uma oportunidade para evitar complicações em casa após a alta pela cirurgia de quadril. Objetivos Elaborar um programa educacional para cuidadores primários em atendimento domiciliar para pacientes idosos com cirurgia de quadril para reduzir as complicações. Hipótese Um programa educativo que é transmitido pelo profissional de enfermagem ao cuidador principal repercute em evitar complicações, ao idoso com cirurgia de quadril em domicílio. Metodologia Estudou foi quantitativo, explicativo e quase experimental e longitudinal, a amostra foi probabilística de 60 pacientes; Com os instrumentos utilizados, foram testados em nível nacional e internacional com os idosos, foram realizadas seis intervenções de demonstração no serviço com cuidador principal em sessões de 2 horas, além de fornecer-lhes um Manual para o atendimento do paciente com fratura de quadril em casa, realizado na presente investigação e consultas de acompanhamento das complicações foram realizadas no paciente na alta, com duas e seis semanas, tanto para o paciente quanto para o cuidador nos casos e controles. Resultados Estudos descritivos e inferenciais foram aplicados, os quais estabeleceram especificamente que entre o grupo controle e grupo de casos um grau de significância foi encontrado em 0,000 na maioria das complicações de 0,000, entre casos e controles, quando observamos uma diminuição nas complicações no casos em estudo.

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This essay describes the history of the civil society breast cancer movement in Mexico, the role played by breast cancer NGOs and the changes they must undergo for their activities to impact the quality of life of men and women dealing with this disease. The concept of civil society today has been transformed, regaining a degree of autonomy and being at the center of a participatory democracy. Civil society takes a lead role in key issues such as health, civil rights, and public welfare. Breast cancer organizations have the liberty to organize and promote initiatives that will help others' welfare and develop their full potential for the benefit of themselves and their community. These organizations must focus on promoting changes in the system that will result in better services and better quality of life for their constituents.

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Este artículo ilustra la evolución que han tenido las organizaciones de la sociedad civil de lucha contra el cáncer de mama, el papel que juegan, y los cambios que debe haber para que sus actividades impacten de fondo la calidad de vida de las mujeres y hombres con esta enfermedad. Hoy día, el concepto de sociedad civil se ha transformado y retoma cierta autonomía y penetra como sinónimo de participación. La sociedad civil es protagonista de temas centrales tales como salud, derechos humanos y asistencia social entre otros. Las asociaciones de cáncer de mama cuentan con libertad para organizarse, impulsar iniciativas a favor de los demás para mejorar su bienestar y desarrollar sus potencialidades en beneficio propio y de la comunidad en la que se desenvuelven. Estas asociaciones deben enfocarse en promover cambios en el sistema que resulten en una mejora de los servicios y en consecuencia de calidad de vida.

This essay describes the history of the civil society breast cancer movement in Mexico, the role played by breast cancer NGOs and the changes they must undergo for their activities to impact the quality of life of men and women dealing with this disease. The concept of civil society today has been transformed, regaining a degree of autonomy and being at the center of a participatory democracy. Civil society takes a lead role in key issues such as health, civil rights, and public welfare. Breast cancer organizations have the liberty to organize and promote initiatives that will help others' welfare and develop their full potential for the benefit of themselves and their community. These organizations must focus on promoting changes in the system that will result in better services and better quality of life for their constituents.

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Se presenta el modelo semi-empírico Brinzal 1.0, el cual constituye una innovación docente que simula a lo largo de un día la fijación de carbono y su acumulación de biomasa para plantines forestales (brinzales) de cualquier especie. El modelo es una herramienta que permite evaluar cómo las distintas estructuras forestales y prácticas de manejo afectan al microambiente en el que vive el brinzal, y cómo responde éste de acuerdo con sus principales características morfo-fisiológicas. Brinzal 1.0 es, por tanto, un programa concebido con el propósito específico de servir como herramienta para la docencia universitaria en el ámbito forestal y biológico, permitiendo simular a nivel rodal actuaciones silvícolas habituales en la gestión forestal (raleos, podas, cortas de regeneración, control de vegetación acompañante, etc.) posibilitando la comprensión de la ecofisiología del brinzal en distintas condiciones microambientales y su respuesta al tratamiento silvícola. Brinzal 1.0 ha sido desarrollado como una aplicación del programa Stella® y es ejecutable con el programa de libre acceso ISEE Player.

The semi-empirical Brinzal 1.0 model, a teaching innovation simulating carbon fixation and its accumulation in the biomass of forestry plantations of any species is presented. The model is a tool that allows for evaluation of how different forest structures and management practices affect the microenvironment in which saplings live and how they respond according to its main morpho-physiological characteristics. Brinzal 1.0 is, thus, a program conceived with the specific purpose of serving as a tool for college teaching in the forestry and biology fields, permitting to simulate at a stand level current silvicultural actions in forestry management (thinning, pruning, regeneration cuts, control of accompanying vegetation, etc.) and making it possible to understand sapling physiology under different micro-environmental conditions at its response to silvicultural practices. Brinzal 1.0 has been developed as an application of the Stella® program and is executable under the open access program ISEE Player.

Apresenta-se o modelo semi-empírico Brinzal 1.0, o qual constitui uma inovação docente que simula ao longo de um dia a fixação de carbono e sua acumulação de biomassa para plantios florestais (brinzais) de qualquer espécie. O modelo é uma ferramenta que permite avaliar como as distintas estruturas florestais e práticas de manejo afetam ao microambiente em que vive o brinzal, e como responde este de acordo com suas principais características morfofisiológicas. Brinzal 1.0 é, portanto, um programa concebido com o propósito específico de servir como ferramenta para a docência universitária no âmbito florestal e biológico, permitindo simular, na escala de lotes, atuações silvícolas habituais na gestão florestal (raleios, podas, cortas de regeneração, controle de vegetação acompanhante, etc.) possibilitando a compreensão da ecofisiologia do brinzal em distintas condições microambientais e sua resposta ao tratamento silvícola. Brinzal 1.0 tem sido desenvolvido como uma aplicação do programa Stella® e é executável com o programa de livre acesso ISEE Player.

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El tutor es considerado como el alma de la universalización de la enseñanza. Nuestro trabajo refleja el papel del tutor en el nuevo modelo pedagógico. Consideramos que cualquier persona no puede ser designada en esta responsabilidad, por lo que resaltamos las cualidades que debe reunir este profesional el cuál enfrenta nuevos retos en la formación del hombre nuevo, trabaja en el proceso de transformación y en la integralidad de los estudiantes, necesitando una mayor autopreparación, superación tanto en su profesión como de conocimientos pedagógicos y psicológicos.

The tutor is considered as the soul of the Universal Teaching. In our work it is reflected the role of the tutor in the new pedagogical model. It is also considered that not only any person should be designed for this responsibility, so the qualities this professional should have are outlined because he has to face new challenges for creating a new man and in the whole transformation process and also needs a better selftraining on pedagogical knowledge.

RESUMO

Se analizó y evaluó la calidad microbiológica de algunos alimentos que se venden en las calles, desde enero de 1995 hasta junio de 1997. Las investigaciones contempladas en este estudio fueron la búsqueda de Salmonella spp., así como los conteos de Staphylococcus aureus y coliformes totales. Las altas proporciones de muestras con resultados fuera de norma en los conteos de coliformes totales (34,8 por ciento) y Staphylococcus aureus (4,8 por ciento), además de la presencia de Salmonella spp. (3,5 por ciento) en los alimentos investigados, reflejan los elevados riesgos para la salud de los consumidores de estos tipos de productos alimenticios. Los resultados de la vigilancia durante este período, indican que son insuficientes las medidas adoptadas para el control sanitario de estos alimentos, lo cual puede ser mejorado con una adecuada utilización de la educación sanitaria y del sistema de análisis de riesgos y puntos críticos de control en las actividades de inspección sanitaria

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