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Although the two drugs currently available for the treatment of Chagas disease, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, have proven to be effective in the acute phase of the disease, the 60-90-day treatment leads to high toxicity and unwanted side effects, presenting, in addition, a low efficacy in the chronic phase of the disease. For this reason, new therapies that are more effective are needed. In this regard, we have recently shown that the inhibition of the Epac-Rap1b pathway suppressed the cAMP-mediated host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi. Interestingly, it has been described that vitexin, a natural flavone that protects against ischemia-reperfusion damage, acts by inhibiting the expression of Epac and Rap1 proteins. Vitexin can be found in plants of the genus Crataegus spp., traditionally known as hawthorn, which are of great interest considering their highly documented use as cardio-protectors. Pre-treating cells with an extract of Crataegus oxyacantha produced levels of T. cruzi invasion comparable to the ones observed for the commercially available Epac1-specific inhibitor, ESI-09. In addition, extract-treated cells exhibited a decrease in the activation of Rap1b, suggesting that the effects of the extract would be mediated by the inhibition of the cAMP-Epac-Rap1 signaling pathway. Using HPLC-HRMS2, we could confirm the presence of vitexin, and other flavones that could act as inhibitors of Epac/Rap1b, in the extracts of C. oxyacantha. Most significantly, when cells were treated with the extract of C. oxyacantha in conjunction with Nifurtimox, an increased modulation of invasion was observed.

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INTRODUCTION: Molecular alterations in follicular cells in the BRAF or NRAS genes have been reported to be associated with the process of carcinogenesis. Our aim was to determine the mutational frequency of BRAF and NRAS in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens in our population. METHODS: The mutational status of BRAF (codon 600) and NRAS (codon 61) was analysed by qPCR in 193 FNA specimens from suspicious nodules and compared with pathological data of 115 patients. RESULTS: BRAF mutation was identified in 40 samples (74.1%) of FNAs classified as Bethesda VI (n = 54). In samples histologically diagnosed as classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (cPTC, n = 47), mutation was observed in 70% of cases, while in other subtypes the prevalence was lower (p = 0.013). In FNA specimens of follicular lesions (n = 36), positivity for NRAS was found in 50% of the follicular carcinomas (FTCs), but only in 6.7% of adenomas. Finally, there was a significant correlation between BRAF and PTC with lymph-node metastasis (p = 0.014) and increased relative risk of recurrence based on the Argentine Intersociety Consensus (RR = 6.77, p = 0.022). No significant differences were found between BRAF mutation and other features of aggressiveness in PTC. CONCLUSION: BRAF and NRAS mutations are observed in a significant number of PTCs and FTCs, in our population. There is a significant correlation between BRAF mutation and lymph-node metastasis.

Introducción: Se ha descrito que alteraciones moleculares de las células foliculares tiroideas en el gen BRAF o en NRAS están asociadas con el proceso de carcinogénesis. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer la frecuencia mutacional de BRAF y NRAS a partir de muestras de punción aspirativa con aguja fina (PAAF) en nuestra población. Métodos: Se analizó por qPCR el estado mutacional de BRAF (codón 600) y NRAS (codón 61) de 193 muestras obtenidas por PAAF de nódulos sospechosos y se comparó con los datos de la anatomía patológica de 115 pacientes. Resultados: La mutación BRAF se identificó en 40 muestras (74.1%) de las punciones categorizadas como Bethesda VI (n = 54). En las muestras que se correspondieron con carcinoma papilar de tiroides (CPT) variante clásica por histología (n = 47), el 70% presentó la mutación, mientras que en los otros subtipos la prevalencia fue más baja (p = 0.013). En muestras de lesión folicular (n = 36), el 50% de los carcinomas foliculares resultaron positivos para NRAS pero solo el 6.7% de los adenomas presentaron esta variación. La presencia de mutación BRAF y CPT se asociaron con metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos (p = 0.014) y mayor riesgo relativo de recurrencia según el Consenso Argentino Intersocietario (RR = 6.77, p = 0.022). No hubo diferencias significativas entre la mutación de BRAF y otras características de agresividad en CPT. Conclusión: La mutación de BRAF y NRAS se observa en un número significativo de CPT y carcinoma folicular, respectivamente, en nuestra población. La mutación BRAF se correlaciona significativamente con metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos.

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Resumen Introducción : Se ha descrito que alteraciones molecu lares de las células foliculares tiroideas en el gen BRAF o en NRAS están asociadas con el proceso de carcinogé nesis. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer la frecuencia muta cional de BRAF y NRAS a partir de muestras de punción aspirativa con aguja fina (PAAF) en nuestra población. Métodos : Se analizó por qPCR el estado mutacional de BRAF (codón 600) y NRAS (codón 61) de 193 mues tras obtenidas por PAAF de nódulos sospechosos y se comparó con los datos de la anatomía patológica de 115 pacientes. Resultados : La mutación BRAF se identificó en 40 muestras (74.1%) de las punciones categorizadas como Bethesda VI (n = 54). En las muestras que se correspon dieron con carcinoma papilar de tiroides (CPT) variante clásica por histología (n = 47), el 70% presentó la muta ción, mientras que en los otros subtipos la prevalencia fue más baja (p = 0.013). En muestras de lesión folicular (n = 36), el 50% de los carcinomas foliculares resultaron positivos para NRAS pero solo el 6.7% de los adenomas presentaron esta variación. La presencia de mutación BRAF y CPT se asociaron con metástasis en los gan glios linfáticos (p = 0.014) y mayor riesgo relativo de recurrencia según el Consenso Argentino Intersocietario (RR = 6.77, p = 0.022). No hubo diferencias significativas entre la mutación de BRAF y otras características de agresividad en CPT. Conclusión : La mutación de BRAF y NRAS se observa en un número significativo de CPT y carcinoma folicular, respectivamente, en nuestra población. La mutación BRAF se correlaciona significativamente con metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos.

Abstract Introduction : Molecular alterations in follicular cells in the BRAF or NRAS genes have been reported to be associated with the process of carcinogenesis. Our aim was to determine the mutational frequency of BRAF and NRAS in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens in our population. Methods : The mutational status of BRAF (codon 600) and NRAS (codon 61) was analysed by qPCR in 193 FNA specimens from suspicious nodules and compared with pathological data of 115 patients. Results : BRAF mutation was identified in 40 samples (74.1%) of FNAs classified as Bethesda VI (n = 54). In samples histologically diagnosed as classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (cPTC, n = 47), mutation was observed in 70% of cases, while in other subtypes the prevalence was lower (p = 0.013). In FNA specimens of follicular lesions (n = 36), positivity for NRAS was found in 50% of the follicular carcinomas (FTCs), but only in 6.7% of adenomas. Finally, there was a significant correlation between BRAF and PTC with lymph-node metastasis (p = 0.014) and increased relative risk of recurrence based on the Argentine Intersociety Consensus (RR = 6.77, p = 0.022). No significant differences were found between BRAF mutation and other features of aggressiveness in PTC. Conclusion : BRAF and NRAS mutations are observed in a significant number of PTCs and FTCs, in our popu lation. There is a significant correlation between BRAF mutation and lymph-node metastasis.

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Prepartum depression is associated with early adversity, pregnancy complications, preterm delivery, postpartum depression, and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment. The oxytocin (OXT) system is affected by early adverse experiences and has been associated with depression. In the current study, we investigated risk factors for prenatal depressive symptoms, mainly the effects of early childhood and adolescence trauma, in combination with the presence of certain variants of polymorphisms of OXT and OXT receptor (OXTR) genes. We hypothesized that early childhood and adolescence trauma has higher negative effects in carriers of genetic variants of the OXT/OXTR system, increasing their risk for depression. Early in pregnancy (8-14 weeks), 141 pregnant women from a Uruguayan population were asked to provide DNA samples and complete questionnaires that assessed their experience of child abuse, depression symptoms, and other variables that included demographic information. Our results showed that 23.5% of pregnant women had depressive symptoms. Several OXT and OXTR genetic variants were associated with higher risk of prepartum depression only in those pregnant women who suffered emotional abuse during infancy or adolescence. Logistic regression (Nagelkerke's R2  = .33) revealed that women who suffered early abuse and were carriers of the variants CC of rs2740210 (OXT) or AA of rs237887 (OXTR) had significantly higher risk of experiencing depressive symptoms. Antecedents of psychiatric disorders also contributed to the risk of depression. We conclude that emotional abuse contributes to the risk of depression in different ways in women carrying different OXT and OXTR genetic variants. Early detection and closer follow-up of women with child abuse and certain OXT genetic variants, among other risk factors, could reduce the long-term impact of prepartum depression.

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RESUMEN La patología herniaria representa un diagnóstico frecuente en cirugía y predomina en pacientes de sexo masculino y de edad avanzada. Por otra parte, el cáncer de colon es el tercer cáncer de mayor prevalencia en Uruguay, y el segundo en mortalidad. El diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de colon que asienta sobre una hernia inguinal es infrecuente y se informan pocos casos en la bibliografía disponible. Habitualmente es un diagnóstico intraoperatorio en pacientes operados de urgencia por estrangulación herniaria. Su diagnóstico, el abordaje y la táctica quirúrgica son tema de discusión. Presentamos un caso de cáncer de colon sigmoides en una hernia inguinal izquierda irreductible, diagnosticado en el preoperatorio de hernioplastia inguinal, resecado mediante un doble abordaje convencional.

ABSTRACT Inguinal hernia represents a common diagnosis in surgery and predominates in elderly male patients. Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in Uruguay and the second cause of mortality. The diagnosis of colon adenocarcinoma in an inguinal hernia is uncommon and few cases have been reported in the literature available. Most cases are found intraoperatively in patients undergoing emergency surgery for strangulated hernia. The diagnosis, approach and surgical tactics are matter of debate. We report a case of sigmoid colon cancer in an irreducible left inguinal hernia, diagnosed during the preoperative evaluation of inguinal hernia repair, resected by a double conventional approach.

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El objetivo fue describir las características y el perfil nutricional de los alimentos y bebidas procesados publicitados durante el horario de protección al menor (6 am a 10 pm, según la regulación peruana) los dos canales de mayor audiencia de la televisión peruana. En este estudio transversal se grabaron 448 horas de contenido televisivo de 14 días aleatorios de 6:00 am a 10:00 pm, entre enero y febrero del 2021, donde se identificaron 2061 anuncios de alimentos y bebidas procesados. Entre 2:00 pm y 6:00 pm (33,9%) hubo mayor publicidad de alimentos. Las categorías más publicitadas fueron bebidas (41,7%) y confitería (17,8%). El 46,9% de alimentos superó al menos uno de los parámetros técnicos (azúcar total, grasas saturadas o sodio) de la primera etapa de la ley peruana y el 88,4% lo haría en la segunda etapa. La mayoría de alimentos y bebidas publicitados fueron procesados y superaban los parámetros de nutrientes críticos.

The objective was to describe the characteristics and nutritional profile of processed foods and beverages advertised during child protection hours (6 am to 10 pm, according to Peruvian regulations) on the two channels with the largest audience on Peruvian television. In this cross-sectional study, 448 hours of television content on 14 random days from 6:00 am to 10:00 pm between January and February 2021 were recorded and 2061 advertisements for processed foods and beverages were identified. The time frame with the most publicity for these foods was between 2:00 pm. and 6:00 pm. (33,9%). The most advertised categories were beverages (41,7%) and confectionery (17,8%). 46,9% of foods exceeded at least one of the technical parameters evaluated in the first stage of the Peruvian law (total sugar, saturated fat, or sodium) and 88,4% would do so in the second stage. The majority of advertised foods and beverages were processed, and most of these exceed critical nutrient parameters.

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Introducción: La interpretación de los diversos anticuerpos vinculados a las Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas (EAS) es un reto clínico. Entre los anticuerpos específicos, los anti Ro son los de mayor frecuencia. Se asocian a un fenotipo clínico, relacionados tanto a manifestaciones clínicas diversas como a EAS establecidas. Metodología : Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal, realizado en Hospital Maciel (Montevideo, Uruguay). Resultados: Se enrolaron 70 pacientes, la mayoría de sexo femenino. 60 pacientes (85%) presentaron Ro52, 40 (57%) Ro60 y 31 (44%) ambos anticuerpos. Del total de los pacientes que tuvieron Ro positivo en 59 (93%) se evidenciaron manifestaciones clínicas. Las más frecuentes fueron: fotosensibilidad 26 (42%); Raynaud 18 (30%); xerostomía 26 (42%), xeroftalmia 25 (41%), enfermedad pulmonar intersticial 10 (15%), nefropatía 20 (32%), y manifestaciones hematológicas 16 (23%). En 59 casos (86%) se diagnosticó una enfermedad autoinmune. Las más frecuentes fueron Síndrome de Sjögren 26 (41%), Lupus eritematoso sistémico 26 (41%), Artritis reumatoidea 14 (22%), Esclerosis sistémica 10 (16%), Hepatopatías autoinmunes 10 (14%). Se evidenciaron otros autoanticuerpos positivos en el 68 (97%) de los casos. El ANA fue positivo en 67 pacientes (95%). La proporción de pacientes con Ro60 positivo fue significativamente mayor en pacientes que presentaron fotosensibilidad (p 0.006), Lupus cutáneo agudo (p 0.003), manifestaciones articulares (p 0.031) y nefropatía (p 0.016). La positividad de ambos Ro52/60 fue significativamente mayor en pacientes con manifestaciones musculares (p 0.028) y nefropatía (p 0.047). En cuanto al tipo de enfermedad autoinmune se evidenció una proporción significativa de pacientes con Ro60 y LES (p 0.004), así como de ambos anticuerpos y ES (p 0.04). Hubo mayor proporción de pacientes con Ro60 y anti SCL 70 (p 0.008) que aquellos que no lo presentaban, así mismo sucede con Ro60 y el FR (p 0.018); y Ro 52/60 con anti La (p 0.049) y anti SCL 70 (p 0.027). Conclusiones: Los anticuerpos específicos Ro52/60 son frecuentes, predominando el Ro52. La mayoría de los pacientes que presentan positividad tienen una enfermedad autoinmune de base, observándose también en pacientes con patología oncológica. Conocer sus asociaciones es de suma importancia dado que presentan un rol diagnóstico, pronostico, y ayudan a predecir el fenotipo clínico.

Introduction: The interpretation of the various antibodies linked to systemic autoimmune diseases is a clinical challenge. Among the specific antibodies, anti Ro are the most frequent. They are associated with a clinical phenotype, related to both diverse clinical manifestations and established SAD. Methodology: descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study carried out at the Maciel Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay. Results: 70 patients were enrolled, most of them female. 60 patients (85%) presented Ro52, 40 (57%) Ro60 and 31 (44%) both antibodies. Of the total number of patients who had positive Ro in 59 (93%) clinical manifestations were evidenced. The most frequent were: photosensitivity 26 (42%); Raynaud 18 (30%); Xerostomia 26 (42%), Xerophthalmia 25 (41%), interstitial lung disease 10 (15%), nephropathy 20 (32%), and hematological manifestations 16 (23%). In 59 cases (86%) an autoimmune disease was diagnosed. The most frequent were: Sjögrens syndrome 26 (41%), systemic lupus erythematosus 26 (41%), rheumatoid arthritis 14 (22%), systemic sclerosis 10 (16%), autoimmune liver diseases 10 (14%). Other positive autoantibodies were found in 68 (97%) of the cases. ANA was positive in 67 patients (95%). The proportion of patients with positive Ro60 was significantly higher in patients with photosensitivity (p: 0.006), acute cutaneous lupus (p: 0.003), joint manifestations (p: 0.031), and nephropathy (p: 0.016). The positivity of both Ro52/60 was significantly higher in patients with muscular manifestations (p 0.028) and nephropathy (p 0.047). Regarding the type of autoimmune disease, there was a significant proportion of patients with Ro60 and SLE (p 0.004), as well as both antibodies and SE (p 0.04). There was a higher proportion of patients with Ro60 and anti SCL 70 (p 0.008) than those who did not, the same happens with Ro60 and RF (p 0.018); and Ro 52/60 with anti La (p 0.049) and anti SCL 70 (p 0.027). Conclusions: Ro52/60 specific antibodies are frequent, predominating Ro52. Most of the patients who present positivity have an underlying autoimmune disease, which is also observed in patients with oncological pathology. Knowing their associations is of the utmost importance given that they present a diagnostic and prognostic role, and help to predict the clinical phenotype.

Introdução: A interpretação dos vários anticorpos ligados a doenças autoimunes sistêmicas é um desafio clínico. Dentre os anticorpos específicos, os anti Ro são os mais frequentes. Eles estão associados a um fenótipo clínico, relacionado tanto a várias manifestações clínicas quanto a EAS estabelecido. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, observacional, transversal, realizado no Hospital Maciel, Montevidéu, Uruguai. Resultados: foram incluídos 70 pacientes, a maioria do sexo feminino. 60 pacientes (85%) apresentaram Ro52, 40 (57%) Ro60 e 31 (44%) ambos os anticorpos. Do total de pacientes que apresentaram Ro positivo em 59 (93%) manifestações clínicas foram evidenciadas. Os mais frequentes foram: fotossensibilidade 26 (42%); Raynaud 18 (30%); Xerostomia 26 (42%), Xeroftalmia 25 (41%), doença pulmonar intersticial 10 (15%), nefropatia 20 (32%) e manifestações hematológicas 16 (23%). Em 59 casos (86%) foi diagnosticada doença autoimune. As mais frequentes foram: síndrome de Sjögren 26 (41%), lúpus eritematoso sistêmico 26 (41%), artrite reumatoide 14 (22%), esclerose sistêmica 10 (16%), hepatopatias autoimunes 10 (14%). Outros autoanticorpos positivos foram encontrados em 68 (97%) dos casos. O ANA foi positivo em 67 pacientes (95%). A proporção de pacientes com Ro60 positiva foi significativamente maior em pacientes com fotossensibilidade (p: 0,006), lúpus cutâneo agudo (p: 0,003), manifestações articulares (p: 0,031) e nefropatia (p: 0,016). A positividade de ambos Ro52/60 foi significativamente maior em pacientes com manifestações musculares (p 0,028) e nefropatia (p 0,047). Em relação ao tipo de doença autoimune, houve proporção significativa de pacientes com Ro60 e LES (p 0,004), assim como anticorpos e SE (p 0,04). Houve maior proporção de pacientes com Ro60 e anti SCL 70 (p 0,008) do que aqueles que não apresentaram, o mesmo ocorre com Ro60 e RF (p 0,018); e Ro 52/60 com anti La (p 0,049) e anti SCL 70 (p 0,027). Conclusões: Anticorpos específicos Ro52/60 são frequentes, predominando Ro52. A maioria dos pacientes que apresentam positividade tem uma doença autoimune de base, também observada em pacientes com patologia oncológica. Conhecer suas associações é de extrema importância, pois têm papel diagnóstico e prognóstico, além de ajudar a predizer o fenótipo clínico.

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Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de los estudiantes de tercer grado de enfermería del ambiente de aprendizaje de prácticas clínicas durante el periodo de pandemia Covid-19. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico que se llevó a cabo en un curso académico 2021-2022, de una universidad en Alicante, España. Participaron 15 estudiantes de tercer curso del grado de enfermería en el ambiente de aprendizaje de prácticas clínicas (5 módulos de prácticas, de 17 días cada uno) durante el periodo Covid-19 y en ámbitos de atención primaria y especializada. Se empleó un tipo de muestreo intencionado y se aplicaron las preguntas guía en entrevistas semiestructuradas hasta la saturación del objeto de estudio. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido según Bardin. Resultados: Los participantes manifestaron preocupación ante la percepción con las prácticas clínicas durante la pandemia Covid-19, lo que permitió establecer una categoría principal denominada "Conocer". A partir de esta categoría principal se desarrollan las siguientes subcategorías: 1) Relación con los tutores, 2) Ambiente pedagógico en la sala de hospitalizados, 3) Rol de la enfermera docente, 4) Relación con la supervisora y el equipo clínico y 5) Documentación de enfermería. Conclusiones: Las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre el entorno de aprendizaje en las prácticas clínicas pueden considerarse aceptables, lo que refuerza la idea de que la práctica clínica en un entorno de apoyo podría motivar a los estudiantes y ayudarlos a adquirir conocimientos incluso en periodo de pandemia de Covid-19.

Objective: To know the perception of third year students of the nursing program in the learning environment of clinical practice during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted in the academic year 2021-2022, from a university of Alicante, Spain. 15 third-year nursing students participated in the clinical practice-learning environment (5 practice modules of 17 days each) during the Covid-19 period and in primary and specialized care settings. An intentional sampling technique was used and the guiding questions were applied in semi-structured interviews until reaching saturation. The data were subjected to Bardin's content analysis. Results: Participants expressed concerns about the perception of clinical practices during the Covid-19 pandemic, which allowed the establishment of a main category called "to know". From this main category, the following subcategories were developed: 1) Relationship with instructors, 2) Educational environment in the inpatient treatment room, 3) Role of the nurse educator, 4) Relationship with the supervisor and the clinical team, and 5) Nursing documentation. Conclusions: Students' perceptions of the learning environment in the clinical practice can be considered acceptable, which reinforces the idea that clinical practice in a supportive environment can motivate students and help them acquire knowledge even in the period of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção dos estudantes do terceiro ano do programa de enfermagem sobre o ambiente de aprendizagem da prática clínica durante o período da pandemia da Covid-19. Material e Método: Estudo fenomenológico qualitativo realizado no ano académico 2021-2022 na uma universidade de Alicante, Espanha. 15 estudantes de enfermagem do terceiro ano participaram do ambiente de aprendizagem de prática clínica (5 módulos de prática de 17 dias cada) durante o período da Covid-19 em ambientes de atendimento primário e especializado. Utilizou-se uma técnica de amostragem intencional e as perguntas orientadoras foram aplicadas em entrevistas semiestruturadas até atingir a saturação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Os participantes manifestaram preocupação com a percepção das práticas clínicas durante a pandemia de Covid-19, o que permitiu estabelecer uma categoria principal denominada "conhecer". A partir desta categoria principal desenvolvem-se as seguintes subcategorias: 1) Relacionamento com os tutores, 2) Ambiente pedagógico na enfermaria do hospital, 3) Papel do enfermeiro docente, 4) Relacionamento com o supervisor e a equipe clínica e 5) Documentação de enfermagem. Conclusões: As percepções dos estudantes sobre o ambiente de aprendizagem nas práticas clínicas podem ser consideradas aceitáveis, o que reforça a ideia de que a prática clínica num ambiente de apoio pode motivar os estudantes e ajudá-los a adquirir conhecimento, mesmo no período de pandemia da Covid-19.

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This field study aimed to assess the baseline conditions of a long-term shooting range in Argentina polluted with 428 mg kg-1 lead (Pb) to evaluate the establishment and development of Helianthus petiolaris plants and address the efficacy of the phytomanagement strategy through: (i) element accumulation in plant tissues; (ii) rhizosphere bacterial diversity changes by Illumina Miseq™, and (iii) floral water and essential oil yield, composition, and element concentration by GC-MS and ICP. After one life cycle growing in the polluted sites, in the roots of Helianthus petiolaris plants, Pb concentration was between 195 and 304 mg kg-1 Pb. Only a limited fraction of the Pb was translocated to the aerial parts. The predominance of the genus Serratia in the rhizosphere of Helianthus petiolaris plants cultivated in the polluted sites and the decrease in the essential oil yield were some effects significantly associated with soil Pb concentration. No detectable Pb concentration was found in the floral water and essential oil obtained. Extractable Pb concentration in the soil reduced between 28% and 45% after the harvest.

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La atresia de coanas se caracteriza por la obliteración de la abertura nasal posterior. Es la anomalía congénita más frecuente de las fosas nasales. Tiene una incidencia de 1 cada 5000 a 7000 neonatos, con predominio en el sexo femenino. Puede presentarse en forma aislada o asociada a otros síndromes como el CHARGE (coloboma [C], malformaciones cardíacas [H], atresia de coanas [A], retraso psicomotor y/o en el crecimiento [R], hipoplasia de genitales [G], malformaciones auriculares y/o sordera [E, por su sigla en inglés]). Las manifestaciones clínicas son la obstrucción nasal, cianosis y dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento cuando es bilateral. Las atresias unilaterales se caracterizan por insuficiencia ventilatoria nasal y rinorrea unilateral, y pueden pasar inadvertidas. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante endoscopia y estudios por imágenes. El tratamiento es quirúrgico; existen diferentes técnicas y vías de abordaje. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 7 años con atresia unilateral de coana derecha con resolución microendoscópica, colocación de tutor externo, con buena resolución.

Choanal atresia is characterized by obliteration of the posterior nasal opening. It is the most common congenital anomaly of the nasal passages. It has an incidence of 1 in 5000 to 7000 newborns; predominantly female. It can occur in isolation or in association with other syndromes such as CHARGE (coloboma [C], cardiac malformations [H], choanal atresia [A], psychomotor and/or growth retardation [R], genital hypoplasia [G], atrial malformations and/or deafness [E]. Clinicallypresents nasal obstruction, cyanosis and respiratory distress from birth when bilateral, unilateral atresias are characterized by nasal ventilatory insufficiency and unilateral rhinorrhea, which may go unnoticed. Diagnosis is made by endoscopy and imaging tests. Treatment is surgical, with different techniques and approaches.A 7-year-old male patient is presented with unilateral atresia of the right choana with microendoscopic resolution, placement of an external tutor, with good resolution.

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Choanal atresia is characterized by obliteration of the posterior nasal opening. It is the most common congenital anomaly of the nasal passages. It has an incidence of 1 in 5000 to 7000 newborns; predominantly female. It can occur in isolation or in association with other syndromes such as CHARGE (coloboma [C], cardiac malformations [H], choanal atresia [A], psychomotor and/or growth retardation [R], genital hypoplasia [G], atrial malformations and/or deafness [E]. Clinically presents nasal obstruction, cyanosis and respiratory distress from birth when bilateral, unilateral atresias are characterized by nasal ventilatory insufficiency and unilateral rhinorrhea, which may go unnoticed. Diagnosis is made by endoscopy and imaging tests. Treatment is surgical, with different techniques and approaches. A 7-year-old male patient is presented with unilateral atresia of the right choana with microendoscopic resolution, placement of an external tutor, with good resolution.

La atresia de coanas se caracteriza por la obliteración de la abertura nasal posterior. Es la anomalía congénita más frecuente de las fosas nasales. Tiene una incidencia de 1 cada 5000 a 7000 neonatos, con predominio en el sexo femenino. Puede presentarse en forma aislada o asociada a otros síndromes como el CHARGE (coloboma [C], malformaciones cardíacas [H], atresia de coanas [A], retraso psicomotor y/o en el crecimiento [R], hipoplasia de genitales [G], malformaciones auriculares y/o sordera [E, por su sigla en inglés]). Las manifestaciones clínicas son la obstrucción nasal, cianosis y dificultad respiratoria desde el nacimiento cuando es bilateral. Las atresias unilaterales se caracterizan por insuficiencia ventilatoria nasal y rinorrea unilateral, y pueden pasar inadvertidas. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante endoscopia y estudios por imágenes. El tratamiento es quirúrgico; existen diferentes técnicas y vías de abordaje. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 7años con atresia unilateral de coana derecha con resolución microendoscópica, colocación de tutor externo, con buena resolución.

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Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play central roles in most molecular mechanisms underlying cellular and biological processes. Within the methods developed to study PPIs is bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Taking advantage of this technique, we have set a BRET-based assay that enables the screening of modulators of essential PPIs for Trypanosoma cruzi survival. Considering the complexity of the evaluated mixture, pure chemical compounds or natural extracts, two approaches are described, BRET in living cells or from lysates.

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Resumen: Introducción: el estudio citológico por punción ecoguiada se caracteriza por ser rápido, confiable, mínimamente invasivo y rentable. Permite reducir procedimientos quirúrgicos innecesarios y clasifica apropiadamente a los pacientes con nódulos sospechosos o malignos para una intervención quirúrgica oportuna. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la correlación citológica-anatomopatológica del sistema Bethesda en un centro universitario (Hospital de Clínicas) de Uruguay. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo, basado el análisis de historias clínicas de pacientes sometidos a cirugía tiroidea en el Hospital de Clínicas, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2018. Resultados: del total inicial de 119 pacientes, 93 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El rango de edad de la muestra fue entre 15 y 79 años. Del total de puncionados 49,5% (46) fueron informados como benignos y 50,5% (47) como malignos. Se calculó en forma global una sensibilidad de 96% (0,96) con IC 1,0-0,90, especificidad de 98% (0,97) con IC 1,0-0,93, un VPP de 98% y VPN de 96%. La sensibilidad diagnóstica para la categoría IV, V y VI fue de 96%, con una especificidad de 100, 94 y 100% respectivamente. Conclusiones: el sistema Bethesda aplicado a las PAAF de nódulos tiroideos potencia la certeza diagnóstica y asiste en la decisión terapéutica. En nuestra institución contamos con una buena correlación citopatológica, similar a otros trabajos reportados en la literatura, lo que permite predecir adecuadamente el riesgo de malignidad y facilitar la toma de decisiones.

Summary: Introduction: the ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) study is characterized by being fast, reliable, minimally invasive, and cost-effective. It reduces unnecessary surgical procedures and appropriately classifies patients with suspicious or malignant nodules for timely surgical intervention. Objective: the objective of this study is to evaluate the cytological-pathological correlation of the Bethesda System in a university center (Hospital de Clínicas) in Uruguay. Methodology: an observational, retrospective, descriptive study was carried out, based on the analysis of medical records of patients undergoing thyroid surgery at the Hospital de Clínicas, in the period between January 2008 and December 2018. Results: of the initial total of 119 patients, 93 met the inclusion criteria. The age range of the sample was between 15 and 79 years. Of the total of punctured, 49.5% (46) were reported as benign and 50.5% (47) as malignant. A sensitivity of 96% (0.96) with CI 1.0-0.90, specificity of 98% (0.97) with CI 1.0-0.93, a PPV of 98% and NPV of 96%. The diagnostic sensitivity for categories IV, V and VI was 96% with a specificity of 100, 94 and 100% respectively. Conclusions: the Bethesda system applied to FNA of thyroid nodules enhances diagnostic certainty and assists in the therapeutic decision. In our institution we have a good cytopathological correlation, similar to other works reported in the literature. This makes it possible to adequately predict the risk of malignancy and facilitate decision-making.

Resumo: Introdução: o estudo citológico por punção guiada por ultrassom caracteriza-se por ser rápido, confiável, minimamente invasivo e de baixo custo. Permite reduzir procedimentos cirúrgicos desnecessários e classificar adequadamente pacientes com nódulos suspeitos ou malignos para intervenção cirúrgica oportuna. Objetivo: avaliar a correlação citológico-patológica do Sistema Bethesda em um centro universitário (Hospital de Clínicas) no Uruguai. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo, baseado na análise de prontuários de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de tireoide no Hospital de Clínicas, no período janeiro de 2008-dezembro de 2018. Resultados: do total inicial de 119 pacientes, 93 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A faixa etária da amostra foi entre 15 e 79 anos. Do total de punções, 49,5% (46) foram relatadas como benignas e 50,5% (47) como malignas. No geral, uma sensibilidade de 96% (0,96) com IC 1,0-0,90, uma especificidade de 98% (0,97) com IC 1,0-0,93, um VPP de 98% e VPN de 96%. A sensibilidade diagnóstica para as categorias IV, V e VI foi de 96% com especificidade de 100, 94 e 100%, respectivamente. Conclusões: o sistema Bethesda aplicado à PAAF de nódulos tireoidianos aumenta a certeza diagnóstica e auxilia na decisão terapêutica. Em nossa instituição temos uma boa correlação citopatológica, semelhante a outros trabalhos relatados na literatura. Isso permite prever adequadamente o risco de malignidade e facilitar a tomada de decisão.

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We report the synthesis of 16 new compounds obtained from kokusaginine and flindersiamine, the main alkaloids isolated from the bark of Balfourodendron riedelianum. The activity of the compounds against axenic cultures of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigtotes and trypomastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes, is described, together with their cytotoxic activity against three different human cell lines. The synthetic strategy for the preparation of the new compounds was based on the reactivity at the C4 position of the furoquinoline core towards nucleophiles. The new derivatives were synthesized by a Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, in most cases under green, solvent-free conditions. Compounds 1 c and 1 e displayed better in-vitro activity against trypomastigotes than benznidazole and nifurtimox (positive controls) with IC50 <4 µM. In addition, both compounds were not cytotoxic against the three human cell lines K562 (erytroleukimia), LM2 (breast cancer), and HaCat (keratinocyte). Interestingly, when evaluated against intracellular amastigotes, compound 1 c was able to significantly reduce the number of this parasite form, compared to the negative control.

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INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B is a transmissible disease, it is estimated that globally more than two billion people in the world have been infected with hepatitis B virus, of which 350 million are chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, and this chronic infection causes cirrhosis and liver cancer. In Peru, hyperendemic zones have been detected in the country's jungle. Cajamarca is the third department with the highest rates of liver and bile duct cancer. Celendín is a district located in Cajamarca, which borders the jungle, and maintains a high contact with it for trade and tourism. There have been no previous studies of this virus in Cajamarca ́s population. OBJECTIVE: to determine if there is a high seroprevalence of the hepatitis B virus in the adult population of the Celendín-Cajamarca district, in 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 404 inhabitants of the Celendín district: a venous blood sample was taken to search for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody, both by ELISA technique, and a survey was applied which included sociodemographic factors and associated risk factors. RESULTS: it was obtained that 1.24% (n=5) asymptomatic habitants were positive for the surface antigen of hepatitis B. The age over sixty five years was associated with the antigen positivity. 67.86% of the population included, do not have protective levels of antibodies against the hepatitis B virus, of which 10% even refer to being vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS: there is a low seroprevalence of the hepatitis B virus in the population of the district of Celendín-Cajamarca in 2018. More than half of the population does not have protection for this virus, many even when vaccinated.

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El linfoma es la neoplasia maligna de cabeza y cuello más común en la población pediátrica. Las anifestaciones clínicas de linfoma en amígdala palatina son generalmente asimetría amigdalina, alteración en la apariencia de la mucosa y adenopatías cervicales. Ante una hipertrofia amigdalina unilateral, se debe diferenciar de cuadros infecciosos, procesos crónicos, otros tumores o simplemente una hiperplasia amigdalina benigna. El seguimiento estricto de la asimetría amigdalina es un pilar importante a la hora del diagnóstico de los pacientes con linfoma amigdalino, debido a que un tratamiento temprano es fundamental para el pronóstico. Se presenta una niña de 14 años con hipertrofia amigdalina unilateral y odinofagia, de aproximadamente 21 días de evolución sin respuesta al tratamiento antibiótico, con diagnóstico de linfoma de Burkitt. Presenta remisión completa de la enfermedad al año del diagnóstico.

Lymphoma is the most common childhood malignancy in the head and neck. The most common clinical manifestations of lymphoma in palatine tonsil are the tonsils asymmetry, alteration in the appearance of the mucous and cervical lymphadenopathy. The unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy must be differentiated with infectious processes, with chronic processes, other tumors or benign tonsillar hyperplasia. The monitoring of tonsillar hypertrophy is strict, because early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance in the prognosis of tonsillar lymphoma patients. A 14 year-old girl presents unilateral tonsillar enlargement and odynophagia. After 21 days of antibiotic treatment, she has not clinical improvement. The diagnosis is Burkitt's lymphoma. One year after diagnosis, she presents complete remission of the disease.

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