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Feed additives, such as prebiotics and essential oils, are used in pet foods and can affect digestibility, palatability, and intestinal functionality of dogs. The combined effects of yeast cell wall and oregano essential oil on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and palatability of diet, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota in dogs were analyzed. Eighteen adult dogs were fed for 20 days with three dry extruded diets for adult dogs: control (without the additive), a diet containing 1.5 kg/ton of yeast cell wall and oregano essential oil (1.5YCO), and a diet containing 3.0 kg/ton of yeast cell wall and oregano essential oil (3.0YCO). The inclusion of both levels of YCO reduced the intake ratio. The addition of 3.0YCO reduced the ATTD of dry matter, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). There were greater putrescine and cadaverine concentrations and lower histamine and ammonia (p < 0.05) in the feces of dogs fed 3.0YCO. In addition, fecal odor of dogs fed YCO was less fetid than the control group (p < 0.05). There was greater fecal bacterial diversity in dogs fed with both dietary concentrations of YCO evaluated (p < 0.05). Dogs fed 1.5YCO and 3.0YCO showed higher relative abundance of Blautia and Faecalibacterium and lower abundance of Streptococcus (p < 0.05) in the feces, in comparison to the control group. Given the modulation of microorganisms considered beneficial and the lower fecal concentrations of histamine, phenols, and ammonia, the YCO blend resulted in indicators of improvement of intestinal functionality in dogs.

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This study aimed at evaluating the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, metabolisable energy (ME), diet palatability, faecal fermentative products and microbiota of dogs fed yeasts from different fermentation media and its fractions. Four diets were evaluated: control, without yeast (CO); diet with 10 g/kg brewer's yeast (BY); diet with 10 g/kg brewer's yeast + corn yeast (BCY); and diet with 10 g/kg BCY + cell wall fractions (BCYF). Twelve adult dogs were distributed in a randomized block design (periods). Each of the four diets was fed to a group of three dogs per period of 20 days, totalling two periods and six repetitions per treatment. Sixteen adult dogs were used for the palatability test, which compared the CO diet versus each one of the yeast diets. Data with normal distribution were subjected to analysis of variance (p < 0.05). Means were compared by orthogonal contrasts (p < 0.05): (A) CO diet versus BY, BCY and BCYF diets; (B) BY diet versus BCY and BCYF diets; (C) BCY diet versus BCYF diet. There was no difference in the CTTAD and ME of the diets (p > 0.05). Yeast diets reduced faecal odour and indole peak area (p < 0.05). Faecal short-chain fatty acids concentration was greater in dogs fed yeast diets compared to those fed the CO (p < 0.05). Yeast diets showed a higher intake ratio compared to the CO (p < 0.05). The BCY and BCYF diets resulted in a greater abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus, and Phascolarctobacterium in relation to the CO (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that dietary yeast supplementation results in beneficial changes in intestinal functionality indicators, mainly with the combination of yeasts from brewers and corn fermentation media. In addition, yeast supplementation improves diet palatability without compromising nutrient digestibility.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG) on palatability and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diet, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy, intestinal fermentation products, and fecal microbiota in dogs. Four diets containing 0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg of HPDDG were manufactured. To evaluate the ME and the ATTD of macronutrients of HPDDG itself, an additional test diet was manufactured containing 70% of the control diet formula (0 g/kg) and 300 g/kg of HPDDG. Fifteen adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a randomized block design, with two periods of 15 d each (n = 6). The HPDDG digestibility was obtained using the Matterson substitution method. For the palatability test, 16 adult dogs were used, comparing the diets: 0 vs. 70 g/kg of HPDDG and 0 vs. 210 g/kg of HPDDG. The ATTD of HPDDG were: dry matter = 85.5%, crude protein = 91.2%, and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract = 84.6% and the ME content was 5,041.8 kcal/kg. The ATTD of macronutrients and ME of the diets and the fecal dry matter, score, pH, and ammonia of the dogs did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). There was a linear increase in the fecal concentrations of valeric acid with the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Streptococcus and Megamonas genera reduced linearly (P < 0.05), and Blautia, Lachnospira, Clostridiales, and Prevotella genera showed a quadratic response to the inclusion of HPDDG in the diet (P < 0.05). Alpha-diversity results showed an increase (P < 0.05) in the number of operational taxonomic units and Shannon index and a trend (P = 0.065) for a linear increase in the Chao-1 index with the dietary inclusion of HPDDG. Dogs preferred the 210 g/kg diet over the 0 g/kg HPDDG diet (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the HPDDG evaluated does not affect the utilization of nutrients in the diet, but it may modulate the fecal microbiome of dogs. In addition, HPDDG may contribute to diet palatability for dogs.

Considering the constant search for novel ingredients in animal nutrition and the increasing use of corn to produce ethanol, dried distillers grains with (DDGS) or without (DDG) solubles can potentially be used in dog food. Previous studies show that DDGS and DDG can contribute mainly with protein and fiber to the diets and that their fibrous fraction can potentially be fermented by the gut microbiota. However, DDGS and DDG may present variable digestibility in dogs. Besides, we did not find studies evaluating the nutritional effects of high-protein DDG (HPDDG) in dogs. This study evaluated the effects of HPDDG on diet digestibility and palatability and on variables related to the intestinal functionality of adult dogs. Our results demonstrated that HPDDG can be used in extruded diets for dogs due to its high digestibility and palatability. Besides, the HPDDG evaluated may result in a modulation of the gut microbiota, favoring bacteria considered beneficial for gut health.

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The aim was to evaluate the effects of yeast probiotic on diet digestibility, fermentative metabolites, and fecal microbiota of dogs submitted to dietary change. Sixteen dogs were divided into two groups of eight dogs each: control, without, and with probiotic, receiving 0.12 g/dog/day of live Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The dogs were fed a lower protein and fiber diet for 21 days and then changed to a higher protein and fiber diet until day 49. Yeast supplementation did not statistically influence diet digestibility. The probiotic group had a lower fecal concentration of total biogenic amines (days 21 and 49), ammonia (day 23), and aromatic compounds and a higher fecal concentration of butyrate (p < 0.05). The probiotic group showed a lower dysbiosis index, a higher abundance (p < 0.05) of Bifidobacterium (days 35 and 49) and Turicibacter, and a lower abundance of Lactobacillus and E. coli (p < 0.05). Beta diversity demonstrated a clear differentiation in the gut microbiota between the control and probiotic groups on day 49. The control group showed upregulation in genes related to virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and osmotic stress. The results indicated that the live yeast evaluated can have beneficial effects on intestinal functionality of dogs.

RESUMO

We aimed to evaluate the effects of an herbal source of choline on the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD), diet palatability, fecal characteristics, blood variables, liver morphology, and cardiac function of dogs. Sixteen adult dogs were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 8) which were fed two different diets for 45 days: control, containing 0.28% choline chloride 60, and test, containing 0.14% of an herbal source of choline. Feces were collected between days 39 and 44 to determine nutrient CTTAD and fecal characteristics. On days 0 and 45, blood samples were collected and the liver morphology was evaluated. Cardiac function, in turn, was evaluated only on day 45, and the palatability test was performed on two consecutive days (n = 32). There were no changes in nutrient CTTAD, diet palatability, or fecal characteristics of dogs fed the test diet (p > 0.05). However, on day 45, dogs fed the test diet showed lower (p < 0.05) serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase when compared to the control group. We concluded that the herbal source of choline can be a possible substitute for choline chloride in dog nutrition.

RESUMO

This research aimed to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, metabolisable energy (ME) and palatability of the diet, as well as products of intestinal fermentation and faecal microbiota of dogs fed with dried apple. For this purpose, three experiments were performed. In Experiment I, digestibility and ME of four diets containing 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% dried apple were evaluated, in addition to the faecal characteristics of the dogs. The diets were offered to eight adult dogs, distributed in double Latin square (4 × 4), totalling eight repetitions per treatment. In Experiment II, products of intestinal fermentation and faecal microbiota from 16 adult dogs fed diets containing 0% and 9% dried apple for 30 d (n = 8) were evaluated. Finally, Experiment III compared the dietary preference of 0 vs. 9% dried apple using 15 adult dogs. The inclusion of dried apple in the diet (p < 0.05) showed a linear reduction in the ATTD of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and acid hydrolysed ether extract (EEA), and a linear increase in the ATTD of total dietary fibre (TDF). Consumption of 9% of dried apple increased faecal butyrate and reduced propionate and ammonia (p < 0.05). With this diet, there was also an increase (p < 0.05) in the faecal concentration of Faecalibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Blautia, and Bacteroides. No differences were found in the palatability of the diets. The inclusion of up to 9% of dried apple in the diet reduces the digestibility of nutrients and does not influence the dogs' food preference; however, it improves some indicators of dogs' intestinal functionality.

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BACKGROUND: Direct-fed microbials (DFM), such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, may improve gut functionality of the host by favouring non-pathogenic bacteria and reducing the formation of putrefactive compounds. The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics and intestinal-fermentation products in dogs fed diets with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. Sixteen dogs were randomly divided into two groups. Every eight dogs were fed with the control diet or the diet with the addition of 62.5 g of DFM (B. subtilis and B. licheniformis)/ton. Diets were provided throughout a 20-day adaptation period, followed by 5 days of total faecal collection. Nutrient digestibility and the metabolisable energy of the diets, plus the dogs' faecal characteristics and intestinal fermentation products were assessed. RESULTS: There were no differences in nutrient digestibility (P > 0.05). However, DFM supplementation improved faecal score and resulted in less fetid faeces (P < 0.001). DFM inclusion reduced (P < 0.05) the biogenic amines concentration: putrescine, spermidine and cadaverine, besides the concentration of phenols and quinoline. CONCLUSIONS: The use of B. subtillis and B. licheniformis as DFM reduce the concentration of nitrogen fermentation products in faeces and faecal odour, but the digestibility of nutrients is not altered in dogs.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing levels of dried apple pomace on cat diets and its effects on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and diet metabolizable energy (ME) and palatability. Fecal characteristics of cats were also evaluated. Four experimental diets were produced to contain 0, 30, 60, and 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace. Two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the diets were offered to twelve adult cats distributed in a completely randomized block design (n = 6). Two evaluation periods (blocks) of 11 days were used to analyze diet digestibility and fecal characteristics. In experiment 2, the palatability of diets containing 0 (control) vs. 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace was compared using 20 adult cats on two consecutive days (n = 40). Increasing dietary dried apple pomace levels (0-90 g kg−1) linearly reduced the ATTD of crude protein (834.0-798.0 g kg−1 of dry matter) and ME (4290.1-4161.0 kcal). There was a quadratic effect of the increasing dried apple pomace levels on the ATTD of the other nutrients, as well as on fecal dry matter (fDM) content and output. The dietary inclusion of 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace promoted a greater intake ratio (0.61) in relation to the control diet. The inclusion of up to 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace reduces diet digestibility, ME, and fDM of cats. However, it improves diet palatability. These results indicate that the dried apple pomace is a palatable fibrous component and its inclusion can be used to reduce the energy content of cat foods.(AU)

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Addition of zeolite to caninedietscan improve fecal characteristics, reducing its moisture and odor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an increasing dietary inclusion of zeolite on nutrient and energy digestibility, fecal characteristics, and diet palatability for dogsfed diets containing high soybean meal level. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment evaluated the effect of increasing concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g/kg) of zeolite (clinoptilolite) in extruded dog foods on diet digestibility and fecal quality. Six adult dogs were distributed to treatments arranged in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. The second assessed the effect of 20 or 50 g clinoptilolite per kg of diet on food palatability, where in 20 dogs were distributedinto two tests, in a completely randomized experimental design (0 vs.20 g/kg and 0 vs. 50 g/kg zeolite). Despite the small variation, dietary zeolite inclusion reduced diet metabolizable energy content (15.4 to 14.7 MJ/kg, P 0.05) in ammonia nitrogen, sialic acid, fecal pH,or diet palatability.The inclusion of up to 50 g natural clinoptilolite per kg of diet increases fDM content, maintains adequate fecal score and has no negative impact on diet palatability.

O uso de zeólita na alimentação de cães é realizado visando melhorar as características fecais, reduzindo sua umidade e odor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão crescente de zeólita sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia, características fecais e palatabilidade de cães alimentados com dieta contendo altos níveis de farelo de soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou a inclusão crescente de zeólita (clinoptilolita): 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 g/kg em dietas extrusadas para cães sobre a digestibilidade e qualidade das fezes. Foram utilizados seis cães adultos, em quadrado latino 6x6. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a inclusão de 20 e 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita na dieta sobre a palatabilidade em cães. Foram utilizados 20 cães em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em dois tratamentos (0 vs.20g/kg e 0 vs. 50 g/kg de zeólita). Embora com pequena variação, a inclusão de zeólita resultou em redução linear da energia metabolizável (15,4 a 14,7 MJ/kg, P 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças na palatabilidade das dietas. A inclusão de até 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita natural aumenta o teor de matéria seca fecal, com manutenção de adequado escore fecal, sem afetar negativamente a palatabilidade das dietas.

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Addition of zeolite to caninedietscan improve fecal characteristics, reducing its moisture and odor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an increasing dietary inclusion of zeolite on nutrient and energy digestibility, fecal characteristics, and diet palatability for dogsfed diets containing high soybean meal level. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment evaluated the effect of increasing concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g/kg) of zeolite (clinoptilolite) in extruded dog foods on diet digestibility and fecal quality. Six adult dogs were distributed to treatments arranged in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. The second assessed the effect of 20 or 50 g clinoptilolite per kg of diet on food palatability, where in 20 dogs were distributedinto two tests, in a completely randomized experimental design (0 vs.20 g/kg and 0 vs. 50 g/kg zeolite). Despite the small variation, dietary zeolite inclusion reduced diet metabolizable energy content (15.4 to 14.7 MJ/kg, P < 0.05) and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter (0.773 to 0.740, P < 0.05). Fecal dry matter (fDM) content increased as zeolite concentrations increased (30.4% to 36.1%, P < 0.05), but fecal score had no effect. Zeolite concentrations caused no changes (P > 0.05) in ammonia nitrogen, sialic acid, fecal pH,or diet palatability.The inclusion of up to 50 g natural clinoptilolite per kg of diet increases fDM content, maintains adequate fecal score and has no negative impact on diet palatability.(AU)

O uso de zeólita na alimentação de cães é realizado visando melhorar as características fecais, reduzindo sua umidade e odor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão crescente de zeólita sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia, características fecais e palatabilidade de cães alimentados com dieta contendo altos níveis de farelo de soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou a inclusão crescente de zeólita (clinoptilolita): 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 g/kg em dietas extrusadas para cães sobre a digestibilidade e qualidade das fezes. Foram utilizados seis cães adultos, em quadrado latino 6x6. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a inclusão de 20 e 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita na dieta sobre a palatabilidade em cães. Foram utilizados 20 cães em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em dois tratamentos (0 vs.20g/kg e 0 vs. 50 g/kg de zeólita). Embora com pequena variação, a inclusão de zeólita resultou em redução linear da energia metabolizável (15,4 a 14,7 MJ/kg, P < 0,05) e do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (0,773 a 0,740, P < 0,05). A matéria seca fecal aumentou com os níveis crescentes de zeólita (30,4% a 36,1%, P < 0,05) não afetando, entretanto, o escore das fezes. Os níveis de zeólita não causaram diferença quanto ao nitrogênio amoniacal, ácido siálico e pH fecal (P > 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças na palatabilidade das dietas. A inclusão de até 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita natural aumenta o teor de matéria seca fecal, com manutenção de adequado escore fecal, sem afetar negativamente a palatabilidade das dietas.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the microalgae Schizochytrium sp., as a dietary source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on diet palatability, coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients and metabolizable energy (ME), blood variables and indicators of immunity in dogs. We also evaluated oxidative stability. Two diets containing 0 and 0.4% of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. were evaluated in three experiments. On Experiment I the palatability of diets containing 0% versus 0.4% microalgae was compared. In Experiment II test diets were offered for 30 days to determine digestibility, fecal characteristics, and blood parameters. In Experiment III, the oxidative stability of diets containing microalgae versus anchovy oil was evaluated. There was a higher intake ratio of the diet containing microalgae (p < .05). The ME and CTTAD of nutrients increased (p < .05), except for ether extract after acid hydrolysis, with the inclusion of the microalgae in diet. The amount of monocytes and phagocytic granulocytes was higher (p < .05) in dogs fed 0.4% microalgae. There was greater oxidative stability for the sample containing microalgae. The addition of 0.4% microalgae presented high palatability, increased phagocytic cell numbers, and demonstrated oxidative stability superior to anchovy oil.

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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de extrato de própolis na digestibilidade e na palatabilidade de dietas para cães. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro constituído por um ensaio de digestibilidade, com a inclusão de diferentes extratos de própolis (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Com base nos resultados do primeiro ensaio, foi definido o extrato FT0,59 a ser utilizado nos demais experimentos, misturado em crescentes níveis à dieta, resultando em outras concentrações de apiginina. Ambos os ensaios de digestibilidade utilizaram dez cães da raça Beagles, os quais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. A palatabilidade foi avaliada pela preferência alimentar e pela primeira escolha, sendo utilizados 20 cães de quatro diferentes raças. No primeiro ensaio de digestibilidade, somente a inclusão do extrato de própolis FT2,11 diminuiu o valor do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS). Já no segundo ensaio, a inclusão crescente do extrato de própolis FT0,79 melhorou linearmente os CDA da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (EEA), extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN), MS e energia metabolizável (EM) das dietas. A inclusão de extrato de própolis favoreceu a palatabilidade da dieta. Os flavonoides podem ser adicionados na dieta de cães como nutracêuticos em concentrações menores do que 2,11mg/kg de MS da dieta, sem alterar a digestibilidade.(AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of propolis extract digestibility and palatability. Two experiments were conducted, the first consisting of a digestibility trial with the inclusion of different propolis extracts (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Based on the results of the first test, the extract being used in the other experiments, so the chosen FT0,59 extract was mixed in increasing levels in diets resulting in different apiginin concentrations. the diet was defined. Both digestibility assays beagle dogs 10, which were housed in metabolic cages were used. Palatability was assessed by food preference and first choice, 20 dogs of different breeds being used. In the first digestibility trial, only the inclusion of propolis extract FT2,11 decreased the value of the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM). In the second trial, increasing inclusion of propolis extract FT0,59 linearly improved the ADC of crude protein (CP), ether extract in acid hydrolysis (EEA), nitrogen free extract (NFE), MS and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diets. The inclusion of propolis extract favored the palatability of the diet. Flavonoids can be added in the diet of dogs as nutraceuticals in concentrations lower than 2.11mg/kg of DM of the diet without altering digestibility.(AU)

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There is a growing demand for alternative protein sources in dog nutrition due to the high cost of the ingredient. Spray-dried egg (SDE) is a potential protein source in this context. The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, palatability, and blood profile of diets containing different amounts of spray-dried egg (SDE) and the blood parameters of dogs fed these diets. For the study of digestibility and faecal quality (Experiment 1), eight Beagles were distributed in a double Latin square design (4X4), with four treatments (0, 4, 8, and 12% SDE) and four periods, totalling eight repetitions per treatment. In experiment 2, to evaluate palatability, 20 dogs were presented with two diets: 0% SDE vs 4% SDE. To evaluate the haematological factors (Experiment 3), eight dogs were maintained in a single group and were initially fed a control diet (0%SDE) for 10 days, followed by a diet containing 12% SDE for 10 days. In Experiment 1, a linear increase was found in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and in the metabolisable energy (ME) as the level of SDE was increased in the diet. The CTTAD of DM and CP in SDE and the ME obtained by regression analysis were 93.6%, 91.3%, and 5738.9 kcal kg <->1, respectively, demonstrating that SDE is a highly digestible protein source for dogs. There were no changes in the stool characteristics of dogs fed SDE. The results of Experiment 2 indicate that the dogs preferred the diet that included 4% SDE. In the haematological study (Experiment 3), increases in albumin, red blood cells, haemoglobin, and total circulating protein were observed, with no change in the other histological variables. The inclusion of SDE improved the digestibility and palatability of the diet and increased the albumin content, red blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and total protein level without changing the faecal characteristics.(AU)

Há uma demanda crescente de fontes proteicas alternativas na nutrição de cães devido ao alto custo deste ingrediente. O ovo seco por pulverização (SDE) é uma fonte potencial de proteína neste contexto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e perfil sanguíneo de dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ovo spray-dried (OSD) e os parâmetros sanguíneos de cães alimentados com esta dieta. Para o estudo de digestibilidade e características fecais (Experimento 1), oito cães foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino duplo (4x4), com quatro tratamentos (0, 4, 8 e 12% OSD) e quatro períodos, totalizando oito repetições por tratamento. No experimento 2, para avaliar a palatabilidade, 20 animais foram apresentados a duas dietas: 0% OSD vs 4% OSD. Para avaliar os fatores hematológicos (Experimento 3), oito cães foram mantidos em um único grupo e foram inicialmente alimentados com a dieta controle (0% OSD) por 10 dias, seguido pela dieta contendo 12% OSD por 10 dias. No experimento 1, foi observado aumento linear para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total (CDAT), da matéria seca (MS), e da proteína bruta (PB) e a energia metabolizável (EM) com o aumento de OSD da dieta. Os CDA da MS e PB em OSD e a EM obtidas pela análise da regressão foram de 93.6%, 91.3% e 5738.9 kcal kg <->1, respectivamente, demonstrando que o OSD é uma fonte proteica de alta digestibilidade para cães. Não houve mudanças nas características fecais de cães alimentados com OSD. Os resultados do experimento 2 indicam que os cães preferiram a dieta com inclusão de 4% de OSD. No estudo hematológico (Experimento 3), aumento de albumina, células vermelhas do sangue, hemoglobina e proteína total circulante foram observados, não houve mudança em outras variáveis histológicas. A inclusão de OSD melhorou a digestibilidade e palatabilidade da dieta e aumentou o teor de albumina, a contagem de células vermelhas, o nível de hemoglobina e o nível de proteína...(AU)

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There is a growing demand for alternative protein sources in dog nutrition due to the high cost of the ingredient. Spray-dried egg (SDE) is a potential protein source in this context. The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility, palatability, and blood profile of diets containing different amounts of spray-dried egg (SDE) and the blood parameters of dogs fed these diets. For the study of digestibility and faecal quality (Experiment 1), eight Beagles were distributed in a double Latin square design (4X4), with four treatments (0, 4, 8, and 12% SDE) and four periods, totalling eight repetitions per treatment. In experiment 2, to evaluate palatability, 20 dogs were presented with two diets: 0% SDE vs 4% SDE. To evaluate the haematological factors (Experiment 3), eight dogs were maintained in a single group and were initially fed a control diet (0%SDE) for 10 days, followed by a diet containing 12% SDE for 10 days. In Experiment 1, a linear increase was found in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and in the metabolisable energy (ME) as the level of SDE was increased in the diet. The CTTAD of DM and CP in SDE and the ME obtained by regression analysis were 93.6%, 91.3%, and 5738.9 kcal kg

Há uma demanda crescente de fontes proteicas alternativas na nutrição de cães devido ao alto custo deste ingrediente. O ovo seco por pulverização (SDE) é uma fonte potencial de proteína neste contexto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e perfil sanguíneo de dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ovo spray-dried (OSD) e os parâmetros sanguíneos de cães alimentados com esta dieta. Para o estudo de digestibilidade e características fecais (Experimento 1), oito cães foram distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino duplo (4x4), com quatro tratamentos (0, 4, 8 e 12% OSD) e quatro períodos, totalizando oito repetições por tratamento. No experimento 2, para avaliar a palatabilidade, 20 animais foram apresentados a duas dietas: 0% OSD vs 4% OSD. Para avaliar os fatores hematológicos (Experimento 3), oito cães foram mantidos em um único grupo e foram inicialmente alimentados com a dieta controle (0% OSD) por 10 dias, seguido pela dieta contendo 12% OSD por 10 dias. No experimento 1, foi observado aumento linear para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total (CDAT), da matéria seca (MS), e da proteína bruta (PB) e a energia metabolizável (EM) com o aumento de OSD da dieta. Os CDA da MS e PB em OSD e a EM obtidas pela análise da regressão foram de 93.6%, 91.3% e 5738.9 kcal kg

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RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate food palatability, digestibility and blood parameter of dogs fed diets containing increasing levels of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP). We also aimed to evaluate the SDP digestibility for dogs. We used 36 dogs distributed in 3 experiments. In the digestibility assay (Experiment 1), eight adult Beagles were distributed according to a double Latin square design (4 x 4). The following diets were evaluated: 0, 4, 8, and 12% SDP of diet. In the palatability trial (Experiment 2), 20 adult dogs were used. Diets containing 0 and 4% SDP were pair-wised compared. Blood parameters (Experiment 3) were evaluated in eight adult Beagles. Dogs were fed the diet with 0% for 10 days and then the diet with 12% SDP for further 10 days. Dietary SDP inclusion promoted a linear increase (P0.05). In conclusion, SDP shows high digestibility of CP and DM, being feasible its use in diets for dogs. However, it is important to study the effects of inclusion levels lower than 4%, in order to do not compromise diet palatability.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos em cães alimentados com dietas contendo crescentes níveis de plasma suíno spray-dried (PSD). Ainda, objetivou-se isolar a digestibilidade do PSD em cães. Foram utilizados 36 cães distribuídos em 3 experimentos. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade (Experimento 1) foram utilizados oito cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos em quadrado latino duplo (4x4). Foram avaliadas quatro dietas: 0%, 4%, 8% e 12% PSD. Para avaliação da palatabilidade (Experimento 2) foram utilizados 20 cães adultos. Foram comparadas duas dietas: 0% PSD vs. 4% PSD. Para a avaliação hematológica (Experimento 3) foram utilizados oito cães adultos Beagles. Todos os cães foram alimentados com a dieta 0% PSD por 10 dias e posteriormente com a dieta contendo 12% PSD por mais 10 dias. Houve aumento linear (P0,05), nos cães alimentados com 12% PSD. Conclui-se que o PSD apresenta elevada digestibilidade da PB e MS, sendo viável o seu uso em dietas para cães. Entretanto, é importante estudar os efeitos de níveis de inclusão menores que 4%, a fim de não comprometer a palatabilidade da dieta.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate food palatability, digestibility and blood parameter of dogs fed diets containing increasing levels of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDP). We also aimed to evaluate the SDP digestibility for dogs. We used 36 dogs distributed in 3 experiments. In the digestibility assay (Experiment 1), eight adult Beagles were distributed according to a double Latin square design (4 x 4). The following diets were evaluated: 0, 4, 8, and 12% SDP of diet. In the palatability trial (Experiment 2), 20 adult dogs were used. Diets containing 0 and 4% SDP were pair-wised compared. Blood parameters (Experiment 3) were evaluated in eight adult Beagles. Dogs were fed the diet with 0% for 10 days and then the diet with 12% SDP for further 10 days. Dietary SDP inclusion promoted a linear increase (P<0.05) in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). The CTTAD of DM and CP obtained by analysis of regression of the SDP were 0.981 and 0.912, respectively. Diet palatability was reduced when 4% SDP was included in the diet (P<0.05). Total circulating leukocytes, total plasma protein, and albumin levels increased when 12% SDP was included in the diet (P<0.05), but other blood parameters were not affected (P>0.05). In conclusion, SDP shows high digestibility of CP and DM, being feasible its use in diets for dogs. However, it is important to study the effects of inclusion levels lower than 4%, in order to do not compromise diet palatability.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade, palatabilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos em cães alimentados com dietas contendo crescentes níveis de plasma suíno spray-dried (PSD). Ainda, objetivou-se isolar a digestibilidade do PSD em cães. Foram utilizados 36 cães distribuídos em 3 experimentos. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade (Experimento 1) foram utilizados oito cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos em quadrado latino duplo (4x4). Foram avaliadas quatro dietas: 0%, 4%, 8% e 12% PSD. Para avaliação da palatabilidade (Experimento 2) foram utilizados 20 cães adultos. Foram comparadas duas dietas: 0% PSD vs. 4% PSD. Para a avaliação hematológica (Experimento 3) foram utilizados oito cães adultos Beagles. Todos os cães foram alimentados com a dieta 0% PSD por 10 dias e posteriormente com a dieta contendo 12% PSD por mais 10 dias. Houve aumento linear (P<0,05) dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB) com a inclusão de PSD na dieta. Os CDA da MS e PB do PSD, obtidos por análise de regressão foram de 98.1% e 91.2%, respectivamente. O nível de 4% PSD reduziu a palatabilidade da dieta (P<0,05). Houve aumento dos leucócitos totais circulantes, proteínas totais e albumina (P<0,05), não havendo alterações nas demais variáveis hematológicas (P>0,05), nos cães alimentados com 12% PSD. Conclui-se que o PSD apresenta elevada digestibilidade da PB e MS, sendo viável o seu uso em dietas para cães. Entretanto, é importante estudar os efeitos de níveis de inclusão menores que 4%, a fim de não comprometer a palatabilidade da dieta.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including 200 g kg −1 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) to xylanase- and protease-supplemented diets for dogs on kibble properties, digestibility, fecal characteristics, and palatability. Experimental diets consisted of: 0 g kg −1 DDGS without enzymes (0WE), 0 g kg −1 DDGS with xylanase and protease (0XP), 200 g kg −1 DDGS without enzymes (200WE), 200 g kg −1 DDGS with xylanase (200X), 200 g kg −1 DDGS with protease (200P), and 200 g kg −1 DDGS with xylanase and protease (200XP). Kibbles were evaluated for density, extruded size, expansion index, hardness, and uniformity. Six beagle dogs were distributed in a 6×6 Latin square design for analysis of digestibility and fecal characteristics. A palatability assay was also conducted in 16 beagle dogs, comparing the following treatment groups: 0WE vs. 200WE and 0XP vs. 200XP. The results showed that DDGS inclusion had no influence on kibble physical properties and reduced digestibility of dry matter (DM), ether extract after acid hydrolysis, gross energy, and organic matter, regardless of enzyme addition. Moreover, dietary addition of DDGS reduced fecal pH and increased total short-chain fatty acid, acetate, and propionate productions. Fecal odor was increased in dogs fed diets containing DDGS. Regarding palatability, animals preferred diets supplemented with enzymes and without DDGS, and no difference was observed when comparing 0WE and 200WE diets. No changes in the physical properties of kibbles were caused by DDGS inclusion; therefore, it can be used in diet formulation without interfering with the industrial process. Increased production of SCFA and a possible modulation of digestive tract microbiota promoted by DDGS addition may benefit animals. However, at the tested levels, enzymes had no positive effects on diet digestibility. Despite reducing digestibility, DDGS can still be included without enzyme supplementation in low-cost diets for dogs, as nutrient digestibility of the diet remains within acceptable limits for some pet food categories.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de extrato de própolis na digestibilidade e na palatabilidade de dietas para cães. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro constituído por um ensaio de digestibilidade, com a inclusão de diferentes extratos de própolis (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Com base nos resultados do primeiro ensaio, foi definido o extrato FT0,59 a ser utilizado nos demais experimentos, misturado em crescentes níveis à dieta, resultando em outras concentrações de apiginina. Ambos os ensaios de digestibilidade utilizaram dez cães da raça Beagles, os quais foram alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. A palatabilidade foi avaliada pela preferência alimentar e pela primeira escolha, sendo utilizados 20 cães de quatro diferentes raças. No primeiro ensaio de digestibilidade, somente a inclusão do extrato de própolis FT2,11 diminuiu o valor do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da matéria seca (MS). Já no segundo ensaio, a inclusão crescente do extrato de própolis FT0,79 melhorou linearmente os CDA da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (EEA), extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN), MS e energia metabolizável (EM) das dietas. A inclusão de extrato de própolis favoreceu a palatabilidade da dieta. Os flavonoides podem ser adicionados na dieta de cães como nutracêuticos em concentrações menores do que 2,11mg/kg de MS da dieta, sem alterar a digestibilidade.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of propolis extract digestibility and palatability. Two experiments were conducted, the first consisting of a digestibility trial with the inclusion of different propolis extracts (FT0,55, FT0,59, FT2,59, FT2,11). Based on the results of the first test, the extract being used in the other experiments, so the chosen FT0,59 extract was mixed in increasing levels in diets resulting in different apiginin concentrations. the diet was defined. Both digestibility assays beagle dogs 10, which were housed in metabolic cages were used. Palatability was assessed by food preference and first choice, 20 dogs of different breeds being used. In the first digestibility trial, only the inclusion of propolis extract FT2,11 decreased the value of the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM). In the second trial, increasing inclusion of propolis extract FT0,59 linearly improved the ADC of crude protein (CP), ether extract in acid hydrolysis (EEA), nitrogen free extract (NFE), MS and metabolizable energy (ME) of the diets. The inclusion of propolis extract favored the palatability of the diet. Flavonoids can be added in the diet of dogs as nutraceuticals in concentrations lower than 2.11mg/kg of DM of the diet without altering digestibility.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the differences among four dog breeds as to food selectivity, choice agreement, and the number scores that best evaluate the degree of food choice agreement. For that, 115 food preference tests were analyzed. In each of those tests, 20 dogs were used (eight Beagles, four Labradors, four Siberian Huskies, and four Basset Hounds), in two evaluation days. The medians of intake difference between two diets were calculated for days one, two, and for both days to determine if there were selectivity difference among breeds. A randomized block experimental design was applied, and medians were submitted to the test of Friedmann. Food choice agreement and the degree of agreement among breeds were evaluated by the kappa index, using two different scales. Basset Hounds were the most selective when two different foods were offered, whereas Labradors were the least selective. When performing food preference tests, Siberian Huskies and Basset Hounds are recommended; however, they must be used individually to prevent that the results of one breed could neutralize those of the other breed. The use of a scale of food preference with three scores is recommended in order to obtain results that are more reliable.

Objetivando averiguar possíveis diferenças entre quatro raças de cães para concisão na escolha, concordância na preferência alimentar e número de escalas que melhor avalia a intensidade de concordância, foram avaliados 115 testes de preferência alimentar. Para cada teste foram usados 20 cães (oito Beagles, quatro Labradores, quatro Huskys Siberiano, e quatro Basset Hound) em dois dias de avaliação. Foram calculadas as medianas da diferença de consumo entre as duas rações no dia um, dois e no período total, para averiguar diferenças entre raças para concisão na escolha. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso e as medianas calculadas foram submetidas ao Teste de Friedmann. A análise de concordância e intensidade de concordância para preferência alimentar entre cada raça foi avaliada pelo Índice Kappa, por meio de duas escalas. Cães da raça Basset Hound foram os mais concisos na seleção quando na presença de mais de um alimento, enquanto Labradores foram os menos seletivos. Para delineamento de ensaios de preferência alimentar é indicado combinar as raças Husky Siberiano e Basset Hound, porém em testes separados, para evitar que uma anule a outra. Para aferição dos resultados é aconselhada a utilização de três escalas, a fim de se obter resultados mais confiáveis.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to determine the differences among four dog breeds as to food selectivity, choice agreement, and the number scores that best evaluate the degree of food choice agreement. For that, 115 food preference tests were analyzed. In each of those tests, 20 dogs were used (eight Beagles, four Labradors, four Siberian Huskies, and four Basset Hounds), in two evaluation days. The medians of intake difference between two diets were calculated for days one, two, and for both days to determine if there were selectivity difference among breeds. A randomized block experimental design was applied, and medians were submitted to the test of Friedmann. Food choice agreement and the degree of agreement among breeds were evaluated by the kappa index, using two different scales. Basset Hounds were the most selective when two different foods were offered, whereas Labradors were the least selective. When performing food preference tests, Siberian Huskies and Basset Hounds are recommended; however, they must be used individually to prevent that the results of one breed could neutralize those of the other breed. The use of a scale of food preference with three scores is recommended in order to obtain results that are more reliable.(AU)

Objetivando averiguar possíveis diferenças entre quatro raças de cães para concisão na escolha, concordância na preferência alimentar e número de escalas que melhor avalia a intensidade de concordância, foram avaliados 115 testes de preferência alimentar. Para cada teste foram usados 20 cães (oito Beagles, quatro Labradores, quatro Huskys Siberiano, e quatro Basset Hound) em dois dias de avaliação. Foram calculadas as medianas da diferença de consumo entre as duas rações no dia um, dois e no período total, para averiguar diferenças entre raças para concisão na escolha. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso e as medianas calculadas foram submetidas ao Teste de Friedmann. A análise de concordância e intensidade de concordância para preferência alimentar entre cada raça foi avaliada pelo Índice Kappa, por meio de duas escalas. Cães da raça Basset Hound foram os mais concisos na seleção quando na presença de mais de um alimento, enquanto Labradores foram os menos seletivos. Para delineamento de ensaios de preferência alimentar é indicado combinar as raças Husky Siberiano e Basset Hound, porém em testes separados, para evitar que uma anule a outra. Para aferição dos resultados é aconselhada a utilização de três escalas, a fim de se obter resultados mais confiáveis.(AU)

Assuntos