RESUMO

Most populations of wild felines are now considered endangered or near extinction due to the indiscriminate hunting and the reduction of their natural habitat, caused by man. Due to the limited number of animals within a population, these species are especially vulnerable to the impacts of diseases and endogamy. In addition, wild felines are also susceptible to metabolic and behavioral changes related to a change in their natural conditions, habitat, and feeding, when the animal enters into captivity. There are few descriptions in the literature of the serum biochemistries of lions and tigers. This study presents the biochemical parameters of 23 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 10 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of the Sao Paulo Foundation. Serum urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect bilirubin were measured. In addition, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, glucose, CK, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined, as well as calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, and potassium. Biochemical parameters did not differ significantly among males and females lions, but higher albumin values were observed in male Panthera tigris altaica in comparison to females. The values obtained in this study may be used as reference for captive individuals of Panthera leo and Panthera tigris altaica.(AU)

A maioria das populações de felinos selvagens é considerada ameaçada ou em extinção devido à caça indiscriminada e à redução de seu habitat natural causada pelo homem. Devido ao número limitado de animais, essas espécies são vulneráveis às doenças e endogamia, além das alterações metabólicas e comportamentais relacionadas à mudança das condições naturais, habitat e alimentação e, ainda, à condição de cativeiro. Há poucos relatos na literatura sobre a bioquímica sérica em leões e tigres. Este estudo apresenta os parâmetros bioquímicos de 23 leões de cativeiro (Panthera leo) e 10 tigres siberianos de cativeiro (Panthera tigris altaica) do Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Ureia; creatinina; AST; ALT; ALP; GGT; bilirrubinas totais, diretos e indiretos; proteína total; albumina; CK; lactato desidrogenase; os níveis de triglicérides, de colesterol e de glicose séricas foram determinados; e também os eletrólitos cálcio, fósforo, cloro, sódio e potássio. Não foram encontradas diferenças de parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados ao sexo de Panthera leo, mas para Panthera tigris altaica foram observados valores mais elevados de albumina em machos. Os valores obtidos neste estudo podem ser usados como referência para os indivíduos em cativeiro de Panthera leo e Panthera tigris altaica.(AU)

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Most populations of wild felines are now considered endangered or near extinction due to the indiscriminate hunting and the reduction of their natural habitat, caused by man. Due to the limited number of animals within a population, these species are especially vulnerable to the impacts of diseases and endogamy. In addition, wild felines are also susceptible to metabolic and behavioral changes related to a change in their natural conditions, habitat, and feeding, when the animal enters into captivity. There are few descriptions in the literature of the serum biochemistries of lions and tigers. This study presents the biochemical parameters of 23 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 10 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of the Sao Paulo Foundation. Serum urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, total, direct and indirect bilirubin were measured. In addition, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, glucose, CK, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined, as well as calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sodium, and potassium. Biochemical parameters did not differ significantly among males and females lions, but higher albumin values were observed in male Panthera tigris altaica in comparison to females. The values obtained in this study may be used as reference for captive individuals of Panthera leo and Panthera tigris altaica.

A maioria das populações de felinos selvagens é considerada ameaçada ou em extinção devido à caça indiscriminada e à redução de seu habitat natural causada pelo homem. Devido ao número limitado de animais, essas espécies são vulneráveis às doenças e endogamia, além das alterações metabólicas e comportamentais relacionadas à mudança das condições naturais, habitat e alimentação e, ainda, à condição de cativeiro. Há poucos relatos na literatura sobre a bioquímica sérica em leões e tigres. Este estudo apresenta os parâmetros bioquímicos de 23 leões de cativeiro (Panthera leo) e 10 tigres siberianos de cativeiro (Panthera tigris altaica) do Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Ureia; creatinina; AST; ALT; ALP; GGT; bilirrubinas totais, diretos e indiretos; proteína total; albumina; CK; lactato desidrogenase; os níveis de triglicérides, de colesterol e de glicose séricas foram determinados; e também os eletrólitos cálcio, fósforo, cloro, sódio e potássio. Não foram encontradas diferenças de parâmetros bioquímicos relacionados ao sexo de Panthera leo, mas para Panthera tigris altaica foram observados valores mais elevados de albumina em machos. Os valores obtidos neste estudo podem ser usados como referência para os indivíduos em cativeiro de Panthera leo e Panthera tigris altaica.

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Background: The clinical evaluation of captive large felids has been a challenge for veterinarians and the diversity of management of this animals can complicate the standardization of hematologic parameters to these species. Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet counts were measured, as well as plasma fibrinogen levels, from captive lions and Siberian tigers in Brazil. The objective of this study is to provide veterinarians an additional source of information concerning the reference values of hematologic parameters of lions and Siberian tigers.Materials, Methods & Results: This study presents the hematologic parameters of 29 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 16 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of São Paulo Foundation. For inclusion in the experiment, animals were clinically examined, and those with recent physiological and/or concurrent alterations, those who were receiving any type of medication, those with an inadequate body condition score, those with dehydration, and those infested by ectoparasites or affected by some disease were excluded. The animals were chemically restrained on their own premises using anesthetic darts containing ketamine and xylazine. Blood samples were collected by jugular, cephalic or saphenous venipuncture. The appropriated volume intended for a hemogram evaluation was collected in tubes containing 2.7 nM Na2 EDTA, to preserving the ideal ratio of blood to anticoagulant. For statistical analysis, Unpaired Student t tests were performed and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant differences were found in the hematological values between male and female lions, except for the mature neutrophils values, which was higher in males.[...](AU)

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Background: The clinical evaluation of captive large felids has been a challenge for veterinarians and the diversity of management of this animals can complicate the standardization of hematologic parameters to these species. Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelet counts were measured, as well as plasma fibrinogen levels, from captive lions and Siberian tigers in Brazil. The objective of this study is to provide veterinarians an additional source of information concerning the reference values of hematologic parameters of lions and Siberian tigers.Materials, Methods & Results: This study presents the hematologic parameters of 29 captive lions (Panthera leo) and 16 captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from the Zoological Park of São Paulo Foundation. For inclusion in the experiment, animals were clinically examined, and those with recent physiological and/or concurrent alterations, those who were receiving any type of medication, those with an inadequate body condition score, those with dehydration, and those infested by ectoparasites or affected by some disease were excluded. The animals were chemically restrained on their own premises using anesthetic darts containing ketamine and xylazine. Blood samples were collected by jugular, cephalic or saphenous venipuncture. The appropriated volume intended for a hemogram evaluation was collected in tubes containing 2.7 nM Na2 EDTA, to preserving the ideal ratio of blood to anticoagulant. For statistical analysis, Unpaired Student t tests were performed and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant differences were found in the hematological values between male and female lions, except for the mature neutrophils values, which was higher in males.[...]

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A doença da dilatação proventricular (DDP) ou síndrome da dilatação do proventrículo (SDP) é uma enfermidade infecciosa, distribuída mundialmente, que pode ser encontrada em aves de todas as idades, principalmente nos psitacídeos adultos. Tem origem viral, e existem evidências de que um membro da família Bornaviridae, o bornavírus aviário (ABV), seja o agente causador. Os sinais clínicos variam, e podem ser predominantemente neurológicos, gastrintestinais ou uma combinação dos dois. O diagnóstico, ainda discutido, é feito com base nas alterações clínicas, achados macro e microscópicos, exames radiográficos e, mais recentemente, por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular. Como não há um tratamento efetivo para a síndrome, preconizam-se então a prevenção e o controle da infecção, feitos por meio de isolamento, controle de tráfego, medidas de biosseguridade e uso de desinfetantes.

The Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) or Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PDS) is a worldwidely distributed infectious disease of viral origin that can be found in birds of all ages, especially adult psittacines. There is evidence that the causative agent is the avian Bornavirus (ABV), a member of the Bornaviridae family. Clinical signs vary and may be predominantly neurological, gastrointestinal, or a combination thereof. Although disputed, the diagnosis is based on clinical, macroscopic and microscopic findings, as well as radiographic studies and more recently with the use of molecular biology techniques. Since no effective treatment for the syndrome is available, prevention and control of the infection by means of isolation, traffic control, biosecurity measures, and use of disinfectants are recommended.

La Enfermedad de Dilatación del Proventrículo (EDP) o Síndrome de Dilatación Proventrícular (SDP) es una enfermedad infecciosa que tiene distribución mundial y que puede ser encontrada en aves de todas las edades, principalmente en psitácidos adultos. Está provocada por un virus, y existen evidencias de que el bornavirus aviario (ABV), de la familia Bornaviridae, sea el causante de la enfermedad. Los signos clínicos son variables, pudiendo ser predominantemente neurológicos, gastrointestinales o una combinación de ambos. El diagnóstico aún está en discusión, y se realiza en base a las alteraciones clínicas, lesiones macro y microscópicas, exámenes radiográficos y, recientemente, a través de técnicas de biología molecular. Como no existe un tratamiento efectivo para esta enfermedad, es recomendada la prevención y el control de la infección a través del aislamiento, control del tráfico, medidas de bioseguridad y uso de desinfectantes.

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A doença da dilatação proventricular (DDP) ou síndrome da dilatação do proventrículo (SDP) é uma enfermidade infecciosa, distribuída mundialmente, que pode ser encontrada em aves de todas as idades, principalmente nos psitacídeos adultos. Tem origem viral, e existem evidências de que um membro da família Bornaviridae, o bornavírus aviário (ABV), seja o agente causador. Os sinais clínicos variam, e podem ser predominantemente neurológicos, gastrintestinais ou uma combinação dos dois. O diagnóstico, ainda discutido, é feito com base nas alterações clínicas, achados macro e microscópicos, exames radiográficos e, mais recentemente, por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular. Como não há um tratamento efetivo para a síndrome, preconizam-se então a prevenção e o controle da infecção, feitos por meio de isolamento, controle de tráfego, medidas de biosseguridade e uso de desinfetantes.(AU)

The Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) or Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PDS) is a worldwidely distributed infectious disease of viral origin that can be found in birds of all ages, especially adult psittacines. There is evidence that the causative agent is the avian Bornavirus (ABV), a member of the Bornaviridae family. Clinical signs vary and may be predominantly neurological, gastrointestinal, or a combination thereof. Although disputed, the diagnosis is based on clinical, macroscopic and microscopic findings, as well as radiographic studies and more recently with the use of molecular biology techniques. Since no effective treatment for the syndrome is available, prevention and control of the infection by means of isolation, traffic control, biosecurity measures, and use of disinfectants are recommended.(AU)

La Enfermedad de Dilatación del Proventrículo (EDP) o Síndrome de Dilatación Proventrícular (SDP) es una enfermedad infecciosa que tiene distribución mundial y que puede ser encontrada en aves de todas las edades, principalmente en psitácidos adultos. Está provocada por un virus, y existen evidencias de que el bornavirus aviario (ABV), de la familia Bornaviridae, sea el causante de la enfermedad. Los signos clínicos son variables, pudiendo ser predominantemente neurológicos, gastrointestinales o una combinación de ambos. El diagnóstico aún está en discusión, y se realiza en base a las alteraciones clínicas, lesiones macro y microscópicas, exámenes radiográficos y, recientemente, a través de técnicas de biología molecular. Como no existe un tratamiento efectivo para esta enfermedad, es recomendada la prevención y el control de la infección a través del aislamiento, control del tráfico, medidas de bioseguridad y uso de desinfectantes.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: This study was performed to determine the fungal mycoflora in healthy tufted capuchins primates (Cebus sp) kept in captivity and semicaptivity to allow a more realistic interpretation on the basis of fungi isolated from their skin. Furthermore, we aimed at evaluating the potential risk of infection to humans by fungi perpetuated in the tegument of monkeys of this genus. METHODS: For the collection of skin material, the carpet method was used, followed by seeding in Sabouraud dextrose agar culture media, Mycosel agar, Dermatophyte Test Medium and Sabouraud agar supplemented with olive oil. RESULTS: Seventeen genera of fungi were detected, being three of them isolated only in the captivity animals (Acremonium - Cephalosporium, Phoma and Trichosporon). The genera of fungi with the higher frequencies were identified in the semicaptivity capuchins (Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium). CONCLUSIONS: Many of the genera of fungi identified are potential pathogens for immune-compromised monkeys and humans.

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Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis and is also a zoonosis (sapro- and anthropozoonosis). The objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence of sporotrichosis in domestic cats and in wild or exotic felines in captivity through the isolation of Sporothrix spp. from claw impressions in a culture medium. The samples included 132 felines, of which 120 (91.0 %) were domestic cats, 11 (8.3 %) were wild felines, and one (0.7 %) was an exotic felid. Twenty-one (17.5 %) were outdoor cats. Of the total, 89 (67.4 %) had contact with other animals of the same species. It was possible to isolate Sporothrix schenckii from the claws of one (0.7 %) of the felids probed; this animal exhibited generalised sporotrichosis and had infected a female veterinarian. The potential pathogenic agents Microsporum canis and Malassezia pachydermatis were isolated in 12.1 and 5.3 % of the animals, respectively. The following anemophilous fungi, which were considered to be contaminants, were also isolated: Penicillium sp. (28 or 21.2 %), Aspergillus sp. (13 or 9.8 %), Rhodotorula sp. (5 or 3.8 %), Candida sp. (5 or 3.8 %), Trichoderma sp. (1 or 0.7 %), and Acremonium sp. (1 or 0.7 %). Due to the low magnitude of occurrence (0.7 %) of Sporothrix in feline claws, the potential of the cats evaluated in this study to be sources of infection in the city of São Paulo is considerably low.

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This study presents the electrocardiogram findings from 97 captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) at the São Paulo Zoo (São Paulo, Brazil) while under ketamine anesthesia. The results did not differ greatly from data of domestic carnivores or other studied primate species. The most common rhythm recorded was normal sinus rhythm, followed by normal sinus rhythm with wandering pacemaker. Electrical axis varied from 0 degrees to -150 degrees but was most commonly between +60 degrees and +90 degrees. QRS complexes were predominantly positive in leads DI, DII, DIII, and AVF. These findings allow for the recognition of abnormal rhythms in these primate species and can contribute to future investigations into the cardiovascular diseases routinely diagnosed in primates and humans.

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A 14-year-old, female, captive-born orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) developed bilateral cataracts. Ultrasonography, electroretinography and cataract correction using phacoemulsification were performed bilaterally. This case report aims to describe the ophthalmic procedures performed in this animal critically endangered of extinction. The surgery successfully restored vision and normal activity to the patient.

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As there are few comparative studies on mammalian red cell metabolism, it was decided to study the glycolytic enzyme activities aswell as related ones, and the metabolites adenosine-5´-triphosphate(ATP) and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). Mammalia representatives from Primates, Rodentia, Carnivora, Lagomorpha,Artyodactyla, Didelphimorphia and Xenarthra orders, obtained from Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo and Centro de Bioterismoda Faculdade de Medicina da USP, were studied. The blood was collectedin EDTA and ACD, the red cells were washed in saline at 4o C, lysed1:20 in hemolysing solution by freeze-and-thaw, and the followingenzymes were assayed according to standard procedures: hexokinase,glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,phosphoglycerate kinase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, enolase,pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, as well as 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities at 37oC , and adenosine-5´-triphosphate and 2,3-bisphophoglycerate concentrations. Are markable variation among the studied species was observed.However, it was detected a significant positive correlation between the adenosine-5´-triphosphate concentrations and triose phosphate isomerase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase activities, as well assignificant positive correlation between 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase activity in all studied species as a whole. Most of studied species exhibited a steady ATP concentration range between 4 and 6 μ moles.g Hb –1 except the Artiodactyla (Cervus elaphus) and Carnivora (Panthera leo, Leoparduspardalis, Canis Lupus and Chrysocyon brachyurus,) which presented values between 2 and 3 μ moles g Hb –1. However, the 2,3-BPG concentration showed remarkable variation among the studied ...

Como há poucos estudos comparativos sobre o metabolismo eritrócitário dos mamíferos propôs-se estudar as atividades das enzimas glicolíticas, anexas e os metabólitos adenosina-5’-trifosfato e2,3-difosfoglicerato. Foram estudados mamíferos das ordens Primata,Rodentia, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla, Didelphimorphia eXenarthra oriundos da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo e Centro de Bioterismo da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. O sangue foicolhido em EDTA e ACD, os eritrócitos foram lavados em soluçãofisiológica a 4o C e hemolisados em solução hemolisante 1:20 porcongelamento e descongelamento e as atividades das seguintes enzimasforam determinadas de acordo com procedimentos padronizados:hexoquinase, glicose-6-fosfato isomerase , fosfofrutoquinase, aldolase,triose fosfato isomerase, gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase,fosfoglicerato quinase, 2,3-difosfoglicerato mutase,monofosfogliceromutase, enolase, piruvato quinase, lactatodesidrogenase, bem como a glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, 6-fosfogluconato desidrogenase a 37ºC e os metabólitos intermediários2,3-difosfoglicerato e adenosina-5’-trifosfato. As enzimas e os compostos intermediários estudados apresentaram grande variabilidade entre as espécies de mamíferos estudadas. Foi observada correlação positiva entre a atividade da triose fosfato isomerase e a 2,3-difosfoglicerato mutase e os teores de adenosina-5’-trifosfato das espécies, bem como correlação positiva entre a 2,3-difosfogliceratomutase em relação ao 2,3-difosfoglicerato. Os teores de adenosina-5’-trifosfato mantiveram-se dentro de uma faixa estável, ao redor de 4 a6 μ moles / gHb, com as exceções das espécies das ordens Carnivora(Panthera leo, Leopardus pardalis, Canis lupus and Chrysocyonbrachyurus) e Artiodactyla (Cervus elaphus), que exibiram 2 a 3 μmoles / g Hb. Já os valores da concentração de 2,3-difosfoglicerato apresentaram, por sua vez, variação considerável entre as..

Assuntos

RESUMO

As there are few comparative studies on mammalian red cell metabolism, it was decided to study the glycolytic enzyme activities aswell as related ones, and the metabolites adenosine-5´-triphosphate(ATP) and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). Mammalia representatives from Primates, Rodentia, Carnivora, Lagomorpha,Artyodactyla, Didelphimorphia and Xenarthra orders, obtained from Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo and Centro de Bioterismoda Faculdade de Medicina da USP, were studied. The blood was collectedin EDTA and ACD, the red cells were washed in saline at 4o C, lysed1:20 in hemolysing solution by freeze-and-thaw, and the followingenzymes were assayed according to standard procedures: hexokinase,glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,phosphoglycerate kinase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, enolase,pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, as well as 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities at 37oC , and adenosine-5´-triphosphate and 2,3-bisphophoglycerate concentrations. Are markable variation among the studied species was observed.However, it was detected a significant positive correlation between the adenosine-5´-triphosphate concentrations and triose phosphate isomerase and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase activities, as well assignificant positive correlation between 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate mutase activity in all studied species as a whole. Most of studied species exhibited a steady ATP concentration range between 4 and 6 μ moles.g Hb –1 except the Artiodactyla (Cervus elaphus) and Carnivora (Panthera leo, Leoparduspardalis, Canis Lupus and Chrysocyon brachyurus,) which presented values between 2 and 3 μ moles g Hb –1. However, the 2,3-BPG concentration showed remarkable variation among the studied species and among the orders.(AU)

Como há poucos estudos comparativos sobre o metabolismo eritrócitário dos mamíferos propôs-se estudar as atividades das enzimas glicolíticas, anexas e os metabólitos adenosina-5-trifosfato e2,3-difosfoglicerato. Foram estudados mamíferos das ordens Primata,Rodentia, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla, Didelphimorphia eXenarthra oriundos da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo e Centro de Bioterismo da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. O sangue foicolhido em EDTA e ACD, os eritrócitos foram lavados em soluçãofisiológica a 4o C e hemolisados em solução hemolisante 1:20 porcongelamento e descongelamento e as atividades das seguintes enzimasforam determinadas de acordo com procedimentos padronizados:hexoquinase, glicose-6-fosfato isomerase , fosfofrutoquinase, aldolase,triose fosfato isomerase, gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase,fosfoglicerato quinase, 2,3-difosfoglicerato mutase,monofosfogliceromutase, enolase, piruvato quinase, lactatodesidrogenase, bem como a glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase, 6-fosfogluconato desidrogenase a 37ºC e os metabólitos intermediários2,3-difosfoglicerato e adenosina-5-trifosfato. As enzimas e os compostos intermediários estudados apresentaram grande variabilidade entre as espécies de mamíferos estudadas. Foi observada correlação positiva entre a atividade da triose fosfato isomerase e a 2,3-difosfoglicerato mutase e os teores de adenosina-5-trifosfato das espécies, bem como correlação positiva entre a 2,3-difosfogliceratomutase em relação ao 2,3-difosfoglicerato. Os teores de adenosina-5-trifosfato mantiveram-se dentro de uma faixa estável, ao redor de 4 a6 μ moles / gHb, com as exceções das espécies das ordens Carnivora(Panthera leo, Leopardus pardalis, Canis lupus and Chrysocyonbrachyurus) e Artiodactyla (Cervus elaphus), que exibiram 2 a 3 μmoles / g Hb. Já os valores da concentração de 2,3-difosfoglicerato apresentaram, por sua vez, variação considerável entre as espécies e asordens estudadas.(AU)

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Twenty-seven healthy captive lions (Panthera leo) and 13 healthy captive tigers (Panthera tigris) from São Paulo Zoo (Fundação Parque Zoológico de Sã Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil) collection were selected for this study. They were anesthetized with ketamine (10 mg/kg) combined with xylazine (1-2 mg/kg) for physical examinations, hematologic and serum chemical analysis and electrocardiogram recording. The main aim of this research was to gather initial information about normal electrocardiographic parameters of large felids. Standard P-QRS-T deflections on leads described for domestic carnivores were analyzed, and they did not greatly differ from those of large felids, taking into account the greater weight and corporal mass of large felids. Heart rate of lions ranged from 42 to 76 beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate of tigers ranged from 56 to 97 bpm. In both species, the most common rhythm detected was normal sinus rhythm followed by sinus arrhythmia; wandering pacemaker was also observed with normal sinus rhythm or sinus arrhythmia. Mean electrical axis lay between +60 degrees and +120 degrees. QRS complexes were predominantly positive in leads DI, DII, DIII, and AVF, and negative in AVR and AVL. This study provides insights into normal electrocardiograms of large felids. Wider investigations on the same subject are necessary to establish criteria for the recognition of abnormalities in these species and should include other anesthetic drug(s) combinations and reports of electrocardiographic features of animals with cardiac disease and electrolytes disturbances.

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Vinte e um animais da espécie Herpailurus yagouaroundi, mantidos em cativeiro, foram sedados com uma associação dexilazina (1 a 2 mg/kg) e quetamina (10 mg/kg), pela via intramuscular. O traçado eletrocardiográfico foi registrado e padronizado,em todas as derivações, na sensibilidade 1 cm = 1 mV e na velocidade 25 mm/s, repetindo-se a derivação DII à velocidade de50 mm/s com mesma sensibilidade. Os resultados obtidos, expressos em média e desvio-padrão, foram FC: 90,952±17,293(bpm); onda P: 0,030±0,006 (s) X 0,100±0,027 (mV); intervalo PR: 0,089±0,014 (s); complexo QRS: 0,047±0,007 (s) X 1,076±0,451(mV); intervalo QT: 0,237±0,025 (s); onda R (CV6LL): 1,067±0,549 (mV); onda R (CV6LU): 0,836±0,682 (mV); RC: ritmo sinusalnormal (19%), ritmo sinusal com marcapasso migratório (4,7%), arritmia sinusal (33%), arritmia sinusal com marcapassomigratório (43%); eixo elétrico: +60° a +90° (48%), +90° (4,5%), +90° a +120° (43%), +120° (4,5%); segmento ST: sem desnível(90%), supradesnível (10%); polaridade da onda T (DII): positiva (95%), negativa (5%); onda T (V10): negativa (90%) e interferente(10%). Alguns animais da espécie estudada apresentaram valores de amplitude da onda R indicativos de sobrecarga deventrículo esquerdo, segundo os valores padronizados como normais para felinos domésticos. Exames ecocardiográfico eradiográfico dos mesmos animais demonstraram que o posicionamento cardíaco em relação à caixa torácica era responsávelpela variação de amplitude da onda R

Twenty one captivity H. yagoaroundi anesthetized with xilazyn (1 to 2 mg/kg) and ketamyn (10 mg/kg) were used in this study. TheECG tests were registered in all leads with 1cm = 1mV sensibility and 25mm/s speed, repeating the DII lead at the 50mm/sspeed with the same sensibility. The results, expressed by mean and standard deviation, were: heart rate = 90,952±17,293(bpm); P wave = 0,030±0,006 (s) X 0,100±0,027 (mV); PR interval = 0,089±0,014 (s); QRS complex = 0,047±0,007 (s) X1,076±0,451 (mV); QT interval = 0,237±0,025 (s); R wave (CV6LL) = 1,067±0,549 (mV); R wave (CV6LU) = 0,836±0,682 (mV);heart rhythm = normal sinus rhythm (19%), sinus rhythm with WPM (4,7%), sinus arrythmia (33%), sinus arrythmia with WPM(43%); electric axis = +60° a +90° (48%), +90° (4,5%), +90° a +120° (43%), +120° (4,5%); ST segment = no depression orelevation (90%), elevation (10%); T wave polarity (DII) = positive (95%), negative (5%); V10 (T wave) = negative (90%), andinterferent (10%). Some of the studied animals presented R wave amplitude that was indicative of left ventricle overload,according to the patterns for normal domestic cats. Echocardiographic and radiographic exams revealed different heart positionin the thorax, explaining the R wave amplitude variation

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The objective of this study was to determine the presence of different species of the genus Malassezia in the healthy external auditory canal of wild felids maintained in captivity. One hundred and thirty-two adult animals (264 samples of cerumen), 77 males (58.3%) and 55 females (41.7%), were studied: large felids (55 animals) - 26 lions (Panthera leo), 13 tigers (Panthera tigris), 6 leopards (Panthera pardus), 6 jaguars (Panthera onca), 2 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus), 2 pumas (Puma concolor); small felids (77 animals) - 29 tiger cats (Leopardus tigrinus), 19 jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), 10 margays (Leopardus wiedii), 9 pampas cats (Oncifelis colocolo), 6 geoffroy's cats (Oncifelis geoffroyi), and 4 servals (Leptailurus serval). Samples were obtained by the introduction of a sterile swab into the ear canal after cleaning the auricle with an alcohol-ether solution. The swabs were seeded onto Petri dishes containing modified Mycosel agar and sterile olive oil was added to the surface of the medium before specimen seeding. The plates were incubated at 35oC for two weeks. The isolates were analyzed regarding macro-and micromorphology and identified through catalase tests and growth on Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80. Malassezia spp. were isolated from 58 of the felids studied (43.9%) and from 102 samples of cerumen (38.6%). Malassezia sympodialis was isolated exclusively in large felids (33 animals-56.9%), and Malassezia pachydermatis exclusively in smaller varieties (25 animals - 43.1%). The incidence of fungi was higher in lions, with yeast being isolated in 25 of 26 animals (96.2%). Forty-eight strains (47.1%) were isolated from the right ear canal and 54 (52.9%) from the left. Although M. pachydermatis is the species considered a member of the microbiota of the mammalian external ear canal these results suggest that M. sympodialis participates in the microbiota of large felids.

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Os dermatófitos são os fungos mais comumente associados às micoses superficiais em animais e homem. O estado de portador assintomático do gato doméstico o caracteriza como importante fonte de infecção, entretanto, até então, tal aspecto não foi pesquisado em relação a seus parentes selvagens. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a presença de dermatófitos no pelame de felídeos selvagens sadios, mantidos em cativeiro na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. A amostragem foi constituída de 130 animais adultos de ambos os sexos, sendo 25 leões (Panthera leo), 12 tigres (Panthera tigris), 6 onças-pintadas (Panthera onca), 4 leopardos (Panthera pardus), 2 leopardos-das-neves (Panthera uncia), 2 suçuaranas (Puma concolor), 2 guepardos (Acinonyx jubatus), 1 jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis), 28 gatos-do-mato-pequenos (Leopardus tigrinus), 10 gatos-maracajás (Leopardus wiedii), 8 gatos-do-mato-grandes (Leopardus geoffroyi), 22 gatos-mouriscos (Herpaylurus yaguaroundii) e 8 gatos-palheiros (Oncifelis colocolo). As amostras foram obtidas a partir da fricção de quadrados de carpete estéreis no pelame dos animais. Os carpetes foram então semeados em placas de Petri contendo ágar Mycobiotic (Difco®) e incubadas a 25ºC por 4 semanas. As colônias obtidas foram repicadas em tubos contendo ágar Sabouraud dextrose com cloranfenicol (100mg/L) e submetidas a microcultivo em lâmina, para posterior identificação através de suas características macro e microscópicas. Microsporum gypseum foi isolado de duas leoas (1,6 por cento) aparentemente saudáveis, ambas mantidas em terrários. Os contaminantes mais prevalentes foram dos gêneros Penicillium (27,9 por cento); Cladosporium (24,5 por cento); Acremonium (12,1 por cento); Scopulariopsis e Chrysosporium (9,8 por cento); e Aspergillus (5,3 por cento). A ocorrência de dermatófitos no pelame de felídeos selvagens sadios, mantidos em cativeiro, confirma seu estado de portador assintomático e os caracteriza como fontes de infecção par...

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Foram vacinados contra a raiva, dois grupos de macacos-pregos adultos, com a vacina inativada preparada em cérebros de camundongos lactentes, administrada pela via intramuscular, na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Os animais em momento algum haviam sido imunizados contra a raiva. O grupo I consistia de nove animais, que receberam três doses de 1,0 mL nos dias 0, 30 e uma dose de reforço aos 210 dias, e o grupo II continha 10 animais que receberam duas doses de 1,0 mL no dia 0 e uma dose de reforço aos 210 dias. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas aos 0,30°,60°,90°, 150°, 210°, 240°, 300° e 365° dias, e os anticorpos neutralizantes titulados pela técnica simplificada da inibição de focos fluorescentes. A vacina induziu uma resposta imune de curta duração com títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes acima de 0.5 UI/ mL em ambos os grupos; entretanto a resposta imune persistiu por apenas 54,9 mais ou menos 57,0 e 36,1 mais ou menos 60,2 dias nos Grupos I e II respectivamente após a primo vacinação, e, por apenas 62,6 mais ou menos 74,0 e 86,4 mais ou menos 61,5 dias nos Grupos I e II respectivamente após o reforço. Não houve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos estudados (p > 0,05).

Assuntos

RESUMO

Foram vacinados contra a raiva, dois grupos de macacos-pregos adultos, com a vacina inativada preparada em cérebros de camundongos lactentes, administrada pela via intramuscular, na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo. Os animais em momento algum haviam sido imunizados contra a raiva. O grupo I consistia de nove animais, que receberam três doses de 1,0 mL nos dias 0, 30 e uma dose de reforço aos 210 dias, e o grupo II continha 10 animais que receberam duas doses de 1,0 mL no dia 0 e uma dose de reforço aos 210 dias. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas aos 0,30°,60°,90°, 150°, 210°, 240°, 300° e 365° dias, e os anticorpos neutralizantes titulados pela técnica simplificada da inibição de focos fluorescentes. A vacina induziu uma resposta imune de curta duração com títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes acima de 0.5 UI/ mL em ambos os grupos; entretanto a resposta imune persistiu por apenas 54,9 mais ou menos 57,0 e 36,1 mais ou menos 60,2 dias nos Grupos I e II respectivamente após a primo vacinação, e, por apenas 62,6 mais ou menos 74,0 e 86,4 mais ou menos 61,5 dias nos Grupos I e II respectivamente após o reforço. Não houve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos estudados (p > 0,05).(AU)

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Leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis that affects domestic and wild animals, and that has the man as the end point of its epidemiological chain. Leptospirosis diagnosis in primates is more difficult than in other animal species, as clinical signs and lesions are less evident and antibody response is detected only for short periods. The aim of this article was to describe the detection of Leptospira spp using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in clinical samples from one captive black-capped Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), which presented characteristics compatible with leptospirosis (jaundice and haemorrhagic kdney) in the macroscopic post-mortem examination. A friable kidney fragment and urine sample were cultured and submitted to experimental inoculation in guinea pigs and PCR using genus specific primer pair targeting the 16S rRNA region from Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola. Isolation of the agent was negative both in culture and experimental inoculation. The PCR amplification of the clinical samples showed a 330 pb amplified fragment that corresponds to the Leptospira genus. Based on these results PCR was considered an important tool for leptospira detection in nonhumam primates, more sensitive and specific than other techniques, especially considering that the viability of the pathogen was not possible. These advantages enable the detection of the leptospiras in urine and kidney, even when autolysed, frozen or badly conserved, which prevented the isolation and experimental inoculation from positive results.

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O estudo foi realizado com 29 macacos-pregos (Cebus apella). Foram colhidas 50 amostras de suabe da mucosa oral, junto à transição muco-gengival maxilar, com auxílio de zaragatoas esterilizadas, embebidas em caldo Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). Todos os animais foram submetidos a exame clínico para avaliação periodontal. As amostras obtidas foram cultivadas em meios apropriados: caldo simples, caldo BHI, e ágar sangue para o isolamento de cocos Gram-positivos aeróbios da família Micrococcaceae. Para sua classificação utilizou-se as provas de catalase, Staphy-test (teste rápido para caracterização de Staphylococcus aureus) e sensibilidade à bacitracina. Foram identificados 73,1 por cento de Staphylococcus spp; 15,4 por cento de Staphylococcus aureus; e 11,5 por cento Micrococcus spp. As cepas isoladas foram testadas em relação à sua suscetibilidade a antibióticos pela técnica de difusão em ágar. Verificou-se para as cepas de Staphylococcus spp, 94,7 por cento de sensibilidade a cefalotina e resistência de 89,5 por cento à penicilina, 97,4 por cento à oxacilina, 55,3 por cento à tetraciclina, 57,9 por cento à clindamicina e 63,2 por cento à amoxicilina. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que a cefalotina foi o antibiótico para o qual as amsotras de Staphylococcus spp estudadas apresentaram, in vitro, maior grau de sensibilidade.

Twenty-nine capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were used in this study. Fifty samples of oral mucous membrane were collected in area next to their muco-gingival-maxilar transition using sterilized swabs soaked in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). All animals were clinically examined for periodontal evaluation. The samples were cultivated in appropriate media, namely: simple broth, BHI broth and, blood agar in order to get aerobic Gram positive cocos, from the Micrococcaceae family, isolated. Catalase test, Staphy-test (a quick-test for Staphylococcus aureus characterization) and bactracin-sensitivity test were the tools employed for their classification. Data were follows: 73.1 percent of them were Staphylococcus spp; 15.4 percent Staphylococcus aureus; and, 11.5 percent Micrococcus spp. The isolated were strains tested for their in vitro susceptible to antibiotics by the agar diffusion technique. Concerning the Staphylococcus spp strains, 94.7 percent were susceptibility to cephalotin; however, 89.5 percent of them were resistant to penicillin; 97.4 percent to oxacilin; 55.3 percent to tetracicline; 57.9 percent to clindamicine; and 63.2 percent to amoxiciline. Staphylococcus spp strains studied presented the highest in vitro sensitivity degree to cephalotin.