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INTRODUCTION: The use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) as a direct bridge to heart transplantation (BTT) is not common in adults worldwide. BTT with ECMO is associated with increased early/mid-term mortality compared with other interventions. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where no other type of short-term mechanical circulatory support is available, its use is widespread and increasingly used as rescue therapy in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) as a direct bridge to heart transplantation (HT). OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcomes of adult patients using VA-ECMO as a direct BTT in an LMIC and compare them with international registries. METHODS: We conducted a single-center study analyzing consecutive adult patients requiring VA-ECMO as BTT due to refractory CS or cardiac arrest (CA) in a cardiovascular center in Argentina between January 2014 and December 2022. Survival and adverse clinical events after VA-ECMO implantation were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 86 VA-ECMO, 22 (25.5%) were implanted as initial BTT strategy, and 52.1% of them underwent HT. Mean age was 46 years (SD 12); 59% were male. ECMO was indicated in 81% for CS, and the most common underlying condition was coronary artery disease (31.8%). Overall, in-hospital mortality for VA-ECMO as BTT was 50%. Survival to discharge was 83% in those who underwent HT and 10% in those who did not, p < .001. In those who did not undergo HT, the main cause of death was hemorrhagic complications (44%), followed by thrombotic complications (33%). The median duration of VA-ECMO was 6 days (IQR 3-16). There were no differences in the number of days on ECMO between those who received a transplant and those who did not. In the Spanish registry, in-hospital survival after HT was 66.7%; the United Network of Organ Sharing registry estimated post-transplant survival at 73.1% ± 4.4%, and in the French national registry 1-year posttransplant survival was 70% in the VA-ECMO group. CONCLUSIONS: In adult patients with cardiogenic shock, VA-ECMO as a direct BTT allowed successful HT in half of the patients. HT provided a survival benefit in listed patients on VA-ECMO. We present a single center experience with results comparable to those of international registries.

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BACKGROUND: In patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) current clinical practice guidelines recommend coronary angiography for its study. This study aims to describe the role of coronary tomography (CT) in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS). RESULTS: Patients over 18 years with a diagnosis of NSTE-ACS who did not meet high-risk criteria and consulted the emergency department of our institution were included. A total of 410 patients were included, in 7% of them, the study was not continued due to an elevated calcium score (>400 AU). 27% had no coronary lesions, 38% had non-obstructive coronary disease (plaques <50%), 27% had plaques over 50%, and 8% were not assessable. Of the total patients, 39% underwent coronary angiography, and 22% required percutaneous angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Performing CT in low and moderate-risk NSTE-ACS patients was feasible, avoiding invasive studies in a significant number of patients and providing extensive anatomical information.

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RESUMEN La decisión sobre la mejor estrategia de revascularización para los pacientes con enfermedad de múltiples vasos se ha tornado una tarea compleja a medida que la angioplastia coronaria ha mejorado sus resultados. En la siguiente revisión nos propusimos evaluar las variables que en nuestra experiencia definen el beneficio de una técnica sobre la otra, entendiendo que de esta manera la decisión del médico tratante se hace más sencilla y objetiva. Por otro lado, y festejando el saludable protagonismo que se le da al paciente, creemos que esta evaluación permite ofrecer argumentos sólidos para ayudarlo en la toma de la decisión.

ABSTRACT The decision on the best revascularization strategy for patients with multivessel disease has become a complex task as coronary angioplasty has improved its results. In the following review, we set out to evaluate the variables that, in our experience, define the benefit of one technique over the other, understanding that in this way the treating physician's decision will become simpler and more objective. On the other hand, and celebrating the healthy prominence given to patients, we believe that this evaluation allows solid arguments to help them in decision making.

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RESUMEN Introducción : de estar disponible, la angioplastia primaria (ATCp), en tiempos adecuados y en centros con experiencia, es la mejor estrategia de reperfusión para el infarto agudo de miocardio con supradesnivel del segmento ST (IAMCEST). El tiempo puerta-balón (TPB) es una expresión de eficiencia operativa de la institución que realiza la ATCp, con impacto en la evolución del paciente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los resultados a largo plazo de un programa de mejora continua del proceso TPB. Material y métodos : se incluyeron en forma prospectiva y consecutiva pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMCEST sometidos a ATCp desde enero de 2015 a mayo de 2022. La población se dividió en dos períodos: período de implementación inmediata y período de seguimiento a largo plazo. Resultados : se ingresaron 671 pacientes en forma prospectiva y consecutiva. En el primer período, de implementación, (P1), se incluyeron 91 pacientes, y en el segundo período, de seguimiento del programa, (P2), 580 pacientes. La mediana (rango intercuartilo, RIC) de TPB fue de 46 min (29-59) en P1 vs 42 min(25-52) en el P2, p = 0,055. En el segundo período se evi denció una reducción de las preactivaciones (P1 54,1% vs P2 30%,p = 0,02) y los procedimientos on hours (42% en p1 vs 30% en P2, p = 0,029). Conclusión : el registro mostró el mantenimiento de los buenos resultados a largo plazo a pesar de una reducción de las preactivaciones y los procedimientos on hours.

ABSTRACT Background : If available, primary transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), performed timely and in experienced sites, is the best reperfusion strategy for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The door-to-balloon (DTB) time expresses operational efficiency of the site in charge of the PTCA, with an impact on patient's progress. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term results of a continuous improvement program for the DTB time process. Methods : Patients diagnosed with STEMI who had undergone PTCA from January 2015 to May 2022 were prospectively and consecutively enrolled. The population was divided in two periods: an immediate implementation period and a long-term follow-up period. Results : 671 patients were prospectively and consecutively enrolled. During the implementation period (P1) 91 patients were enrolled, and 580 during the program follow-up (P2). The median (interquartile range, IQR) DTB time was 46 min (29-59) for P1 vs 42 min(25-52) for P2, p=0.055). The second period showed a reduction in pre-activations (P1 54,1% vs P2 30% p=0.02) and on-hour procedures (42% for P1 versus 30% for P2, p=0.029). Conclusion : The registry showed long-term maintenance of good results, despite reduced reactivations and on-hour procedures.

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Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is a form of temporary mechanical circulatory support and simultaneous extracorporeal gas exchange for acute cardiorespiratory failure, including refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) and cardiac arrest (CA). Few studies have assessed predictors of successful weaning (SW) from VA ECMO. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify a multiparameter strategy associated with SW from VA ECMO. PubMed and the Cochrane Library and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched. Studies reporting adult patients with CS or CA treated with VA ECMO published from the year 2000 onwards were included. Primary outcomes were hemodynamic, laboratory, and echocardiography parameters associated with a VA ECMO SW. A total of 11 studies (n=653) were included in this review. Pooled VA ECMO SW was 45% (95%CI: 39-50%, I2 7%) and in-hospital mortality rate was 46.6% (95%CI: 33-60%; I2 36%). In the SW group, pulse pressure [MD 12.7 (95%CI: 7.3-18) I2 = 0%] and mean blood pressure [MD 20.15 (95%CI: 13.8-26.4 I2 = 0) were higher. They also had lower values of creatinine [MD -0.59 (95%CI: -0.9 to -0.2) I2 = 7%], lactate [MD -3.1 (95%CI: -5.4 to -0.7) I2 = 89%], and creatine kinase [-2779.5 (95%CI: -5387 to -171) I2 = 38%]. And higher left and right ventricular ejection fraction, MD 17.9% (95%CI: -0.2-36.2) I2 = 91%, and MD 15.9% (95%CI 11.9-20) I2 = 0%, respectively. Different hemodynamic, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were associated with successful device removal. This systematic review demonstrated the relationship of multiparametric assessment on VA ECMO SW.

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Objectives: Veno-arterial Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) is a salvage intervention in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS), and cardiac arrest (CA) refractory to standard therapies. The design of ECMO Teams has achieved the standardization of processes, although its impact on survival and prognosis is unknown. Objective: We aimed to analyze whether the creation of an ECMO Team has modified the prognosis of patients undergoing VA ECMO for refractory CS or CA. Materials and methods: . We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study. Patients with refractory CS or CA who underwent VA ECMO were divided in two consecutive periods: from 2014 to April 2019 (pre-ECMO T) and from May 2019 to December 2022 (Post ECMO T). The main outcomes were survival on ECMO, in-hospital survival, complications, and annual ECMO volume. Results: Eighty-three patients were included (36 pre-ECMO T and 47 post-ECMO T). The mean age was 53 +/-13 years. The most common reason for device indication was different: postcardiotomy shock (47.2%) pre-ECMO T and refractory cardiogenic shock (29.7%) post-ECMO T. The rate of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 14.5%. The median duration of VA ECMO was longer after ECMO team implementation: 8 days (IQR 5-12.5) vs. five days (IQR 2-9, p=0.04). Global in-hospital survival was 45.8% (38.9% pre-ECMO T vs. 51.1% post-ECMO T; p=0.37), and the survival rate from VA ECMO was 60.2% (55.6% pre-ECMO T vs 63.8% post-ECMO T; p= 0.50). The volume of VA ECMO implantation was significantly higher in the post-ECMO team period (13.2 +/3.5 per year vs. 6.5 +/-3.5 per year, p: 0.02). The rate of complications was similar in both groups. Conclusions: After the implementation of an ECMO team, there was no statistical difference in the survival rate of patients treated with VA ECMO. However, a significant increase in the number of patients supported per year was observed after the implementation of this multidisciplinary team. Post-ECMO T, the most common reason for device indication was cardiogenic shock, with longer run times and a higher rate of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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RESUMEN El ácido acetilsalicílico, o aspirina, es una de las herramientas farmacológicas más usadas en el cuidado de los pacientes cardiovasculares. Durante años se utilizó ampliamente en prevención primaria y secundaria para disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular. En los últimos tiempos su uso ha sido cuestionado, con nuevos ensayos en diferentes escenarios dentro de la patología cardíaca, como la enfermedad vascular periférica, el accidente cerebrovascular, la prevención primaria en el contexto del tratamiento médico moderno, o en el paciente con un síndrome coronario agudo y necesidad concomitante de anticoagulación. A su vez, nuevos estudios cuestionan la necesidad de mantener la aspirina durante 12 meses junto a una tienopiridina luego de un síndrome coronario agudo, y proponen esquemas abreviados. En esta revisión, evaluamos la evidencia detrás de las indicaciones actuales del uso de aspirina en diferentes escenarios clínicos, y formulamos recomendaciones en cada uno de los casos.

ABSTRACT Acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, is one of pharmacological tools most widely used in the care of cardiovascular patients. For years, it has been widely used in primary and secondary prevention to reduce cardiovascular risk. Aspirin utilization has been questioned in recent times, with new trials in different scenarios of cardiovascular disease, such as peripheral vascular disease, stroke, primary prevention in the context of modern medical treatment, or in patients with acute coronary syndrome and concomitant need for anticoagulation. In turn, new studies question the need to maintain aspirin for 12 months together with a thienopyridine after an acute coronary syndrome, suggesting shorter regimens. In this review, we evaluate the evidence behind the current indications for aspirin use in different clinical scenarios and provide recommendations on a case-by-case basis.

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Background and Aims: Atrial fibrillation frequently occurs in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. The scores POAF, CHA2DS2-VASc and HATCH demonstrated a validated ability to predict atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery (AFCS). The objective is to develop and validate a risk score to predict AFCS from the combination of the variables with highest predictive value of POAF, CHA2DS2-VASc and HATCH models. Methods: We conducted a single-center cohort study, performing a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. The study included consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery in 2010-2016. The primary outcome was the development of new-onset AFCS. The variables of the POAF, CHA2DS2-VASc and HATCH scores were evaluated in a multivariate regression model to determine the predictive impact. Those variables that were independently associated with AFCS were included in the final model. Results: A total of 3113 patients underwent cardiac surgery, of which 21% presented AFCS. The variables included in the new score COM-AF were: age (≥75: 2 points, 65-74: 1 point), heart failure (2 points), female sex (1 point), hypertension (1 point), diabetes (1 point), previous stroke (2 points). For the prediction of AFCS, COM-AF presented an AUC of 0.78 (95% CI 0.76-0.80), the rest of the scores presented lower discrimination ability (P < 0.001): CHA2DS2-VASc AUC 0.76 (95% CI 0.74-0.78), POAF 0.71 (95% CI 0.69-0.73) and HATCH 0.70 (95% CI: 0, 67-0.72). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that COM-AF score was an independent predictor of AFCS: OR 1,91 (IC 95% 1,63-2,23). Conclusion: From the combination of variables with higher predictive value included in the POAF, CHA2DS2-VASc, and HATCH scores, a new risk model system called COM-AF was created to predict AFCS, presenting a greater predictive ability than the original ones. Being necessary future prospective validations.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea venoarterial (ECMO VA) es una intervención de rescate en pacientes con shock cardiogénico (SC), y paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) refractarios a las terapias convencionales. Objetivo: Describir las características, y resumir nuestra experiencia inicial de 7 años de pacientes que requirieron ECMO VA por SC o PCR. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte unicéntrico. Se analizaron retrospectivamente los pacientes adultos consecutivos que fueron asistidos con ECMO VA por SC o PCR refractarios entre 2014 y 2020 en el ICBA Instituto Cardiovascular. Resultados: Se incluyeron 54 pacientes, (54 ± 12 años). El 36,5% presentó miocardiopatía isquémica, y el 23,1% enfermedad valvular significativa. Las indicaciones para ECMO VA fueron: poscardiotomía (43,4%), SC refractario (28,3%), y falla primaria del injerto (20,8%). La reanimación cardiopulmonar previa a la ECMO VA se realizó en el 18,5%. La canulación fue periférica en el 81,5%, el 83,3% se asistió en INTERMACS 1, y el 87% presentaba balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. La duración de asistencia en ECMO VA fue de 5,5 días (RIC 2,8-10). La tasa de supervivencia en ECMO VA fue del 63% (37% puente a trasplante cardíaco, y 26% recuperación), y al alta del 42,6%. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron: sangrado (61,1%), infección (51,9%), y complicaciones tromboembólicas (46,3%). Conclusión: La ECMO VA como tratamiento del SC o PCR refractarios en nuestro centro presentó una sobrevida aceptable al alta hospitalaria. La ECMO VA es un tratamiento efectivo cuando las terapias convencionales fallan, siendo aparentemente útil y aplicable en un país donde existe acceso limitado a los dispositivos de asistencia ventricular compleja.

ABSTRACT Background: Venoarterial extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a rescue intervention used in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) or cardiac arrest (CA) refractory to conventional medical therapies. Objective: The aim of the present study is to describe the characteristics and summarize our 7-year experience in patients with CS or CA supported with VA-ECMO. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study analyzing consecutive adult patients requiring VA-ECMO due to refractory CS or CA at ICBA, Instituto Cardiovascular between January 2014 and December 2020. Results: A total age 54 patients were included (54 ± 12 years), 36.5% presented ischemic cardiomyopathy and 23.1% significant valvular heart disease. The indications for VA-ECMO implantation were post-cardiotomy (43.4%), refractory CS (28.3%) and primary graft dysfunction (20.8%). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation before VA-ECMO occurred in 18.5% of the cases. Peripheral cannulation was performed in 81.5% of the cases, 83.3% had INTERMACS profile 1 and 87% were on intraaortic balloon pump. Duration of ventricular assistance on VA- ECMO was 5.5 days (IQR 2.8-10). Survival rate on ECMO VA was 63% (37% as a bridge to cardiac transplantation and 26% as a bridge to recovery) and survival to discharge was 42.6%. The most common complications were hemorrhage (61.1%), infections (51.9%), and thromboembolic complications (46.3%). Conclusion: In our center, VA-ECMO as a treatment for refractory CS or CA showed acceptable survival during ventricular support and on hospital discharge. It is an effective life support treatment to rescue critically ill patients when conventional therapies fail, is apparently useful and can be implemented in a country with limited resources and access to complex ventricular assist devices.

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Abstract Introduction: High leuko-glycaemic index (LGI) (> 2000) has been associated with poor prognosis in many critical care settings. However, there is no evidence of LGI's prognostic value in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aims to analyze the prognostic value of LGI in the postoperative period of CABG. Methods: Single-center retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. Consecutive adult patients undergoing CABG between 2007 and 2019 were included. Blood glucose levels and white blood cells count were evaluated in the immediate postoperative period. LGI was calculated by multiplying both values and dividing them by 1,000 and analyzed in quartiles. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the best cutoff value. The primary combined endpoint was in-hospital mortality, low cardiac output (LCO), or acute kidney injury (AKI). Secondary endpoints included in-hospital death, AKI, atrial fibrillation, and LCO. Results: The study evaluated 3,813 patients undergoing CABG (88.5% male, 89.8% off-pump surgery, aged 64.6 years [standard deviation 9.6]). The median of LGI was 2,035. Presence of primary endpoint significantly increased per LGI quartile (9.2%, 9.7%, 11.8%, and 15%; P<0.001). High LGI was associated with increased occurrence of in-hospital mortality, LCO, AKI, and atrial fibrillation. The best prognostic cutoff value for primary endpoint was 2,000. In a multivariate logistic regression model, high LGI was independently associated with in-hospital death, LCO, or AKI. Conclusion: High LGI was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality, LCO, or AKI in postoperative period of CABG. It was also associated with higher in-hospital death.

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INTRODUCTION: High leuko-glycaemic index (LGI) (> 2000) has been associated with poor prognosis in many critical care settings. However, there is no evidence of LGI's prognostic value in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study aims to analyze the prognostic value of LGI in the postoperative period of CABG. METHODS: Single-center retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. Consecutive adult patients undergoing CABG between 2007 and 2019 were included. Blood glucose levels and white blood cells count were evaluated in the immediate postoperative period. LGI was calculated by multiplying both values and dividing them by 1,000 and analyzed in quartiles. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the best cutoff value. The primary combined endpoint was in-hospital mortality, low cardiac output (LCO), or acute kidney injury (AKI). Secondary endpoints included in-hospital death, AKI, atrial fibrillation, and LCO. RESULTS: The study evaluated 3,813 patients undergoing CABG (88.5% male, 89.8% off-pump surgery, aged 64.6 years [standard deviation 9.6]). The median of LGI was 2,035. Presence of primary endpoint significantly increased per LGI quartile (9.2%, 9.7%, 11.8%, and 15%; P<0.001). High LGI was associated with increased occurrence of in-hospital mortality, LCO, AKI, and atrial fibrillation. The best prognostic cutoff value for primary endpoint was 2,000. In a multivariate logistic regression model, high LGI was independently associated with in-hospital death, LCO, or AKI. CONCLUSION: High LGI was an independent predictor of inhospital mortality, LCO, or AKI in postoperative period of CABG. It was also associated with higher in-hospital death.

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Resumen La adherencia al tratamiento médico farmacológico en pacientes que cursaron una hospitalización por un síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) es deficiente. El objetivo primario fue demostrar que, mediante la utilización de una aplicación digital para smartphones, se incrementa por lo menos un 30% la adherencia al tratamiento, en relación al grupo control, en pacientes con SCA. Se realizó un estudio unicéntrico aleatorizado, controlado, con distribución 1:1, simple ciego, que comparó la utilización de una aplicación para smartphones (grupo intervención), frente a la indicación de tratamiento farmacológico por escrito (grupo control), en términos de adherencia médica farmacológica total, en 90 pacientes que cursaron internación por un SCA. La adherencia fue determinada mediante el Cuestionario de Adherencia a la Medicación de Morisky. El paciente se consideró como "totalmente adherente" de obtener un puntaje perfecto (8/8 puntos). El período de seguimiento fue de 90 días posterior al egreso hospitalario. La edad promedio fue 63 ± 9 años, con el 76% de sexo masculino. El objetivo primario ocurrió en 67.4% (31/46) del grupo intervención vs. 20.5% (9/44) del grupo control (p < 0.001). En pacientes que cursaron una hospitalización por SCA, la utilización de una aplicación digital para smartphones incrementó la adherencia al tratamiento médico farmacológico.

Abstract Adherence to cardiovascular medications following acute coronary syndrome hospitalization is generally poor. The primary outcome was to demonstrate that the use of a digital application for smartphones increases the adherence to pharmacological treatment by 30 % in relation to the group without intervention, in patients with an acute coronary syndrome with or without ST segment elevation. In this unicentric, single blinded, randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation we compared the use of a digital application for smartphones and written information as standard of care, for the adherence to pharmacological treatment in 90 patients admitted to the hospital with an acute coronary syndrome. Adherence to medical treatment was measured by Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. A patient is considered to have good adherence when score is perfect (8 points). The follow up period was 90 days after hospital discharge. The mean age of the population was 63 ± 9 and 76% were male. At 90 days, 67.4% (31/46) of patients using the smartphone application were adherent compared with 20.5% (9/44) of patients in the control group (p < 0.001). In patients with acute coronary syndrome, the use of a smartphone application increased the medication adherence compared with the standard of care.

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Adherence to cardiovascular medications following acute coronary syndrome hospitalization is generally poor. The primary outcome was to demonstrate that the use of a digital application for smartphones increases the adherence to pharmacological treatment by 30 % in relation to the group without intervention, in patients with an acute coronary syndrome with or without ST segment elevation. In this unicentric, single blinded, randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation we compared the use of a digital application for smartphones and written information as standard of care, for the adherence to pharmacological treatment in 90 patients admitted to the hospital with an acute coronary syndrome. Adherence to medical treatment was measured by Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. A patient is considered to have good adherence when score is perfect (8 points). The follow up period was 90 days after hospital discharge. The mean age of the population was 63 ± 9 and 76% were male. At 90 days, 67.4% (31/46) of patients using the smartphone application were adherent compared with 20.5% (9/44) of patients in the control group (p < 0.001). In patients with acute coronary syndrome, the use of a smartphone application increased the medication adherence compared with the standard of care.

La adherencia al tratamiento médico farmacológico en pacientes que cursaron una hospitalización por un síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) es deficiente. El objetivo primario fue demostrar que, mediante la utilización de una aplicación digital para smartphones, se incrementa por lo menos un 30% la adherencia al tratamiento, en relación al grupo control, en pacientes con SCA. Se realizó un estudio unicéntrico aleatorizado, controlado, con distribución 1:1, simple ciego, que comparó la utilización de una aplicación para smartphones (grupo intervención), frente a la indicación de tratamiento farmacológico por escrito (grupo control), en términos de adherencia médica farmacológica total, en 90 pacientes que cursaron internación por un SCA. La adherencia fue determinada mediante el Cuestionario de Adherencia a la Medicación de Morisky. El paciente se consideró como "totalmente adherente" de obtener un puntaje perfecto (8/8 puntos). El período de seguimiento fue de 90 días posterior al egreso hospitalario. La edad promedio fue 63 ± 9 años, con el 76% de sexo masculino. El objetivo primario ocurrió en 67.4% (31/46) del grupo intervención vs. 20.5% (9/44) del grupo control (p < 0.001). En pacientes que cursaron una hospitalización por SCA, la utilización de una aplicación digital para smartphones incrementó la adherencia al tratamiento médico farmacológico.

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Antecedentes y objetivos: El sistema de calificación APACHE II permite predecir la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en terapia intensiva. Sin embargo, no está validado para cirugía cardíaca, ya que no posee buena capacidad diferenciadora. El objetivo es determinar el valor pronóstico de APACHE II en el postoperatorio de procedimientos cardíacos. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó en forma retrospectiva la base de cirugía cardíaca. Se incluyó a pacientes intervenidos entre 2017 y 2018, de los cuales se calculó la puntuación APACHE II. Se utilizó curva ROC para determinar el mejor valor de corte. El punto final primario fue mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Como puntos finales secundarios se evaluó la incidencia de bajo gasto cardíaco (BGC), accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), sangrado quirúrgico y necesidad de diálisis. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logístico multivariado para ajustar a las variables de interés. Resultados: Se analizó a 559 pacientes. La media del sistema de calificación APACHE II fue de 9.9 (DE 4). La prevalencia de mortalidad intrahospitalaria global fue de 6.1%. El mejor valor de corte de la calificación para predecir mortalidad fue de 12, con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0.92. Los pacientes con APACHE II ≥ 12 tuvieron significativamente mayor mortalidad, incidencia de BGC, ACV, sangrado quirúrgico y necesidad de diálisis. En un modelo multivariado, el sistema APACHE II se relacionó de modo independiente con mayor tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR, 1.14; IC95%, 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001). Conclusiones: El sistema de clasificación APACHE II demostró ser un predictor independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes que cursan el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. Background and objectives: The APACHE II score allows predicting in-hospital mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units. However, it is not validated for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, since it does not have a good discriminatory capacity in this clinical scenario. The aim of this study is to determine prognostic value of APACHE II score in postoperative of cardiac surgery. Materials and methods: The study was performed using the cardiac surgery database. Patients undergoing surgery between 2017 and 2018, with APACHE II score calculated at the admission, were included. The ROC curve was used to determine a cut-off value The primary endpoint was in-hospital death. Secondary endpoints included low cardiac output (LCO), stroke, surgical bleeding, and dialysis requirement. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to adjust to various variables of interest. Results: The study evaluated 559 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The mean of APACHE II Score was 9.9 (SD 4). The prevalence of in-hospital death was 6.1%. The best prognostic cut-off value for the primary endpoint was 12, with a ROC curve of 0.92. Patients with an APACHE II score greater than or equal to 12 had significantly higher mortality, higher incidence of LCO, stroke, surgical bleeding and dialysis requirement. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the APACHE II score was independently associated with higher in-hospital death (OR, 1.14; 95CI%, 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The APACHE II Score proved to be an independent predictor of in-hospital death in patients undergoing postoperative cardiac surgery, with a high capacity for discrimination.

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Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos: El sistema de calificación APACHE II permite predecir la mortalidad intrahospitalaria en terapia intensiva. Sin embargo, no está validado para cirugía cardíaca, ya que no posee buena capacidad diferenciadora. El objetivo es determinar el valor pronóstico de APACHE II en el postoperatorio de procedimientos cardíacos. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó en forma retrospectiva la base de cirugía cardíaca. Se incluyó a pacientes intervenidos entre 2017 y 2018, de los cuales se calculó la puntuación APACHE II. Se utilizó curva ROC para determinar el mejor valor de corte. El punto final primario fue mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Como puntos finales secundarios se evaluó la incidencia de bajo gasto cardíaco (BGC), accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), sangrado quirúrgico y necesidad de diálisis. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logístico multivariado para ajustar a las variables de interés. Resultados: Se analizó a 559 pacientes. La media del sistema de calificación APACHE II fue de 9.9 (DE 4). La prevalencia de mortalidad intrahospitalaria global fue de 6.1%. El mejor valor de corte de la calificación para predecir mortalidad fue de 12, con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0.92. Los pacientes con APACHE II ≥ 12 tuvieron significativamente mayor mortalidad, incidencia de BGC, ACV, sangrado quirúrgico y necesidad de diálisis. En un modelo multivariado, el sistema APACHE II se relacionó de modo independiente con mayor tasa de mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR, 1.14; IC95%, 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001). Conclusiones: El sistema de clasificación APACHE II demostró ser un predictor independiente de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes que cursan el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca.

Abstract Background and objectives: The APACHE II score allows predicting in-hospital mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units. However, it is not validated for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, since it does not have a good discriminatory capacity in this clinical scenario. The aim of this study is to determine prognostic value of APACHE II score in postoperative of cardiac surgery. Materials and methods: The study was performed using the cardiac surgery database. Patients undergoing surgery between 2017 and 2018, with APACHE II score calculated at the admission, were included. The ROC curve was used to determine a cut-off value The primary endpoint was in-hospital death. Secondary endpoints included low cardiac output (LCO), stroke, surgical bleeding, and dialysis requirement. A multivariable logistic regression model was developed to adjust to various variables of interest. Results: The study evaluated 559 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The mean of APACHE II Score was 9.9 (SD 4). The prevalence of in-hospital death was 6.1%. The best prognostic cut-off value for the primary endpoint was 12, with a ROC curve of 0.92. Patients with an APACHE II score greater than or equal to 12 had significantly higher mortality, higher incidence of LCO, stroke, surgical bleeding and dialysis requirement. In a multivariate logistic regression model, the APACHE II score was independently associated with higher in-hospital death (OR, 1.14; 95CI%, 1.08-1.21; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The APACHE II Score proved to be an independent predictor of in-hospital death in patients undergoing postoperative cardiac surgery, with a high capacity for discrimination.

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INTRODUCTION: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be used to support patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. Many patients can be successfully weaned, the ability of some medications to facilitate weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were reported. To date, there are limited studies investigating the impact of levosimendan on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation weaning. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of levosimendan on successful weaning from veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival in adult patients with cardiogenic shock. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform published from the year 2000 onwards) investigating whether levosimendan offers advantages compared to standard therapy or placebo, in cardiogenic shock adult patients treated with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The primary outcome was veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation successful weaning, whereas secondary outcome was all-cause mortality at the longest follow-up available. We pooled risk ratio and 95% confidence interval using fixed and random effects models according to the heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of five non-randomized clinical trials comprising 557 patients were included, 299 patients for levosimendan and 258 patients for control groups. The pooled prevalence of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation successful weaning was 61.4% (95% confidence interval 39.8-82.9%), and all-cause mortality was 36% (95% confidence interval 29.6-48.8%). There was a significant increase in veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation successful weaning with levosimendan compared to the controls (risk ratio = 1.42 (95% confidence interval 1.12-1.8), p for effect = 0.004, I2 = 71%). A decrease risk of all-cause mortality in the levosimendan group was also observed, risk ratio = 0.62 (95% confidence interval 0.44-0.88), p for effect = 0.007, I2 = 36%. CONCLUSION: The use of levosimendan on adult patients with cardiogenic shock may facilitate the veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation weaning and reduce all-cause mortality. Few articles of this topic are available, and prospective, randomized multi-center trials are warranted to conclude decisively on the benefits of levosimendan in this setting.

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INTRODUCTION: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAFib) occurs in 20 to 40% of patients following cardiac surgery, and is associated with an increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. We aimed to develop and validate a simple clinical risk model for the prediction of POAFib after cardiac surgery. METHODS: An analytical single center retrospective cohort study was conducted, including consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery between 2004 and 2017 with POAFib. To create the predictive risk score, a logistic regression model was performed using a random sample of 75% of the population. Coefficients of the model were then converted to a numerical risk score, and three groups were defined: low risk (≤1 point), intermediate risk (2-5 points) and high risk (≥6 points). The score was validated using the remaining 25% of the patients. Discrimination was evaluated through the area under the curve (AUC) ROC, and calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test, calibration plots, and ratio of expected and observed events (E/O). RESULTS: Six thousand five hundred nine patients underwent cardiac surgery: 52% coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 20% valve surgery, 14% combined (CABG and valve surgery) and 12% other. New-onset AF occurred in 1222 patients (18.77%). In the multivariate analysis, age, use of cardiopulmonary bypass pump, severe reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), chronic renal disease and heart failure were independent risk factors for POAFib, while the use of statins was a protective factor. The NOPAF score was calculated by adding points for each independent risk predictor. In the derivation cohort, the AUC was 0.71 (CI95% 0.69-0.72), and in the validation cohort the model also showed good discrimination (AUC 0.67 IC 0.64-0.70) and excellent calibration (HL P = 0.24). The E/O ratio was 1 (CI 95%: 0.89-1.12). According to the risk category, POAFib occurred in 5% of low; 11% of intermediate and 27.7% of high risk patients in the derivation cohort (P <0.001), and 5.7%; 12.6%; and 23.6% in the validation cohort respectively (P <0.001). CONCLUSION: From a large hospitalized population, we developed and validated a simple risk score named NOPAF, based on clinical variables that accurately stratifies the risk of POAFib. This score may help to identify high-risk patients prior to cardiac surgery, in order to strengthen postoperative atrial fibrillation prophylaxis.

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INTRODUCTION: Until recently, vitamin K antagonists (VKA) were the only drugs available for long-term anticoagulation. The use of these drugs is laborious due to their variable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The advent of direct oral anticoagulants has produced a paradigm shift due to their low incidence of drug interactions, their stable plasma levels, and their lack of monitoring. Rivaroxaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, has been tested in different clinical scenarios and has proved to be effective and safe, even increasing the scope of the old VKA. Areas covered: A non-systematic review of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Cochrane databases, focusing on randomized clinical trials and real-world observational studies that evaluated rivaroxaban in patients with atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, and atherosclerotic coronary and peripheral vascular disease. Expert commentary: The role of rivaroxaban keeps expanding into areas that were unimaginable few years ago, in the light of solid evidence that has eliminated old strict paradigms. Nonetheless, it will be necessary to adjust costs and better understand the perceived barriers to its widespread implementation, to get fully acceptation of rivaroxaban for the different clinical conditions that have been suggested.

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