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Dyskinesia affects the limbs, trunk, and head and is more prevalent in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and a history of falls. More evidence about the effects of dyskinesia on postural control, balance, gait, and fall risk could help improve the quality of life of individuals with PD. This review aims to examine associations between dyskinesia and postural control, balance, gait, and fall risk in individuals with PD. Such information could lead to new approaches to quality of life improvement among individuals with PD. PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Scopus, and SciELO will be searched for longitudinal, cohort, and case-control studies published in English or Portuguese in any year that investigated the association between dyskinesia and postural control, balance, gait, and fall risk in individuals with PD. Two reviewers will independently evaluate the titles, abstracts, and full texts according to PRISMA guidelines to select eligible studies for the review. Data on participants, dyskinesia, postural control, balance, gait, and fall risk will be extracted and summarized in tables. Two reviewers will independently assess the methodological quality of each study using the Newcastle Ottawa quality assessment scale. Meta-analysis will not be performed. The results of this systematic review will offer insight into the effects of dyskinesia on postural control, balance, gait, and fall risk. Such information could significantly contribute to informed decisions about early motor intervention in individuals with PD. (AU)

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In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated post-stroke ipsilesional (less affected) upper limb aiming movement in individuals whose strokes were either 2-5 months (n = 16) or >6 months (n = 17) prior to our testing; we also compared both stroke groups to a control group of healthy individuals (n = 14). We evaluated the participants' level of movement impairment in the contralateral upper limb from the site of the cerebrovascular lesion as an indicator of the severity of the participants' impairment. Participants were asked to move a stylus on a tablet with their ipsilesional upper limb according to a visual stimulus seen on a monitor. Those who had experienced more recent strokes showed poorer movement planning and execution, regardless of their impairment level. Since the stroke occurred, the amount of time was significantly associated with the ipsilesional aiming movement, and improvement over time brought performance levels closer to that of healthy controls.

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BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) can affect hand function since the beginning of the motor symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of different hand function tests to: 1) distinguish individuals with PD from healthy controls; 2) differentiate stages of the disease; and 3) indicate changes over time due to disease progression. METHODS: Twenty-four individuals with PD (Hoehn and Yahr: I-III) and 24 age- and sex-matched controls performed the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and the maximum grip and the maximum pinch strength tests using their right and left hands. Eight individuals with PD (six females and two males) were reassessed after 18 months. The ROC analyses and Mann-Whitney U tests (for disease progression) using the average performance of the hands were done. RESULTS: Individuals with PD presented worse test performances than controls, except for the writing subtest of the JTHFT and the grip strength test. The JTHFT without the writing subtest (JTHFTnoW) was the most accurate to discriminate PD from controls (AUC = 0.899; sensitivity 75% and specificity 95.8%). The 9HPT and the simulated feeding and moving large, light objects JTHFT subtests were sensitive to distinguish stages, while the 9HPT, the moving small, common objects JTHFT subtest, and the grip strength were sensitive to changes with disease progression. CONCLUSION: The JTHFTnoW was highly discriminative of the hand function impairments in PD. TwoJTHFT subtests were the most sensitives to distinguish PD stages (i.e. simulated feeding JTHFT subtest) and disease progression (i.e. moving small, common objects JTHFT subtest).

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Este Manual tem como objetivo fornecer orientações sobre os direitos garantidos por leis a pessoa com estomia, assim como os familiares, cuidadores, equipe de enfermagem, equipe multiprofissional e gestores de saúde. Dessa forma espera-se que durante a leitura sejam esclarecidas as dúvidas e auxiliem na busca pelos direitos à assistência à saúde e melhor qualidade de vida da pessoa com estomia

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Motor synergies, i.e., neural mechanisms that organize multiple motor elements to ensure stability of actions, are affected by several neurological condition. Asymptomatic welders showed impaired synergy controlling the stability of multi-finger action compared to non-welders and this impairment was associated with microstructural damage in the globus pallidus. We further explored the effect of welding-related metal exposure on multi-finger synergy and extended our investigation to posture-stabilizing synergy during a standing task. Occupational, MRI, and performance-stabilizing synergies during multi-finger accurate force production and load releasing while standing were obtained from 29 welders and 19 age- and sex-matched controls. R2* and R1 relaxation rate values were used to estimate brain iron and manganese content, respectively, and diffusion tensor imaging was used to reflect brain microstructural integrity. Associations of brain MRI (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and red nucleus), and motor synergy were explored by group status. The results revealed that welders had higher R2* values in the caudate (p = 0.03), putamen (p = 0.01), and red nucleus (p = 0.08, trend) than controls. No group effect was revealed on multi-finger synergy index during steady-state phase of action (ΔVZss). Compared to controls, welders exhibited lower ΔVZss (-0.106 ± 0.084 vs. 0.160 ± 0.092, p = 0.04) and variance that did not affect the performance variable (VUCM, 0.022 ± 0.003 vs. 0.038 ± 0.007, p = 0.03) in the load releasing, postural task. The postural synergy index, ΔVZss, was associated negatively with higher R2* in the red nucleus in welders (r = -0.44, p = 0.03), but not in controls. These results suggest that the synergy index in the load releasing during a standing task may reflect welding-related neurotoxicity in workers with chronic metals exposure. This finding may have important clinical and occupational health implications.

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BACKGROUND: Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is common after stroke. The pain perception may exacerbate changes in the motor behavior of the ipsi-lesional upper limb, contributing to the functional decline of an individual's motor performance. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the influence of pain perception on the aiming movements performed with the ipsilesional upper limb in individuals with unilateral chronic stroke. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 41 participants divided into three groups: 1) stroke with contralesional shoulder pain ≥ 3 by the Visual Numerical Pain Scale (SPSG; n = 13); 2) stroke no shoulder pain (nSPSG; n = 14); and 3) healthy control (CTG; n = 14) matched by sex and age. Individuals with stroke were matched for the severity of sensorimotor impairment by the Fugl-Meyer upper limb subscale and the injured hemisphere side. Stroke groups performed aiming movements with the ipsilesional upper limb and the CTG with the corresponding limb using a pen tip on the sensitive surface of a digitizing tablet. Performance across groups was compared by one-way analysis of variance, considering the time since injury as a covariate. The planning and execution variables of the movement trajectory were analyzed, and the significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Trajectories of the SPSG were slower (p = .010; η2 = 0.22), were less smooth (p = .002; η2 = 0.30), had more directional error (p = .002; η2 = 0.28), and were less accurate (p = .034; η2 = 0.17) than the CTG. The nSPSG and CTG showed similar performance. CONCLUSIONS: The perception of pain impairs aiming movements performed with the ipsilesional upper limb in individuals with unilateral chronic stroke.

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Harmonious voluntary movements require efficiency in their planning and execution. Throughout middle childhood structural changes in the central nervous and musculoskeletal systems influence these processes and resultant motor behavior. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of the motor planning and executing of aiming movements directed at targets located in different positions in space in children aged 7, 9, and 11 years. We divided 43 right-handed children, into three age groups and instructed them to perform aiming movements directed at targets using a stylus on a digital tablet. The children performed the movement with their dominant upper limbs from a starting point towards targets positioned ipsilaterally or contralaterally to this dominant limb. We analyzed temporal and spatial variables of motor performance. Younger (7-year-old) children made more errors in the initial movement direction and more frequently corrected their movements during task execution when compared to 9- and 11-year-old children who did not differ from each other. All age groups were similar in movement accuracy and precision. Movements toward contralateral targets were slower and more accurate than movements toward ipsilateral targets for all groups. These results show that performing aiming movements develop with the onset of middle childhood.

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BACKGROUND: Olfactory impairment is common in Parkinson's disease (PD). The authors aimed to identify the clinical tests used to assess olfactory function and examine their ability to distinguish PD with different disease duration from healthy individuals with physiological aging. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies published until May 2020 that assessed the olfaction of individuals with PD using search terms related to PD, olfactory function, and assessment were searched on PubMed, PsycInfo, Cinahl, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS: Twelve smell tests were identified from the reviewed studies (n = 125) that assessed 8776 individuals with PD. Data of 6593 individuals with PD and 8731 healthy individuals were included in the meta-analyses. Individuals with PD presented worse performance than healthy individuals, regardless of the smell test used. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was used by most studies (n = 2310 individuals with PD) and presented smaller heterogeneity. When the studies were subclassified according to the years of PD duration, there were no significant differences. CONCLUSION: All smell tests were able to discriminate the olfactory function of PD from that of healthy individuals, although the UPSIT was widely used. The abnormal olfaction was not related to the disease duration. Systematic review protocol registration (PROSPERO/2020-CRD42020160878).

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Individuals with stroke present several impairments in the ipsilesional arm reaching movements that can limit the execution of daily living activities. These impairments depend on the side of the brain lesion. The present study aimed to compare the arm reaching movements performed in sitting and standing positions and to examine whether the effects of the adopted posture configuration depend on the side of the brain lesion. Twenty right-handed individuals with stroke (half with right hemiparesis and a half with left hemiparesis) and twenty healthy adults (half used the left arm) reached toward a target displayed on a monitor screen placed in one of three heights (i.e., upper, central, or lower targets). Participants performed the reaches in sitting and standing positions under conditions where the target location was either well-known in advance (certainty condition) or unknown until the movement onset (uncertainty condition). The values of movement onset time, movement time, and constant error were compared across conditions (posture configuration and uncertainty) and groups for each target height. Individuals with stroke were slower and spent more time to start to move than healthy participants, mainly when they reached the superior target in the upright position and under the uncertainty condition. Individuals who have suffered a right stroke were more affected by the task conditions and those who suffered a left stroke showed less accurate reaches. Overall, these results were observed regardless of the adopted posture. The current findings suggested that ipsilesional arm reaching movements are not affected by the postural configuration adopted by individuals with stroke. The central nervous system modulates the reaching movements according to the target position, adopted posture, and the uncertainty in the final target position to be reached.

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Introduction: Olfactory impairment has been considered for differential diagnosis in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The authors aimed to identify the tests used to assess the olfactory function in PD patients and examine these tests' ability to distinguish them from other neurological disorders.Areas covered: Cross-sectional studies published until May 2020 comparing the olfactory function of PD patients to other neurological disorders were searched on PubMed, PsycInfo, Cinahl, and Web of Science databases using search terms related to PD, olfactory function, and assessment. Five thousand three hundred and four studies were screened, and 35 were included in the systematic review. Six smell tests that evaluated a total of 1,544 PD patients were identified. Data of 1,144 patients included in the meta-analyses revealed worse smell performance than individuals with other neurological disorders, such as progressive supranuclear palsy and essential tremor, but not with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.Expert opinion: The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was the most used test to assess the olfactory function of PD. Smell loss was worse in PD than in some neurological disorders. The smell tests' ability in differentiating PD from other neurological disorders still deserves more attention in future studies. Protocol register (PROSPERO/2018-CRD42018107009).

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Postural instability is a major disabling feature in Parkinson's disease (PD). We quantified the organization of leg and trunk muscles into synergies stabilizing the center of pressure (COP) coordinate within the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis in levodopa-naïve patients with PD and age-matched control subjects. The main hypothesis was that changes in the synergic control of posture are present early in the PD process even before levodopa exposure. Eleven levodopa-naïve patients with PD and 11 healthy controls performed whole-body cyclical voluntary sway tasks and a self-initiated load-release task during standing on a force plate. Surface electromyographic activity in 13 muscles on the right side of the body was analyzed to identify muscle groups with parallel scaling of activation levels (M-modes). Data were collected both before ("off-drug") and approximately 60 min after the first dose of 25/100 carbidopa/levodopa ("on-drug"). COP-stabilizing synergies were quantified for the load-release task. Levodopa-naïve patients with PD showed no COP-stabilizing synergy "off-drug", whereas controls showed posture-stabilizing multi-M-mode synergy. "On-drug", patients with PD demonstrated a significant increase in the synergy index. There were no significant drug effects on the M-mode composition, anticipatory postural adjustments, indices of motor equivalence, or indices of COP variability. The results suggest that levodopa-naïve patients with PD already show impaired posture-stabilizing multi-muscle synergies that may be used as promising behavioral biomarkers for emerging postural disorders in PD. Moreover, levodopa modified synergy metrics differently in these levodopa-naïve patients compared to a previous study of patients on chronic antiparkinsonian medications (Falaki et al. in J Electromyogr Kinesiol 33:20-26, 2017a), suggesting different neurocircuitry involvement.

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INTRODUCTION: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum. Considering the high rates of syphilis in pregnancy and congenital syphilis reported in Brazil in the past, and their serious consequences, this study described the epidemiological and clinical profile of pregnant women with a confirmed diagnosis of syphilis in Campo Grande, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from 2011 to 2017. METHODS: This is a descriptive study, based on syphilis notifications among pregnant women reported to the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (National System of Disease Notification of Brazil). RESULTS: Over the study period, 2,056 confirmed cases of syphilis in pregnancy were reported, resulting in a crude cumulative incidence of 144.76 cases per 1,000 live-born babies. The incidence increased from 9.97 cases per 1,000 live-born babies in 2011 to 36.10 cases per 1,000 live-born babies in 2017. It was more prevalent in women who were young, of mixed race, with low educational attainment. Over one third of women were diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy; therefore, they were at risk of reinfection if they or their sexual partners were inadequately treated. Furthermore, syphilis was not well classified according to its clinical stage, which led to inappropriate treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Despite efforts to reduce the incidence of syphilis, syphilis during pregnancy remains a public health problem, reflecting possible inadequacies in antenatal care, especially in vulnerable populations. It is important to include sexual partners in syphilis treatment during pregnancy to prevent reinfection.

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Aiming movements of the upper limbs can be classified either as discrete, or reciprocal, or cyclic. The control of these movements after a stroke can be affected. The aim of this experimental, cross-sectional study was to characterize the performance of these movements after the right and left hemisphere chronic stroke. Thirty-six individuals aged between 40 and 70 years, right-handed, were allocated into three groups (control, right stroke, and left stroke). Participants were asked to perform aiming movements on a tablet. Individuals after stroke performed the tasks only with their ipsilesional limb, while the control group performed movements with both limbs. The reaction and movement times, peak velocity, and the variability and error of the endpoint were analyzed. Individuals after stroke presented a worse performance in all movement classes as expected, but differently depending on the damaged hemisphere. Participants with right hemisphere damage showed larger endpoint errors, while those with left hemisphere damage had longer reaction and movement times. Both differences were seen consistently in discrete and reciprocal, but not in cyclic movements. Cyclic movements presented shorter latencies, were faster, and showed greater endpoint errors when compared to discrete and reciprocal movements. These results suggest that stroke affects differently the performance of discrete and reciprocal movements according to the hemisphere lesion side, but not in cyclic movements. Different levels of motor control among the three classes of movements by the nervous system may justify these results.

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BACKGROUND: Mobility-related problems in older people may be relieved by the use of walking canes. However, the influence of the cane length on the postural stability of cane users has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to examine the influence of a single-point cane with different lengths on the postural sway of regular cane users, older women during two stance positions, with feet parallel and semi-tandem stance. METHODS: Eighteen older women, who used a single-point walking cane for at least 6 months, stood on a force plate with feet parallel or in semitandem position for 40 s. They always used a cane that was adjusted to one of three different lengths resulting from the distance between the wrist crease and the floor, named WF, or this distance plus 7.5 or 10 cm. Amplitude and speed of the centre of pressure (COP) and its components (rambling and trembling) in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions and mean vertical force applied to the cane were compared across cane lengths. RESULTS: The amplitude and velocity of COP, rambling and trembling increased with the cane length. This effect was observed for the anterior-posterior with the feet parallel and in the medial-lateral direction with the semi-tandem position. More force was applied on the shorter cane (WF) in semitandem position. CONCLUSION: Longer canes increased the postural sway in the older women and restricted the body weight loaded on the cane. Improper cane length influences the postural sway particularly in a semitandem stance of regular cane users. This may cause a negative impact on postural stability required in daily life activities. The current findings may contribute to the prescription of this assistive device for older adults.

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We explored the origin of the impaired control of action stability in Parkinson's disease (PD) by testing levodopa-naïve PD patients to disambiguate effects of PD from possible effects of long-term exposure to levodopa. Thirteen levodopa-naïve PD patients and 13 controls performed single- and multi-finger force production tasks, including producing a self-paced quick force pulse into a target. A subgroup of patients (n = 10) was re-tested about 1 h after the first dose of levodopa. Compared to controls, PD patients showed lower maximal forces and synergy indices stabilizing total force (reflecting the higher inter-trial variance component affecting total force). In addition, PD patients showed a trend toward shorter anticipatory synergy adjustments (a drop in the synergy index in preparation to a quick action) and larger non-motor equivalent finger force deviations. Lower maximal force, higher unintentional force production (enslaving) and higher inter-trial variance indices occurred in PD patients after one dosage of levodopa. We conclude that impairment in synergies is present in levodopa-naïve patients, mainly in indices reflecting stability (synergy index), but not agility (anticipatory synergy adjustments). A single dose of levodopa, however, did not improve synergy indices, as it did in PD patients on chronic anti-PD medication, suggesting a different mechanism of action. The results suggest that indices of force-stabilizing synergies may be used as an early behavioral sign of PD, although it may not be sensitive to acute drug effects in drug-naïve patients.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum. Considering the high rates of syphilis in pregnancy and congenital syphilis reported in Brazil in the past, and their serious consequences, this study described the epidemiological and clinical profile of pregnant women with a confirmed diagnosis of syphilis in Campo Grande, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from 2011 to 2017. METHODS: This is a descriptive study, based on syphilis notifications among pregnant women reported to the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (National System of Disease Notification of Brazil). RESULTS: Over the study period, 2,056 confirmed cases of syphilis in pregnancy were reported, resulting in a crude cumulative incidence of 144.76 cases per 1,000 live-born babies. The incidence increased from 9.97 cases per 1,000 live-born babies in 2011 to 36.10 cases per 1,000 live-born babies in 2017. It was more prevalent in women who were young, of mixed race, with low educational attainment. Over one third of women were diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy; therefore, they were at risk of reinfection if they or their sexual partners were inadequately treated. Furthermore, syphilis was not well classified according to its clinical stage, which led to inappropriate treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Despite efforts to reduce the incidence of syphilis, syphilis during pregnancy remains a public health problem, reflecting possible inadequacies in antenatal care, especially in vulnerable populations. It is important to include sexual partners in syphilis treatment during pregnancy to prevent reinfection.

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Resumo Introdução A avaliação da Síndrome de Burnout entre os profissionais de enfermagem torna-se fundamental pela sua influência nos resultados para o paciente, profissional e instituição. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a ocorrência de Burnout entre os profissionais de enfermagem de três hospitais públicos. Materiais e Métodos Estudo transversal com 452 profissionais de enfermagem do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram usados uma ficha de caracterização pessoal e profissional e o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach (Human Services Survey). Resultados A maior parte dos participantes apresentou níveis baixos de exaustão emocional (38,94%) e despersonalização (45,80%) e níveis moderados de realização pessoal (39,16%). As variáveis idade (p = 0,010), hospital (p < 0,001), tipo de vínculo (p < 0,001), tempo de experiência no hospital (p = 0,010) e na unidade (p = 0,017) apresentaram relação com a exaustão emocional. Sexo (p = 0,013) e tempo de experiência no hospital (p =0,007) e na unidade (p = 0,020) foram relacionados à despersonalização. O sentimento de realização pessoal foi melhor entre os profissionais que trabalhavam no hospital certificado (p<0,001), no turno diurno (p = 0,049), possuíam vínculo estatutário (p<0,001) e eram mais velhos (p = 0,023). Discussão A exaustão emocional tem sido caracterizada como central no desenvolvimento de Burnout entre profissionais de enfermagem e a despersonalização frequentemente acompanha o sentimento de exaustão emocional. A definição exata da participação de cada indivíduo no resultado final da assistência é difícil de ser delimitada, podendo influenciar a percepção dos profissionais quanto à realização pessoal no trabalho. Conclusões Características pessoais e profissionais foram relacionadas ao Burnout entre profissionais de enfermagem. É importante desenvolver ações capazes de minimizar a ocorrência de Burnout entre os profissionais de enfermagem.

Abstract Introduction The evaluation of Burnout syndrome among nursing professionals becomes fundamental given its influence on the outcomes for patients, professionals and institutions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of Burnout among nursing professionals in three public hospitals. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 452 nursing professionals from the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A personal and professional information form and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Human Services Survey) were used. Results Most participants showed low levels of emotional exhaustion (38.94%), depersonalization (45.80%) and reduced personal accomplishment (39.16%). The variables age (p = 0.010), hospital (p < 0.001), professional bond type (p < 0.001), time spent in hospital (p = 0.010) and in the department (p = 0.017) were related to emotional exhaustion. Gender (p = 0.013) and time spent in hospital (p =0,007) and the department (p = 0,020) were related to depersonalization. Personal accomplishment was better among professionals working on a certified hospital (p<0.001), during the day shift (p = 0.049), who had a fixed position (p<0.001) and who were older (p = 0.023). Discussion Emotional exhaustion was characterized as fundamental for Burnout to arise among nursing professionals and depersonalization frequently coincide with emotional exhaustion. The exact definition of the participation of each individual in the outcome of care is difficult to delimit as it might influence the perception of professionals regarding personal accomplishment in work. Conclusions Personal and professional characteristics were associated with Burnout among nursing professionals. It is important to promote actions that can reduce the incidence of Burnout among nursing professionals.

Resumen Introducción La evaluación del Síndrome de Burnout entre los profesionales de enfermería se vuelve fundamental dada su influencia en los resultados para el paciente, el profesional y la institución. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ocurrencia de Burnout entre los profesionales de enfermería de tres hospitales públicos. Materiales y Métodos Estudio transversal con 452 profesionales de enfermería del Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se utilizó una ficha de caracterización personal y profesional y el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach (Human Services Survey). Resultados La mayor parte de los participantes presentó niveles bajos de agotamiento emocional (38,94%) y despersonalización (45,80%) y niveles moderados de realización personal (39,16%). Las variables edad (p = 0,010), hospital (p < 0,001), tipo de vínculo (p < 0,001), tiempo de experiencia en el hospital (p = 0,010) y en la unidad (p = 0,017) presentaron relación con el agotamiento emocional. Sexo (p = 0,013) y tiempo de experiencia en el hospital (p =0,007) y en la unidad (p = 0,020) estuvieron relacionados con la despersonalización. El sentimiento de realización personal fue mejor entre los profesionales que trabajaban en el hospital certificado (p<0,001), en el turno diurno (p = 0,049), que mantenían un vínculo estatutario (p<0,001) y que eran mayores (p = 0,023). Discusión El agotamiento emocional se caracterizó como fundamental en el desarrollo de Burnout entre profesionales de enfermería y la despersonalización frecuentemente acompaña el sentimiento de agotamiento emocional. La definición exacta de la participación de cada individuo en el resultado final de la asistencia es difícil de delimitar, ya que puede influir en la percepción de los profesionales en lo que respecta a la realización personal en el trabajo. Conclusiones Características personales y profesionales fueron relacionadas con el Burnout entre profesionales de enfermería. Es importante desarrollar acciones capaces de minimizar la ocurrencia de Burnout entre los profesionales de enfermería.

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