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RESUMO Os atuais normativos no âmbito da educação inclusiva exigem metodologias de recolha de informação alinhadas com os mais recentes paradigmas. Assim, este estudo objetiva analisar as qualidades métricas (fiabilidade e validade) do Questionário sobre Educação Inclusiva, na dupla versão: professores e alunos. A partir da revisão de literatura e da consulta de instrumentos validados, estabeleceu-se uma versão inicial, avaliada por dez peritos, para a análise da validade de conteúdo (VC). Todos os itens foram considerados representativos, apresentando índices (IVC) superiores a .90 e acordos tendencialmente moderados (k>.30). No pré-teste, com dez participantes (n professores=5, n alunos=5), foi confirmada a fiabilidade ao nível da consistência interna total (α professores=.83; α alunos =.95) e estabilidade temporal (r professores=.92; r alunos=.80). A validade de constructo foi analisada com a aplicação da versão final a 305 professores, entre os 27 e os 68 anos (M=51.41; DP=7.73) e a 82 alunos, entre os 6 e os 20 anos (M=12.96; DP=3.32). As correlações entre secções são moderadas, mas contribuem significativamente (.74>r<.85) para o total. A análise fatorial exploratória aponta uma solução trifatorial e unifatorial explicando 41.88% e 48% da variância total, para professores e alunos, respetivamente. O questionário apresenta-se como um instrumento fiável para estudar perceções, práticas e culturas inclusivas vivenciadas na escola.
ABSTRACT Current legislative framework in the field of inclusive education requires collection methodologies aligned with the latest paradigms. Thus, this study aims to present the metric qualities (reliabillity and validity) of the Questionnaire on Inclusive Education, in its dual version: teachers and students. Based on the literature review and the consultation of validated instruments, an initial version, assessed by ten experts, was established for content validity (CV) analysis. All items were considered representative, presenting indices (IVC) higher than .90 and moderate agreement (k>.30). In the pre-test, with ten participants (n teachers=5, n students=5), reliability was confirmed at the level of total internal consistency (α teachers =.83; α students =.95) and temporal stability (r teachers=.92; r students=.80). The construct validity was analyzed by applying the final version to 305 teachers, aged 27 to 68 years (M=51.41; SD=7.73) and 82 students, aged 6 to 20 years (M=12.96; SD=3.32). The correlations between sections are moderate but contribute significantly (.74>r<.85) to the total. The exploratory factor analysis indicates a three-factor and a one-factor solution explaining 41.88% and 48% of the total variance, for teachers and students, respectively. The questionnaire is a reliable tool to study perceptions, practices and inclusive cultures experienced at school.
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Exocytosis is a fundamental process in physiology, that ensures communication between cells, organs and even organisms. Hormones, neuropeptides and antibodies, among other cargoes are packed in exocytic vesicles that need to reach and fuse with the plasma membrane to release their content to the extracellular milieu. Hundreds of proteins participate in this process and several others in its regulation. We report here a novel component of the exocytic machinery, the Drosophila transmembrane immunophilin Zonda (Zda), previously found to participate in autophagy. Zda is highly expressed in secretory tissues, and regulates exocytosis in at least three of them: the ring gland, insulin-producing cells and the salivary gland. Using the salivary gland as a model system, we found that Zda is required at final steps of the exocytic process for fusion of secretory granules to the plasma membrane. In a genetic screen we identified the small GTPase RalA as a crucial regulator of secretory granule exocytosis that is required, similarly to Zda, for fusion between the secretory granule and the plasma membrane.