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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is no consensus on a universally accepted threshold to categorize a patient as multitransfused. In 2019, Colombia established the definition of a multitransfused patient as someone who has received six or more blood components, irrespective of the time frame. This study aims to delineate the characteristics, adverse transfusion reactions (ATRs, definitions according to the International Society of Blood Transfusion [ISBT]) and survival rates in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed an analysis from the data of all institutions engaged in blood component transfusions at the national level who notified events to the National Information System of Haemovigilance (SIHEVI-INS), from January 2018 to December 2022. The selection criteria focused on individuals who not only exhibited ATRs but also received six or more blood components. RESULTS: Among the 1,784,428 patients who received 6,637,271 blood components, an average of 3.7 components per patient was noted. Concurrently, 8378 ATRs were reported (12.6 ATRs/10,000 transfused components). Within this cohort, 691 patients met the criteria for multitransfusion. Predominantly women (51.8%), these individuals received between 6 and 14 blood components. Out of the 691 multitransfused individuals who experienced ATR, 541 had an allergic reaction. Conversely, out of the 6479 non-multitransfused individuals who experienced ATR, 3835 had an allergic reaction (odds ratio: 2.49, 95% confidence interval: 2.06-3.0). Notably, 271 multitransfused individuals (39.2%) were documented as deceased, with 76% succumbing within 12 months of encountering their most recent ATR. CONCLUSION: Multitransfused individuals in Colombia, being a high-risk group, exhibit a heightened susceptibility to allergic reactions, surpassing the frequency observed in other transfusion populations. This underscores the necessity for tailored medical care specific to this group.
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Transfusão de Sangue , Reação Transfusional , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação Transfusional/epidemiologia , Taxa de Sobrevida , Adolescente , Idoso , Criança , Adulto Jovem , Pré-Escolar , Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos , Segurança do SangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship of the maternal mortality ratio due to obstetric haemorrhage (MMROH) with the national blood donations, particularly O RhD negative (Oneg) before and during COVID-19 pandemic. BACKGROUND: The maternal mortality ratio is increasing in Colombia, yet little is known regarding the relationship between blood donations and maternal mortality due to obstetric haemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2021, was performed, to assess MMROH compared to the blood donations notified to the Colombian National Haemovigilance System, through non-parametric methods. Because a relationship between blood donations and MMROH was identified, the analysis was expanded from 2009 to 2017. RESULTS: In 2020, Colombia increased the MMROH by 32% compared to 2019 which coincided with the lockdown period to contain COVID-19. An inversed relationship (SumD2 = 631.0; rs = -0.7335; p 0.01) between blood donations, particularly Oneg (SumD2 = 652.0; rs = -0.7912; p 0.002) and MMROH was identified. For the years 2015-2019 and 2021, the annual mean MMROH was 8.5 ± 0.5 per 100 000 live births when the annual mean blood donations was 18.2 ± 0.4 donations per 1000 people and the Oneg was 1.0 ± 0.0 donations per 1000 people. In contrast, the years 2009-2014 and 2020 displayed an annual MMROH of 12.6 ± 0.8, when the annual collection of blood was 16.4 ± 0.8 donations and the Oneg was 0.9 ± 0.0, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: There was an inverse relationship between blood donation, mainly Oneg, and maternal mortality from obstetric haemorrhage. However, we recognise these deaths could be related to other reasons, especially when they occurred in rural areas with limited access to medical services.
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Mortalidade Materna , Pandemias , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Transversais , HemorragiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide and prevalence of 1.75 per 100 inhabitants in Colombia. The aim of this study was to describe the treatment patterns of a group of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD in an outpatient setting from Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD identified in the Audifarma S.A. administrative healthcare database between April 2019 and March 2020 was performed. Sociodemographic, clinical and pharmacological variables were considered and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 14,722 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD were identified, predominantly male (51%), with a mean age of 74.7 years. The most common treatment patterns of type 2 diabetes mellitus included the use of metformin monotherapy (20.5%), followed by the combination of metformin + dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (13.4%). Regarding the use of drugs with nephroprotective properties, the most prescribed treatments were angiotensin receptor blockers (67.2%), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (15.8%), sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) (17.0%) and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs (GLP1a) (5.2%). CONCLUSION: In Colombia, the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD identified in this study were treated with antidiabetic and protective medications to ensure adequate metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal control. The management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and CKD may be improved if the beneficial properties of new groups of antidiabetics (SGLT2i, GLP1a), as well as novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, are considered.
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Collecting and interpreting self-reported outcomes among people with hemophilia A supports the understanding of the burden of the disease and its treatment to improve holistic care. However, in Colombia, this information is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the knowledge, perception and burden of hemophilia A from the patients' perspective. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the context of a hemophilia educational bootcamp held from November 29th to December 1st, 2019, in Medellin, Colombia. The bootcamp was organized by a hemophilia patient association responsible for contacting and inviting patients with hemophilia A (PwHA). Information on patients' health beliefs, treatment experiences, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was obtained through focus groups, individual interviews and the Patient Reported Outcomes, Burdens and Experiences (PROBE) questionnaire. A total of 25 moderate or severe PwHA were enrolled in this study and completed the PROBE questionnaire. Acute pain was the most frequently reported symptom, with 88% of the patients reporting the use of pain medication. Difficulty with activities of daily living was reported by 48%. Furthermore, 52% reported having more than 2 spontaneous bleeding events in the last year. Treatment was administered at home for 72% of patients, with regular prophylaxis as the most common treatment regimen. In terms of overall HRQoL, the median EQ-5D VAS score was 80 (IQR: 50-100). PwHA in Colombia still suffer from disease complications related to bleeding events, pain and disability that affect their HRQoL, which highlights the need to develop patient-centered initiatives to improve the wellness of this population.
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Hemofilia A , Humanos , Hemofilia A/complicações , Qualidade de Vida , Atividades Cotidianas , Estudos Transversais , América Latina , Hemorragia/complicações , Dor/complicações , Medidas de Resultados Relatados pelo PacienteRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The Colombian National Institute of Health administers the National Information System of Haemovigilance (SIHEVI-INS). Today, SIHEVI-INS constitutes a national blood donor and recipient database, which contains a national deferred donor registry (DDR), allowing blood banks to take acceptance or rejection decisions of a potential donor in real time. The study aimed to determine the rate of people who have made more than one whole blood donation monthly in Colombia, violating the national guideline of intervals between donations (three months for men and four for women), since DDR implementation. METHODS: We detected the unique personal identification number of people who, in 30 calendar days, made more than one whole blood donation at any of the 83 blood banks set up in Colombia. There were three comparison periods: 01/01/2018-08/31/2019 (launch of SIHEVI-INS and first national feedback); 09/01/2019-12/31/2020 (second feedback) and 01/01/2021-09/30/2022 (massive incorporation of web services). RESULTS: For the first period, blood banks accepted 18.0 donations per 1000 people. There was a rate of 28.8 people/10,000 donations who had donated whole blood twice within 30 days. In the second period, there were 17.0 donations/1000 people and a rate of 2.1 people/10,000 donations (OR:14.0 CI95 %:12.2-16.0). For the last period, there were 18.2 donations/1000 people and a rate of 0.9 individuals/10,000 donations (OR:31.3 CI95 %:26.6-36.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: DDR reduced by 31 times the acceptance of blood donors who made more than one whole blood donation in the same month. It was necessary to provide periodic feedback and promote web service implementation to reduce this risky behavior.
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Doação de Sangue , Doadores de Sangue , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Sistema de Registros , Bancos de Sangue , ColômbiaRESUMO
Introduction. Drug resistance to azoles is a growing problem in the Candida genus. Objective. To analyze molecularly the genes responsible for fluconazole resistance in Candida tropicalis strains. Materials and methods. Nineteen strains, with and without exposure to fluconazole, were selected for this study. The expression of MDR1, CDR1, ERG11, and ERG3 genes was analyzed in sensitive, dose-dependent sensitive, and resistant strains exposed to different concentrations of the antifungal drug. Results. MDR1, ERG11 and ERG3 genes were significantly overexpressed in the different sensitivity groups. CDR1 gene expression was not statistically significant among the studied groups. Seven of the eight fluconazole-resistant strains showed overexpression of one or more of the analyzed genes. In some dose-dependent sensitive strains, we found overexpression of CDR1, ERG11, and ERG3. Conclusion. The frequency of overexpression of ERG11 and ERG3 genes indicates that they are related to resistance. However, the finding of dose-dependent resistant/sensitive strains without overexpression of these genes suggests that they are not exclusive to this phenomenon. More basic research is needed to study other potentially involved genes in the resistance mechanism to fluconazole.
Introducción. La farmacorresistencia a los azoles es un problema creciente en el género Candida. Objetivo. Analizar molecularmente los genes responsables de la resistencia a fluconazol en cepas de Candida tropicalis. Materiales y métodos. Para este estudio, se seleccionaron 19 cepas, con exposición a fluconazol y sin ella. Se analizó la expresión de los genes MDR1, CDR1, ERG11 y ERG3 en cepas sensibles, sensibles dependiente de la dosis, y resistentes, previamente expuestas a diferentes concentraciones del fármaco antifúngico. Resultados. Se encontró que los genes MDR1, ERG11 y ERG3 estaban significativamente sobreexpresados en los diferentes grupos de sensibilidad. La expresión del gen CDR1 no fue estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos estudiados. Siete de las ocho cepas resistentes a fluconazol mostraron sobreexpresión de uno o más de los genes analizados. En algunas cepas sensibles dependientes de la dosis, se encontró sobreexpresión de CDR1, ERG11 y ERG3. Conclusión. La sobreexpresión de los genes ERG11 y ERG3 indica que están relacionados con la resistencia de las cepas de Candida. Sin embargo, el hallazgo de cepas resistentes o sensibles según la dosis, sin sobreexpresión de estos genes, sugiere que pueden existir otros genes involucrados en este fenómeno. Se necesitan más investigaciones básicas que contribuyan al estudio de otros genes potencialmente involucrados en el mecanismo de resistencia al fluconazol.
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Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Candida tropicalis , FluconazolRESUMO
Resumen El síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers es una enfermedad hereditaria, autosómica dominante, caracterizada por la presencia de múltiples pólipos gastrointestinales de tipo hamartomatoso y se asocia con hiperpigmentación mucocutánea. A continuación, se reporta un caso de un paciente de 25 años con historia de hemicolectomía derecha por una intususcepción ileocolónica secundaria a un pólipo gigante en el íleon terminal. Se trata de un paciente que consultó por rectorragia, con evidencia en el examen físico de lesiones hipercromáticas color café oscuro en la mucosa yugal. Se realizó una colonoscopia total, en la que se observaron múltiples pólipos. Se practicó una mucosectomía endoscópica a algunos de ellos, histopatológicamente compatibles con pólipos hamartomatosos.
Abstract Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease characterized by multiple hamartomatous-type gastrointestinal polyps associated with mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation. A case of a 25-year-old male patient with a history of right hemicolectomy due to ileocolonic intussusception secondary to a giant polyp in the terminal ileum is reported. This patient consulted for rectal bleeding, with evidence on physical examination of dark brown hyperchromatic lesions on the buccal mucosa. A total colonoscopy was performed, noting multiple polyps. Endoscopic mucosectomy was conducted on some of them, being histopathologically compatible with hamartomatous polyps.
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RESUMEN Raoultella Planticola es una bacteria que se ha descrito recientemente en la literatura como patógeno emergente de infecciones urinarias, abdominales y pulmonares. A continuación, se presenta el caso de un paciente de 63 años con antecedente de sobrepeso y dislipidemia hospitalizado en contexto de neumonía por SARS CoV2 quien presenta sobreinfección por R. Planticola y E. Aerogenes. Recibió manejo con Cefepime por 7 días con adecuada evolución clínica.
ABSTRACT Raoultella planticola is a bacterium that has been recently described in the literature as an emerging pathogen that causes urinary, abdominal, and lung infections. We present the case of a 63-year-old overweight and with dyslipidemia that was hospitalized because of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. He developed R. planticola and E. aerogenes superinfections. He was treated with cefepime for seven days, and he recovered uneventfully.
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Introduction. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is a rare inherited calcium metabolism disorder in which an alteration of the parathyroid hormone secretion set-point causes hypercalcemia with relative hypocalciuria. Some data suggest that its prevalence is around 74.1 per 100,000 inhabitants. Often, patients are asymptomatic. However, they can develop mild symptoms and an overactive parathyroid adenoma, its main differential diagnosis. The objective was to describe a patient's case and highlight the importance of clinical suspicion and diagnosis to avoid unnecessary surgical neck explorations for parathyroid adenomas. Case report. This is the case of a 40-year-old man with a biochemical profile compatible with primary hyperparathyroidism with anatomical and functional images negative for adenoma and a calcium/creatinine clearance ratio below 0.001, considering familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Genetic studies evidence a mutation in the calcium sensor receptor gene and confirm the diagnosis. Discussion. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia's main differential diagnosis is an overactive parathyroid adenoma. For both, mild or no symptoms may be present; serum calcium exceeds the upper limit, and parathormone is more than 25pg/ml. The calcium/creatinine clearance ratio should be used to differentiate one from the other and avoid unnecessary surgical neck explorations. Besides the lack of information on this topic, evidence supports the use of calcimimetics to treat symptomatic hypercalcemia. Conclusions. Patients with mild hypercalcemia with parathyroid hormone readings above 25pg/ml and a calcium/creatinine clearance ratio below 0.001, or patients with primary hyperparathyroidism with negative imaging, should not undergo surgical neck explorations. In these cases, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia is a reliable diagnosis; Cinacalcet may be administered in cases of symptomatic hypercalcemia.
Introducción. La hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar es un trastorno hereditario poco común del metabolismo del calcio en donde una alteración del punto de ajuste de la secreción de hormona paratiroidea ocasiona hipercalcemia con hipocalciuria relativa. Algunos datos sugieren que su prevalencia es de alrededor de 74.1 por 100,000 habitantes. Los pacientes muchas veces son asintomáticos. Sin embargo, pueden desarrollar síntomas leves y un adenoma paratiroideo hiperactivo, que representa su principal diagnóstico diferencial. El objetivo fue describir el caso de un paciente y resaltar la importancia de la sospecha y el diagnóstico clínico para evitar exploraciones quirúrgicas cervicales innecesarias en búsqueda de adenomas paratiroideos. Reporte de caso. Este es el caso de un hombre de 40 años con un perfil bioquímico compatible con hiperparatiroidismo primario, con imágenes anatómicas y funcionales negativas para adenoma, además de una relación de depuración de calcio/creatinina menor a 0.001, con consideración de hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar. Los estudios genéticos evidencian una mutación en el gen del receptor sensor del calcio y confirman el diagnóstico. Discusión. El principal diagnóstico diferencial de la hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar es un adenoma paratiroideo hiperactivo. En ambos casos, es posible que no haya síntomas o que estos sean leves; el calcio sérico excede al límite superior, y la paratohormona es mayor de 25pg/ml. Se debe usar la relación de depuración de calcio/creatinina para diferenciar entre estas patologías y evitar exploraciones quirúrgicas cervicales innecesarias. Aparte de la falta de información sobre este tema, la evidencia apoya el uso de calciomiméticos para tratar la hipercalcemia sintomática. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con hipercalcemia leve, con valores de hormona paratiroidea mayores de 25pg/ml y con una relación de depuración de calcio/creatinina menor de 0.001, o los pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo primario con imágenes negativas, no deben ser sometidos a exploraciones quirúrgicas cervicales. En estos casos, la hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar representa un diagnóstico confiable; se puede administrar Cinacalcet en casos de hipercalcemia sintomática.
Introdução. A hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar é um distúrbio hereditário raro do metabolismo do cálcio, no qual uma alteração no ponto de ajuste da secreção do hormônio da paratireóide causa hipercalcemia com hipocalciúria relativa. Alguns dados sugerem que sua prevalência gira em torno de 74.1 por 100,000 habitantes. Os pacientes geralmente são assintomáticos. No entanto, eles podem desenvolver sintomas leves e um adenoma de paratireoide hiperativo, que representa seu principal diagnóstico diferencial. O objetivo foi descrever o caso de um paciente e destacar a importância da suspeita clínica e do diagnóstico para evitar exploração cirúrgica cervical desnecessária em busca de adenomas de paratireoide. Relato de caso. É o caso de um homem de 40 anos com perfil bioquímico compatível com hiperparatireoidismo primário, com imagens anatômicas e funcionais negativas para adenoma, além de relação depuração de cálcio/creatinina menor que 0.001, considerando hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar. Estudos genéticos revelam uma mutação no gene receptor da sensibilidade ao cálcio e confirmam o diagnóstico. Discussão. O principal diagnóstico diferencial da hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar é um adenoma de paratireoide hiperativo. Em ambos os casos, os sintomas podem estar ausentes ou leves; o cálcio sérico excede o limite superior e o hormônio da paratireóide é superior a 25pg/ml. A relação depuração de cálcio/creatinina deve ser usada para diferenciar entre essas patologias e evitar exploração cirúrgica cervical desnecessária. Além da falta de informações sobre esta questão, as evidências apoiam o uso de calcimiméticos para tratar a hipercalcemia sintomática. Conclusões. Pacientes com hipercalcemia leve, com valores de hormônio da paratireóide maiores que 25pg/ml e uma relação de depuração de cálcio/creatinina menor que 0.001, ou pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo primário com imagens negativas, não devem ser submetidos a exploração cirúrgica cervical. Nesses casos, a hipercalcemia hipocalciúrica familiar representa um diagnóstico confiável; Cinacalcet pode ser administrado em casos de hipercalcemia sintomática.
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Hipercalcemia , Relatos de Casos , Hiperparatireoidismo Primário , Cinacalcete , GenéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to establish the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood collection and blood product usage at the end of the first year. BACKGROUND: The arrival of SARS-CoV-2 to Colombia on March 6, 2020, triggered closure of borders and mandatory lockdown from March 23, 2020. METHODS/MATERIALS: The Colombian National Institute of Health administers the National database of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 and the National Haemovigilance System. We examined positive SARS-CoV-2 cases identified between March 6, 2020, and March 6, 2021, using positive RT-PCR testing (72.8%) or reactive antigen (27.2%). We also analysed accepted and deferred donors' information provided by 100% of blood banks and transfused patients notified by 83% of health care facilities nationwide, between March 1, 2019, to February 28, 2021. RESULTS: Colombia registered 2 273 245 SARS-CoV-2 cases. From these, 60 412 people died from COVID-19 (2.7%) and 2 172 418 individuals recovered (95.6%). There were 11 659 216 SARS-CoV-2 processed samples nationwide. People between the ages of 20 and 39 years concentrated 44.4% of the SARS-CoV-2 cases. There were 773 569 blood donations, mainly from a 20-39-year-old population (60.5%). The pandemic caused a reduction of 155 393 blood donations (16.7%) and 51 823 total deferrals (33.7%). An 18.4% drop in volunteer donors and a 37.3% increase in donations from family/replacements members were observed. There were 399 453 transfused patients and 1 179 895 blood components administered (-8.7% and - 13.9% compared to March 2019-February 2020). CONCLUSION: Mandatory lockdowns in Colombia decreased blood collection and usage, resulting in a reduction of blood components transfused to individual patients.
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Bancos de Sangue , Segurança do Sangue , COVID-19 , Adulto , Bancos de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Doadores de Sangue , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Humanos , Pandemias , Adulto JovemRESUMO
[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. To estimate adult (15–49 years old) prevalence and incidence of active syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, and incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) and adverse birth outcomes (ABOs) in Colombia, over 1995–2016. Methods. The Spectrum-STI epidemiological model tool estimated gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalences as moving averages across prevalences observed in representative general population surveys. For adult syphilis, Spectrum-STI applied segmented polynomial regression through prevalence data from antenatal care (ANC) surveys, routine ANC-based screening, and general population surveys. CS cases and ABOs were estimated from Spectrum’s maternal syphilis estimates and proportions of women screened and treated for syphilis, applying World Health Organization case definitions and risk probabilities. Results. The Spectrum model estimated prevalences in 2016 of 0.70% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15%-1.9%) in women and 0.60% (0.1%-1.9%) in men for gonorrhea and of 9.2% (4.4%-15.4%) in women and 7.4% (3.5%-14.7%) in men for chlamydia, without evidence for trends over 1995–2016. The prevalence of active syphilis in 2016 was 1.25% (1.22–1.29%) in women and 1.25% (1.1%-1.4%) in men, decreasing from 2.6% (2.1%-3.2%) in women in 1995. Corresponding CS cases in 2016 (including cases without clinical symptoms) totaled 3 851, of which 2 245 were ABOs. Annual CS and ABO estimates decreased over 2008–2016, reflecting decreasing maternal prevalence and increasing cases averted through ANC-based screening and treatment. Conclusions. The available surveillance and monitoring data synthesized in Spectrum-STI—and the resulting first-ever national STI estimates for Colombia—highlighted Colombia’s persistently high STI burden. Adult syphilis and congenital syphilis are estimated to be falling, reflecting improving screening efforts. Strengthened surveillance, including with periodic screening in low-risk populations and future refined Spectrum estimations, should support planning and implementation of STI prevention and control, including CS elimination.
[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia e incidencia en los adultos (de 15 a 49 años de edad) de sífilis activa, gonorrea y clamidiasis, así como la incidencia de sífilis congénita y resultados adversos del embarazo en Colombia durante el período de 1995 al 2016. Métodos. Usando las herramientas del modelo epidemiológico Spectrum-STI se estimó la prevalencia de gonorrea y clamidiasis como promedios móviles entre las distintas prevalencias observadas en encuestas representativas de la población general. En cuanto a la sífilis en los adultos, Spectrum-STI aplicó la regresión polinomial segmentada a los datos sobre prevalencia recopilados en encuestas de atención prenatal, el tamizaje sistemático en la atención prenatal y encuestas a la población general. Los casos de sífilis congénita y de resultados adversos del embarazo se estimaron a partir de las cifras de Spectrum sobre sífilis materna y proporciones de mujeres examinadas y tratadas por sífilis, aplicando las definiciones de casos y probabilidades de riesgo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados. El modelo Spectrum estimó que en el 2016 la prevalencia de la gonorrea fue de 0,70% (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC]: 0,15%-1,9%) en las mujeres y de 0,60% (0,1%-1,9%) en los hombres, y que la prevalencia de la clamidiasis fue de 9,2% (4,4%-15,4%) en las mujeres y de 7,4% (3,5%-14,7%) en los hombres, sin datos científicos acerca de las tendencias durante el período 1995-2016. La prevalencia de la sífilis activa en el 2016 fue de 1,25% (1,22-1,29%) en las mujeres y de 1,25% (1,1%-1,4%) en los hombres, con una reducción de 2,6% (2,1%-3,2%) en las mujeres con respecto a 1995. Los casos correspondientes de sífilis congénita en el 2016 (incluidos los asintomáticos) sumaron en total 3 851, de los cuales 2 245 fueron resultados adversos del embarazo. Las cifras anuales estimadas de sífilis congénita y resultados adversos del embarazo disminuyeron entre el 2008 y el 2016, lo que reflejó un descenso en la prevalencia materna y un aumento de casos evitados mediante el tamizaje y el tratamiento durante la atención prenatal. Conclusiones. Los datos disponibles sobre vigilancia y seguimiento sintetizados en Spectrum‑STI, así como los consiguientes estimados nacionales de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) hechos por primera vez en Colombia, pusieron de relieve la carga de morbilidad por ITS persistentemente alta en ese país. Se estima que la sífilis en los adultos y la sífilis congénita van en descenso, lo que refleja mejoras en las actividades de tamizaje. Un fortalecimiento de la vigilancia, incluso con tamizaje periódico en las poblaciones de bajo riesgo, y estimaciones más refinadas con Spectrum en el futuro deberían brindar apoyo a la planificación y la ejecución de medidas para la prevención y el control de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, incluida la eliminación de la sífilis congénita.
[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Estimar a incidência e a prevalência na população adulta (com idade de 15–49 anos) de sífilis ativa, gonorreia e clamídia e a incidência de sífilis congênita (SC) e desfechos adversos congênitos na Colômbia no período de 1995 a 2016. Métodos. O modelo epidemiológico Spectrum-STI foi o instrumento usado para estimar a prevalência de gonorreia e clamídia como médias móveis nas prevalências observadas em pesquisas representativas da população geral. A sífilis em adultos foi estimada com a regressão polinomial segmentada aplicada ao modelo Spectrum-STI com dados de prevalência obtidos de pesquisas da atenção pré-natal, exames pré-natais de rotina de detecção precoce e pesquisas da população geral. Casos de SC e desfechos adversos congênitos foram estimados a partir das estimativas de sífilis materna do modelo Spectrum e percentuais de mulheres que fizeram testes de detecção e foram tratadas para sífilis, segundo as definições de casos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e probabilidades de risco. Resultados. O modelo Spectrum estimou, para 2016, uma prevalência de gonorreia de 0,70% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 0,15%–1,9%) no sexo feminino e 0,60% (0,1%–1,9%) no sexo masculino e uma prevalência de clamídia de 9,2% (4,4%–15,4%) no sexo feminino e 7,4% (3,5%–14.7%) no sexo masculino, sem evidência de tendências no período 1995–2016. A prevalência de sífilis ativa em 2016 foi de 1,25% (1,22–1,29%) no sexo feminino e 1,25% (1,1%–1,4%) no sexo masculino, demonstrando um declínio da prevalência de 2,6% (2,1%–3,2%) observada em 1995 para o sexo feminino. Houve, ao todo, 3.851 casos correspondentes de SC em 2016 (incluindo casos assintomáticos), dos quais 2.245 foram desfechos adversos congênitos. Observou-se uma redução nas estimativas anuais de SC e desfechos adversos congênitos em 2008–2016, refletindo a diminuição da prevalência materna e o número crescente de casos evitados com exames pré-natais de detecção e tratamento. Conclusões. Os dados disponíveis de vigilância e monitoramento condensados no modelo Spectrum-STI, e as resultantes estimativas nacionais de infeções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) obtidas pela primeira vez na Colômbia, evidenciam a alta carga persistente de IST no país. Estima-se que a ocorrência de sífilis do adulto e sífilis congénita esteja diminuindo em decorrência da melhoria nos esforços de detecção precoce. A vigilância reforçada, consistindo também de exames periódicos de detecção precoce nas populações de baixo risco e estimavas futuras aprimoradas do instrumento Spectrum, deve sustentar o planejamento e a implementação de controle e prevenção de IST e a eliminação da SC.
Assuntos
Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Sífilis , Gonorreia , Chlamydia , Vigilância em Desastres , Colômbia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Sífilis , Gonorreia , Vigilância em Desastres , Gonorreia , Vigilância em Desastres , Colômbia , Infecções Sexualmente TransmissíveisRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To estimate adult (15-49 years old) prevalence and incidence of active syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, and incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) and adverse birth outcomes (ABOs) in Colombia, over 1995-2016. METHODS: The Spectrum-STI epidemiological model tool estimated gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalences as moving averages across prevalences observed in representative general population surveys. For adult syphilis, Spectrum-STI applied segmented polynomial regression through prevalence data from antenatal care (ANC) surveys, routine ANC-based screening, and general population surveys. CS cases and ABOs were estimated from Spectrum's maternal syphilis estimates and proportions of women screened and treated for syphilis, applying World Health Organization case definitions and risk probabilities. RESULTS: The Spectrum model estimated prevalences in 2016 of 0.70% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15%-1.9%) in women and 0.60% (0.1%-1.9%) in men for gonorrhea and of 9.2% (4.4%-15.4%) in women and 7.4% (3.5%-14.7%) in men for chlamydia, without evidence for trends over 1995-2016. The prevalence of active syphilis in 2016 was 1.25% (1.22-1.29%) in women and 1.25% (1.1%-1.4%) in men, decreasing from 2.6% (2.1%-3.2%) in women in 1995. Corresponding CS cases in 2016 (including cases without clinical symptoms) totaled 3 851, of which 2 245 were ABOs. Annual CS and ABO estimates decreased over 2008-2016, reflecting decreasing maternal prevalence and increasing cases averted through ANC-based screening and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The available surveillance and monitoring data synthesized in Spectrum-STI- and the resulting first-ever national STI estimates for Colombia-highlighted Colombia's persistently high STI burden. Adult syphilis and congenital syphilis are estimated to be falling, reflecting improving screening efforts. Strengthened surveillance, including with periodic screening in low-risk populations and future refined Spectrum estimations, should support planning and implementation of STI prevention and control, including CS elimination.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives To estimate adult (15-49 years old) prevalence and incidence of active syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, and incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) and adverse birth outcomes (ABOs) in Colombia, over 1995-2016. Methods The Spectrum-STI epidemiological model tool estimated gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalences as moving averages across prevalences observed in representative general population surveys. For adult syphilis, Spectrum-STI applied segmented polynomial regression through prevalence data from antenatal care (ANC) surveys, routine ANC-based screening, and general population surveys. CS cases and ABOs were estimated from Spectrum's maternal syphilis estimates and proportions of women screened and treated for syphilis, applying World Health Organization case definitions and risk probabilities. Results The Spectrum model estimated prevalences in 2016 of 0.70% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15%-1.9%) in women and 0.60% (0.1%-1.9%) in men for gonorrhea and of 9.2% (4.4%-15.4%) in women and 7.4% (3.5%-14.7%) in men for chlamydia, without evidence for trends over 1995-2016. The prevalence of active syphilis in 2016 was 1.25% (1.22-1.29%) in women and 1.25% (1.1%-1.4%) in men, decreasing from 2.6% (2.1%-3.2%) in women in 1995. Corresponding CS cases in 2016 (including cases without clinical symptoms) totaled 3 851, of which 2 245 were ABOs. Annual CS and ABO estimates decreased over 2008-2016, reflecting decreasing maternal prevalence and increasing cases averted through ANC-based screening and treatment. Conclusions The available surveillance and monitoring data synthesized in Spectrum-STI— and the resulting first-ever national STI estimates for Colombia—highlighted Colombia's persistently high STI burden. Adult syphilis and congenital syphilis are estimated to be falling, reflecting improving screening efforts. Strengthened surveillance, including with periodic screening in low-risk populations and future refined Spectrum estimations, should support planning and implementation of STI prevention and control, including CS elimination.
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RESUMO Objetivos Estimar a incidência e a prevalência na população adulta (com idade de 15-49 anos) de sífilis ativa, gonorreia e clamídia e a incidência de sífilis congênita (SC) e desfechos adversos congênitos na Colômbia no período de 1995 a 2016. Métodos O modelo epidemiológico Spectrum-STI foi o instrumento usado para estimar a prevalência de gonorreia e clamídia como médias móveis nas prevalências observadas em pesquisas representativas da população geral. A sífilis em adultos foi estimada com a regressão polinomial segmentada aplicada ao modelo Spectrum-STI com dados de prevalência obtidos de pesquisas da atenção pré-natal, exames pré-natais de rotina de detecção precoce e pesquisas da população geral. Casos de SC e desfechos adversos congênitos foram estimados a partir das estimativas de sífilis materna do modelo Spectrum e percentuais de mulheres que fizeram testes de detecção e foram tratadas para sífilis, segundo as definições de casos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e probabilidades de risco. Resultados O modelo Spectrum estimou, para 2016, uma prevalência de gonorreia de 0,70% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 0,15%-1,9%) no sexo feminino e 0,60% (0,1%-1,9%) no sexo masculino e uma prevalência de clamídia de 9,2% (4,4%-15,4%) no sexo feminino e 7,4% (3,5%-14.7%) no sexo masculino, sem evidência de tendências no período 1995-2016. A prevalência de sífilis ativa em 2016 foi de 1,25% (1,22-1,29%) no sexo feminino e 1,25% (1,1%-1,4%) no sexo masculino, demonstrando um declínio da prevalência de 2,6% (2,1%-3,2%) observada em 1995 para o sexo feminino. Houve, ao todo, 3.851 casos correspondentes de SC em 2016 (incluindo casos assintomáticos), dos quais 2.245 foram desfechos adversos congênitos. Observou-se uma redução nas estimativas anuais de SC e desfechos adversos congênitos em 2008-2016, refletindo a diminuição da prevalência materna e o número crescente de casos evitados com exames pré-natais de detecção e tratamento. Conclusões Os dados disponíveis de vigilância e monitoramento condensados no modelo Spectrum-STI, e as resultantes estimativas nacionais de infeções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) obtidas pela primeira vez na Colômbia, evidenciam a alta carga persistente de IST no país. Estima-se que a ocorrência de sífilis do adulto e sífilis congênita esteja diminuindo em decorrência da melhoria nos esforços de detecção precoce. A vigilância reforçada, consistindo também de exames periódicos de detecção precoce nas populações de baixo risco e estimavas futuras aprimoradas do instrumento Spectrum, deve sustentar o planejamento e a implementação de controle e prevenção de IST e a eliminação da SC.
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Gonorreia , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Vigilância em DesastresRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) 1 and 2 cause various clinical disorders associated with degenerative diseases. Blood transfusion is a primary mechanism of transmission that is associated with the use of cellular components such as red blood cells. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of HTLV 1 and 2 in blood donors in Colombia from 2001-2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using screening, reactivity and positivity for HTLV 1 and 2 data collected from 2001 to 2014 by Colombian blood banks and consolidated by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Using this information, transfusion-associated infectivity was also estimated. RESULTS: From 2001 to 2014, 60.2% of blood collected in Colombia was screened for HTLV 1 and 2 and had a cumulative reactivity of 0.30%. This was 20 times higher in Chocó (6.28%), where blood collection ended in 2004. Blood screening for HTLV reached 94.9% in 2014 with a positive concordance of 14.7%, and an estimated 406 unscreened, potentially infectious blood units were released. The majority of the unscreened blood units (215 units, 53%) came from Antioquia, a non-endemic department. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HTLV 1 and 2 infections are distributed in different areas of the country that were not previously classified as endemic. These findings support the importance of the universal screening of blood units to minimize the risk of infection through transfusion for this event.
Assuntos
Doadores de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Transfusão de Sangue , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/imunologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/química , Humanos , Prevalência , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Introducción. El virus linfotrópico de células T humanas (HTLV) de tipos 1 y 2 ocasiona trastornos clínicos asociados a enfermedades degenerativas y proliferativas. Entre sus principales mecanismos de transmisión está la transfusión, asociada principalmente al uso de componentes celulares como los glóbulos rojos. Objetivo. Describir la epidemiología del HTLV 1 y 2 en donantes de sangre en Colombia, entre 2001 y 2014. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo y retrospectivo de la información enviada por la Red de Bancos de Sangre al Instituto Nacional de Salud sobre tamización, unidades reactivas y positividad para el HTLV 1 y 2 y sobre la estimación de riesgo de infección por la transfusión. Resultados. Entre 2001 y 2014 se hizo en Colombia la tamización para la detección de anticuerpos de HTLV 1 y 2 de 60,2 % de la sangre captada, con una tasa acumulada de unidades reactivas de 0,3 %. Dicha tasa fue 20 veces superior en el departamento de Chocó (6,28 %), pese a que allí no se capta sangre desde el 2004. En el 2014, la tamización llegó a 94,9 %, con una positividad de 14,7 %. Con estos datos se pudo estimar que se transfundieron 406 unidades de glóbulos rojos potencialmente infecciosos, lo cual entrañaría una transmisión eficaz del virus a estos individuos. Pese a que no se le considera un departamento endémico, en Antioquia se registró la mayor proporción de pruebas positivas, con 215 unidades (53 %). Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la infección por HTLV 1 y 2 se distribuye en varias zonas del país que no eran catalogadas como endémicas. Se ratificó la importancia de la tamización universal de las unidades de sangre captadas, para minimizar el riesgo de infección con este agente por la vía de la transfusión.
Introduction: The human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) 1 and 2 cause various clinical disorders associated with degenerative diseases. Blood transfusion is a primary mechanism of transmission that is associated with the use of cellular components such as red blood cells. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of HTLV 1 and 2 in blood donors in Colombia from 2001-2014. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using screening, reactivity and positivity for HTLV 1 and 2 data collected from 2001 to 2014 by Colombian blood banks and consolidated by the Instituto Nacional de Salud . Using this information, transfusion-associated infectivity was also estimated. Results: From 2001 to 2014, 60.2% of blood collected in Colombia was screened for HTLV 1 and 2 and had a cumulative reactivity of 0.30%. This was 20 times higher in Chocó (6.28%), where blood collection ended in 2004. Blood screening for HTLV reached 94.9% in 2014 with a positive concordance of 14.7%, and an estimated 406 unscreened, potentially infectious blood units were released. The majority of the unscreened blood units (215 units, 53%) came from Antioquia, a non-endemic department. Conclusion: These results suggest that HTLV 1 and 2 infections are distributed in different areas of the country that were not previously classified as endemic. These findings support the importance of the universal screening of blood units to minimize the risk of infection through transfusion for this event.
Assuntos
Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Bancos de Sangue , Doadores de Sangue , Transfusão de Sangue , Colômbia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Antecedentes: A partir de la teoría de sistemas dinámicos se desarrolló una metodología que permite diferenciar dinámicas cardíacas normales, en distintos niveles de enfermedad y en evolución entre estos estados. Esto se hizo cuantificando en el espacio de fases, mediante la entropía y sus proporciones, la probabilidad de parejas ordenadas de frecuencias cardiacas. Objetivo: Aplicar clínicamente la metodología desarrollada a 400 dinámicas cardíacas para establecer su efectividad comparándola con el diagnóstico clínico convencional. Método: Se tomaron Holters de 400 individuos; 50 diagnosticados como normales y 350 con diferentes patologías. Para cada uno se construyó un atractor en el mapa de retardo y se evaluó, mediante la entropía y sus proporciones, la probabilidad de ocupación de pares ordenados de frecuencias cardíacas durante 18 horas. Se compararon las medidas obtenidas con los valores de normalidad y enfermedad establecidos previamente para obtener el diagnóstico de cada Holter. Las conclusiones del Holter y los antecedentes clínicos sólo fueron desenmascarados luego de haber aplicado la metodología físico-matemática para calcular sensibilidad, especificidad y coeficiente Kappa respecto al Gold-Estándar. Resultados: con las proporciones de la entropía de los atractores se diferenciaron dinámicas cardíacas agudas, crónicas, normales, y evolución normalidad-enfermedad. Se confirmó la aplicabilidad clínica de la metodología predictiva desarrollada para el Holter, que mostró una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100%. La concordancia entre el Gold-Estándar y el diagnóstico físicomatemático fue 1. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la metodología permitió establecer cuantitativamente estados de normalidad y enfermedad de la dinámica cardíaca, evidenciando una auto-organización del atractor dinámico geométrico que constituye un método de ayuda diagnóstica aplicable a la clínica.
Based on dynamic systems theory, a methodology that allows to differentiate normal cardiac dynamics, different levels of abnormality and evolution between these states, was developed. This was done by quantifying the probability of ordered pairs of heart rates in the phase space, through entropy and its proportions. To apply in a clinical setting the developed methodology to 400 cardiac dynamics in order to establish its effectiveness by comparing it with the conventional diagnosis. Holters from 400 individuals were tested for a minimum of 18 hours; 50 with normal diagnosis and 350 with different pathologies. An attractor was built for each one of them in the delay map, and the occupation probability of ordered pairs of heart rates was evaluated through entropy and its proportions. Afterwards, results were compared with values of normality and disease previously established to obtain the diagnosis for each Holter. The findings of Holter and medical history were only revealed after applying the physical-mathematical methodology, in order to calculate sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient regarding to the Gold-Standard. With the entropy proportions of the attractors, acute cardiac dynamics were differentiated from chronic and normal ones, as well as the evolution between normality and disease. A clinical application of the predictive methodology for Holter was developed. Sensitivity and specificity were both 100% and the correlation between the Gold-Standard and the physical-mathematical diagnosis was 1. The application of the methodology allowed establishing quantitatively states of normality and disease of the cardiac dynamic, showing a self-organization of the geometrical dynamic attractor.
Antecedentes: A partir da teoria de sistemas dinâmicos se desarrolho uma metodologia que permite diferenciar dinâmicas cardíacas normais, em distintos niveles de doença e na evolução entre estes estados, o qual foi realizado quantificando no espaço de fases a probabilidade de pares ordenados de frequências cardíacas, através da entropia e as suas proporções. Objetivo: Aplicar clinicamente a metodologia desenvolvida a 400 dinâmicas cardíacas para estabelecer sua eficácia comparada com o diagnóstico clínico convencional. Método: Se tiraram Holters de 400 pessoas, 50 deles foram diagnosticados como normais e 350 têm diferentes patologias. Um atractor no mapa de retardos foi construído para cada um deles e, através da entropia e as suas proporções, a probabilidades de ocupação de pares ordenados de frequências cardíacas durante 18 horas foi avaliada. Além disso, as medidas obtidas foram comparadas com os valores de normalidade e doenças estabelecidas previamente para obter o diagnostico de cada Holter. As conclusões do Holter e os antecedentes clínicos somente foram descobertos logo de aplicar a metodologia físico-matemática para calcular a sensibilidade, especificidade y coeficiente Kappa acerca do Padrão-Ouro (Gold-Standard). Resultados: As dinâmicas cardíacas agudas, crônicas, normais y a evolução da normalidade e as doenças foram diferenciadas pelas proporções da entropia dos atractores. Confirmou-se a aplicabilidade clínica da metodologia preditiva desenvolvida para o Holter, a qual demonstrou uma sensibilidade e especificidade de 100%. O acordo entre o Padrão-Ouro (Gold-Standard) e o diagnóstico físico-matemático foi 1. Conclusões: A aplicabilidade da metodologia permitiu estabelecer quantitativamente estado de normalidade e doenças da dinâmica cardíaca, mostrando uma auto-organização do atrator dinâmico geométrico que constitui um método de ajuda diagnostica aplicável à clínica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Dinâmica não Linear , Frequência CardíacaRESUMO
Objetivo Determinar los perfiles serológicos para el virus de hepatitis B, en donantes de sangre anti-HBc reactivo y antígeno de superficie no reactivo, provenientes de cuatro ciudades del país Métodos Se realizó un estudio prospectivo transversal, durante un período de 17 meses, aplicando el perfil serológico completo de la hepatitis B, en muestras de donantes con anti-HBc reactivo y antígeno de superficie de hepatitis B no reactivo. Los resultados fueron analizados utilizando Microsoft® Excel y Epiinfo V 3.5.1. Resultados Se encontró que el 75 % de los donantes reactivos para anti-HBc en los bancos de sangre, presentaban algún marcador adicional de exposición para el VHB; el 1,3 % de los donantes presentaban marcadores serológicos de infección crónica por hepatitis B y un caso que resultó reactivo solamente para antígeno de superficie de hepatitis B. Se halló perfil de vacunación en el 6,1 % de donantes, que fueron reactivos solamente para anticuerpo contra antígeno de superficie.Conclusiones. Se ratifica la importancia de la tamización de anti-HBc, a los donantes de sangre...(AU)
To assess the serological profiles for HBV in blood donors that were anti-HBc reactive and non-reactive to HBsAg in four Colombian cities. Materials and Methods A prospective transversal study was conducted during 17 months, applying a complete serological profile for HBV in samples from blood donors that were anti-HBc reactive and non-reactive to HBsAg, results were analyzed employing descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel and Epiinfo V. 3.5.1. Results From donors reactive to anti-HBc, 75.0 % shown some additional infection marker for HBV. 1.3 % of blood donors had serological markers for chronical infection with hepatitis B, and a case had reactivity only for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 6.1 % of donors showed a vaccination serological profile, only with reactivity to anti-HBsAg antibodies. Conclusions With this study, anti-HBc blood screening importance was confirmed...(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Bancos de Sangue/métodos , Doadores de Sangue , Transfusão de Sangue/métodos , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Imunoensaio/métodos , Estudos Transversais/instrumentação , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Introducción: la estructura cardiaca es por naturaleza, irregular, su adecuada caracterización se hace mediante la aplicación de la geometría fractal. Desde esta geometría se desarrolló un diagnóstico objetivo del ventriculograma izquierdo. Objetivo: desarrollar una generalización teórica de la dinámica ventricular izquierda en los estados de normalidad y enfermedad leve, a partir del diagnóstico matemático objetivo y reproducible desarrollado previamente. Se calcularon todas las posibles estructuras ventriculares durante la dinámica cardiaca a partir de los grados de similitud para casos que evolucionan entre normales y leves en busca de los prototipos matemáticos ventriculares de normalidad y enfermedad leve. Resultados: se estableció que la totalidad de posibles prototipos de la estructura ventricular para normalidad y enfermedad leve son 1345; 551 corresponden a normalidad y 794 a enfermedad leve. Al comparar los grados de similitud de ventrículos previamente medidos, con los prototipos obtenidos, se encontró que sus medidas estaban incluidas en la generalización. Conclusión: se desarrolló una nueva metodología de aplicación clínica reproducible y de ayuda diagnóstica objetiva, independiente de clasificaciones clínicas, con base en la generalización geométrica de la dinámica ventricular. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 131-136).
Introduction: Cardiac structure is irregular by nature; its proper characterization is done by application of fractal geometry. From this geometry an objective diagnosis of left ventriculogram was developed. Objective: to develop a theoretical generalization of left ventricular dynamics in states of normality and mild disease, from the objective and reproducible previously developed mathematical diagnosis. All possible ventricular structures were calculated during cardiac dynamics from the degrees of similarity for cases that evolve between normal and mild in search of mathematical prototypes of normality and mild disease. Results: It was established that all of the possible prototypes for normal ventricular structure and mild disease are 1345; 551 correspond to normality and 794 to mild disease. Comparing the degree of similarity of previously measured ventricles, with the obtained prototypes, it was found that its measures were included in the generalization. Conclusion: a new methodology for clinical application reproducible and of objective diagnostic aid independently of clinical classifications, based on the geometric generalization of ventricular dynamics, was developed. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 131-136).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Fractais , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo , Ventriculografia Cerebral , DiagnósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the serological profiles for HBV in blood donors that were anti-HBc reactive and non-reactive to HBsAg in four Colombian cities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective transversal study was conducted during 17 months, applying a complete serological profile for HBV in samples from blood donors that were anti-HBc reactive and non-reactive to HBsAg, results were analyzed employing descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel and Epiinfo V. 3.5.1. RESULTS: From donors reactive to anti-HBc, 75.0 % shown some additional infection marker for HBV. 1.3 % of blood donors had serological markers for chronical infection with hepatitis B, and a case had reactivity only for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 6.1 % of donors showed a vaccination serological profile, only with reactivity to anti-HBsAg antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: With this study, anti-HBc blood screening importance was confirmed.
Assuntos
Doadores de Sangue , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Hepatite B/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Bancos de Sangue , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Seleção do Doador , Feminino , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite B Crônica/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Vacinação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This article presents the case of a young woman with massive hemoptysis (1,000 mL in 6 hours) due to tuberculosis, which could not be controlled by insertion of a Fogarty catheter through a fiber-optic bronchoscope. Because of asphyxia and persistent bleeding risk we instilled fibrinogen-thrombin through a fiber-optic bronchoscope inserted catheter, achieving bleeding cessation and permitting the placing of a double-lumen oro-tracheal tube. Later on, the patient underwent lobectomy and anti-tuberculosis treatment. The fibrinogen-thrombin could be considered as a bridge, transitory measure for massive hemoptysis, while definitive treatment could be established.