RESUMO

The study aimed to evaluate the inclusion effects of Stryphnodendron rotundifolium (barbatimão) extracts in substitution of the lasalocid sodium on the ingestive behaviour, intake, ruminal parameters, and digestibility of feedlot lambs. Twenty-four pantaneiro lambs were used, with an average age of 150 ± 4.59 days and an initial body weight of 21.2 ± 3.63 kg. The lambs were distributed in three treatments in an experimental design with randomized blocks. The treatments correspond to the additive supplements: LAS (0.019 g of lasalocid sodium/lamb/d); DGB (1.50 g of barbatimão dried ground bark/lamb/d); DHE (0.30 g of barbatimão dry hydroalcoholic extract/lamb/d). The DHE increased 59.74 min in the time spent for ingestion per day, resulting in an efficiency reduction of dry matter (DM) ingestion (127 g of DM/h of feed). There was a reduction of 1.8 mg/dL in the ammoniacal nitrogen concentration with extract supplementation compared to LAS. The DGB reduced total volatile fatty acids by 48.9% compared to the control treatment. The inclusion of barbatimão extracts (DGB and DHE) reduced 12.05% of ruminal butyrate content. The supplementation of barbatimão extracts replacing lasalocid sodium in the diet of feedlot lambs did not affect intake and caused small changes on ingestive behaviour.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization levels on productivity, and nutritional value of BRS Kurumi managed at different residue heights during rainy and dry periods of the year. The pasture was managed in three residue heights (20, 35, and 50 cm) and three nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 100, and 200 kg N/ha/year) during the rainy and dry seasons. When the height of the grass of each plot reached 80 cm, the Kurumi was cut manually at the pre-established residue heights. Around 89% of the dry matter (DM) production was observed during the rainy season. The residue height of 35 cm together with doses of 100 or 200 kg N/ha/year, and the residue height of 20 cm, with a dose of 100 kg N/ha/year were the treatments that had the highest DM production during the rainy period. No differences in DM production were observed between tested treatments during the dry period. The Kurumi cultivated during the dry period had the highest content of neutral detergent fiber and lowest digestibility. The Kurumi managed with residue heights of 20 and 35 cm and fertilized with 100 kg N/ha had the highest values of efficiency of utilization applied nitrogen. The use of 20 or 35 cm of residue height and 100 kg of N/ha/year is recommended to obtain greater biomass production and nutrients, nutritional quality, and nitrogen use efficiency.

RESUMO: O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de fertilização nitrogenada na produtividade e no valor nutritivo do BRS Kurumi quando manejado em diferentes alturas de resíduos durante os períodos seco e chuvoso do ano. O capim foi manejado em três alturas de resíduos (20, 35 e 50 cm) em associação com três níveis de fertilização com nitrogênio (0, 100 e 200 kg N/ha/ ano), durante o período seco e chuvoso do ano. Quando a altura do capim de cada parcela atingiu 80 cm, o Kurumi foi cortado nas alturas de resíduos pré-estabelecidas. Cerca de 89% da produção de MS foi observada durante o período chuvoso. A altura do resíduo de 35 cm juntamente com doses de 100 ou 200 kg N/ha/ ano, e a altura do resíduo de 20 cm, com dose de 100 kg N/ha/ ano foram os tratamentos que apresentaram maior produção de MS durante o período chuvoso. Não foram observadas diferenças na produção de MS entre os tratamentos testados durante o período da seca. O Kurumi cultivado no período da seca apresentou maior teor de fibra em detergente neutro e menor digestibilidade. O Kurumi manejado com alturas de resíduo de 20 e 35 cm e fertilizado com 100 kg N/ha apresentou os maiores valores de eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio aplicado. Recomenda-se a utilização de 20 ou 35 cm de altura do resíduo e 100 kg de N/ha/ ano para obter maior produção de biomassa e nutrientes, qualidade nutricional e eficiência no uso do nitrogênio.

RESUMO

The objective was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization levels on productivity, and nutritional value of BRS Kurumi managed at different residue heights during rainy and dry periods of the year. The pasture was managed in three residue heights (20, 35, and 50 cm) and three nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 100, and 200 kg N/ha/year) during the rainy and dry seasons. When the height of the grass of each plot reached 80 cm, the Kurumi was cut manually at the pre-established residue heights. Around 89% of the dry matter (DM) production was observed during the rainy season. The residue height of 35 cm together with doses of 100 or 200 kg N/ha/year, and the residue height of 20 cm, with a dose of 100 kg N/ha/year were the treatments that had the highest DM production during the rainy period. No differences in DM production were observed between tested treatments during the dry period. The Kurumi cultivated during the dry period had the highest content of neutral detergent fiber and lowest digestibility. The Kurumi managed with residue heights of 20 and 35 cm and fertilized with 100 kg N/ha had the highest values of efficiency of utilization applied nitrogen. The use of 20 or 35 cm of residue height and 100 kg of N/ha/year is recommended to obtain greater biomass production and nutrients, nutritional quality, and nitrogen use efficiency.

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de fertilização nitrogenada na produtividade e no valor nutritivo do BRS Kurumi quando manejado em diferentes alturas de resíduos durante os períodos seco e chuvoso do ano. O capim foi manejado em três alturas de resíduos (20, 35 e 50 cm) em associação com três níveis de fertilização com nitrogênio (0, 100 e 200 kg N/ha/ ano), durante o período seco e chuvoso do ano. Quando a altura do capim de cada parcela atingiu 80 cm, o Kurumi foi cortado nas alturas de resíduos pré-estabelecidas. Cerca de 89% da produção de MS foi observada durante o período chuvoso. A altura do resíduo de 35 cm juntamente com doses de 100 ou 200 kg N/ ha/ ano, e a altura do resíduo de 20 cm, com dose de 100 kg N/ha/ ano foram os tratamentos que apresentaram maior produção de MS durante o período chuvoso. Não foram observadas diferenças na produção de MS entre os tratamentos testados durante o período da seca. O Kurumi cultivado no período da seca apresentou maior teor de fibra em detergente neutro e menor digestibilidade. O Kurumi manejado com alturas de resíduo de 20 e 35 cm e fertilizado com 100 kg N/ha apresentou os maiores valores de eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio aplicado. Recomenda-se a utilização de 20 ou 35 cm de altura do resíduo e 100 kg de N/ha/ ano para obter maior produção de biomassa e nutrientes, qualidade nutricional e eficiência no uso do nitrogênio.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This research evaluated the biomass productivity and nutritional value of the haylage and hay from intercropping between Tamani grass and different legume species. For the productive characteristics of the different intercrops, we adopted a randomized block design, for evaluation of the combination of intercropping and conservation technic we used 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five intercrops and two types of conservation techniques). The treatments were Tamani grass as monoculture, and the intercrops of Tamani grass with crotalaria, soybean, cowpea, or pigeon pea. The conservation techniques were haylage (520 g/kg of DM) and hay (870 g/kg of DM). Plants were sown in alternate rows, with 45 cm of spacing between the rows. The parameters evaluated were grass and legume biomass production, canopy height, and haylage and hay chemical composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivDMD). There were no differences in the total biomass production between the intercrops and TA grass monoculture. The treatments intercropped with cowpea and soybean had the highest legume participation in the mixture, promoting an increase in crude protein and ivDMD content of haylage and hay. Haylage and hay had the same chemical composition, although haylage had higher ivDMD than hay. We concluded that intercropping Tamani grass with soybeans or cowpea maintained total biomass productivity and improved the nutritional value of haylage and hay.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de se avaliar a produtividade da biomassa e valor nutricional da silagem e do feno provenientes do consórcio entre o capim-Tamani e diferentes espécies de leguminosas. Para as características produtivas das diferentes culturas consorciadas, adotamos o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, para avaliação da interação dos consórcios com técnicas de conservação usamos esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (cinco consórcios e duas técnicas de conservação). Os tratamentos foram o capim-Tamani em monocultura, e o consórcio de capim-Tamni associado a crotalária, soja, feijão-caupi ou feijão-guandu. As plantas foram semeadas em fileiras alternadas, com espaçamento de 45 cm. As técnicas de conservação foram silagem pré-secada (520 g / kg de MS) e feno (870 g / kg de MS). Avaliamos a produção de biomassa de gramínea e leguminosa, a altura do dossel, a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (ivDMD). Não houve diferenças na produção total de biomassa entre os consórcios e o monocultivo de capim-Tamani. Os tratamentos consorciados com feijão-caupi e soja tiveram maior participação de leguminosas na mistura, promovendo aumento no teor de proteína bruta e ivDMD da silagem pré-secada e feno. A silagem pré-secada e o feno tinham a mesma composição química, embora a silagem pré-secada apresentou maior ivDMD do que o feno. Concluímos que o consórcio de capim-Tamani com soja ou feijão-caupi manteve a produtividade da biomassa total e melhorou o valor nutricional da silagem pré-secada e do feno.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of proteolytic psychotropic microorganisms and total coliforms in refrigerated raw milk, in addition to assessing the quality through its physical-chemical composition. The samples were collected in 10 dairy farms in the municipality of Santa Helena ­ Western Paraná. Two collections were made, one during the spring and the other during the summer. Samples of refrigerated raw milk were carried out directly from the cooling tank, aseptically, packed in sterile bottles and transported under isothermal conditions (± 4 ºC) to the laboratory where the physical-chemical composition and microbial populations were determined. The levels of fat had great amplitude between the seasons, being higher in the summer, while there was no variation for the contents of protein, lactose, minerals, and non-fat solids. The total coliform count did not differ between seasons. The values obtained for proteolytic psychotropic counts were higher in the summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the total coliform counts, the proteolytic psychotropic counts (r=0.73), the levels of protein (r=0.45), non-fat solids (r=0.45), and minerals (r=0.46). Also, the proteolytic psychotropic counts showed a positive correlation with the cryoscopic index. The milk components met the requirements of NI76. The quality of refrigerated raw milk in the municipality of Santa Helena, Western Paraná was not satisfactory for total coliforms, due to its high incidence, indicating the need for good practices in milking management. Proteolytic psychotropic bacteria presented low proliferation, thus not affecting milk quality.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a ocorrência de microrganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos e de coliformes totais em leite cru refrigerado além de avaliar a qualidade por meio da sua composição físico-química. As amostras foram coletadas em 10 propriedades leiteiras no município de Santa Helena ­ Oeste do Paraná. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma durante a primavera e outra no verão. As amostragens do leite cru refrigerado foram realizadas diretamente no tanque de resfriamento, de forma asséptica, acondicionado em frascos esterilizados e transportado sob condições isotérmicas (± 4ºC) ao laboratório onde foram determinadas a composição físico-química e as populações microbianas. Os teores de gordura tiveram grande amplitude entre as estações do ano, sendo superior no verão, enquanto que não houve variação para os teores de proteína, lactose, minerais e sólidos desengordurados. A contagem de coliformes totais não diferiu entre as estações. Os valores obtidos para contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos foram superiores no verão. Foi constatada correlação significativa positiva entre as contagens de coliformes totais com as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos (r=0,73) e os teores de proteína (r=0,45), sólidos desengordurados (r=0,45) e minerais (r=0,46). Além disto, as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos apresentaram correlação positiva com o índice crioscópico. Os componentes do leite atenderam as exigências da IN76. A qualidade do leite cru refrigerado no município de Santa Helena, Oeste do Paraná não foi satisfatória em relação aos coliformes totais, devido sua alta incidência, indicando a necessidade de boas práticas no manejo de ordenha. As bactérias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tiveram baixa proliferação, não afetando a qualidade do leite.(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la ocurrencia de microorganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos y de coliformes totales en leche cruda refrigerada, además de evaluar la calidad a través de su composición fisicoquímica. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en 10 granjas lecheras del municipio de Santa Helena ­ Oeste de Paraná. Se realizaron dos colecciones, una en primavera y otra en verano. Las muestras de leche cruda enfriada se realizaron directamente en el tanque de enfriamiento, de forma aséptica, se empacaron en botellas estériles y se transportaron en condiciones isotérmicas (± 4ºC) al laboratorio donde se determinó la composición fisicoquímica y las poblaciones microbianas. Los niveles de grasa tuvieron gran amplitud entre las estaciones, siendo más altos en verano, mientras que no hubo variación para los contenidos de proteínas, lactosa, minerales y sólidos desgrasados. El recuento total de coliformes no difirió entre temporadas. Los valores obtenidos para los recuentos de psicotrópicos proteolíticos fueron mayores en verano. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre los recuentos de coliformes totales y los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos (r=0.73) y los niveles de proteínas (r=0.45), sólidos desgrasados (r=0.45) y minerales (r=0.46). Además, los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos mostraron una correlación positiva con el índice crioscópico. Los componentes de la leche cumplieron con los requisitos de IN76. La calidad de la leche cruda refrigerada en el municipio de Santa Helena, Oeste de Paraná no fue satisfactoria en relación a los coliformes totales, debido a su alta incidencia, lo que indica la necesidad de buenas prácticas en el manejo del ordeño. Las bacterias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tuvieron baja proliferación, no afectando la calidad de la leche.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of proteolytic psychotropic microorganisms and total coliforms in refrigerated raw milk, in addition to assessing the quality through its physical-chemical composition. The samples were collected in 10 dairy farms in the municipality of Santa Helena ­ Western Paraná. Two collections were made, one during the spring and the other during the summer. Samples of refrigerated raw milk were carried out directly from the cooling tank, aseptically, packed in sterile bottles and transported under isothermal conditions (± 4 ºC) to the laboratory where the physical-chemical composition and microbial populations were determined. The levels of fat had great amplitude between the seasons, being higher in the summer, while there was no variation for the contents of protein, lactose, minerals, and non-fat solids. The total coliform count did not differ between seasons. The values obtained for proteolytic psychotropic counts were higher in the summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the total coliform counts, the proteolytic psychotropic counts (r=0.73), the levels of protein (r=0.45), non-fat solids (r=0.45), and minerals (r=0.46). Also, the proteolytic psychotropic counts showed a positive correlation with the cryoscopic index. The milk components met the requirements of NI76. The quality of refrigerated raw milk in the municipality of Santa Helena, Western Paraná was not satisfactory for total coliforms, due to its high incidence, indicating the need for good practices in milking management. Proteolytic psychotropic bacteria presented low proliferation, thus not affecting milk quality.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a ocorrência de microrganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos e de coliformes totais em leite cru refrigerado além de avaliar a qualidade por meio da sua composição físico-química. As amostras foram coletadas em 10 propriedades leiteiras no município de Santa Helena ­ Oeste do Paraná. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma durante a primavera e outra no verão. As amostragens do leite cru refrigerado foram realizadas diretamente no tanque de resfriamento, de forma asséptica, acondicionado em frascos esterilizados e transportado sob condições isotérmicas (± 4ºC) ao laboratório onde foram determinadas a composição físico-química e as populações microbianas. Os teores de gordura tiveram grande amplitude entre as estações do ano, sendo superior no verão, enquanto que não houve variação para os teores de proteína, lactose, minerais e sólidos desengordurados. A contagem de coliformes totais não diferiu entre as estações. Os valores obtidos para contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos foram superiores no verão. Foi constatada correlação significativa positiva entre as contagens de coliformes totais com as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos (r=0,73) e os teores de proteína (r=0,45), sólidos desengordurados (r=0,45) e minerais (r=0,46). Além disto, as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos apresentaram correlação positiva com o índice crioscópico. Os componentes do leite atenderam as exigências da IN76. A qualidade do leite cru refrigerado no município de Santa Helena, Oeste do Paraná não foi satisfatória em relação aos coliformes totais, devido sua alta incidência, indicando a necessidade de boas práticas no manejo de ordenha. As bactérias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tiveram baixa proliferação, não afetando a qualidade do leite.(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la ocurrencia de microorganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos y de coliformes totales en leche cruda refrigerada, además de evaluar la calidad a través de su composición fisicoquímica. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en 10 granjas lecheras del municipio de Santa Helena ­ Oeste de Paraná. Se realizaron dos colecciones, una en primavera y otra en verano. Las muestras de leche cruda enfriada se realizaron directamente en el tanque de enfriamiento, de forma aséptica, se empacaron en botellas estériles y se transportaron en condiciones isotérmicas (± 4ºC) al laboratorio donde se determinó la composición fisicoquímica y las poblaciones microbianas. Los niveles de grasa tuvieron gran amplitud entre las estaciones, siendo más altos en verano, mientras que no hubo variación para los contenidos de proteínas, lactosa, minerales y sólidos desgrasados. El recuento total de coliformes no difirió entre temporadas. Los valores obtenidos para los recuentos de psicotrópicos proteolíticos fueron mayores en verano. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre los recuentos de coliformes totales y los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos (r=0.73) y los niveles de proteínas (r=0.45), sólidos desgrasados (r=0.45) y minerales (r=0.46). Además, los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos mostraron una correlación positiva con el índice crioscópico. Los componentes de la leche cumplieron con los requisitos de IN76. La calidad de la leche cruda refrigerada en el municipio de Santa Helena, Oeste de Paraná no fue satisfactoria en relación a los coliformes totales, debido a su alta incidencia, lo que indica la necesidad de buenas prácticas en el manejo del ordeño. Las bacterias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tuvieron baja proliferación, no afectando la calidad de la leche.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of proteolytic psychotropic microorganisms and total coliforms in refrigerated raw milk, in addition to assessing the quality through its physical-chemical composition. The samples were collected in 10 dairy farms in the municipality of Santa Helena ­ Western Paraná. Two collections were made, one during the spring and the other during the summer. Samples of refrigerated raw milk were carried out directly from the cooling tank, aseptically, packed in sterile bottles and transported under isothermal conditions (± 4 ºC) to the laboratory where the physical-chemical composition and microbial populations were determined. The levels of fat had great amplitude between the seasons, being higher in the summer, while there was no variation for the contents of protein, lactose, minerals, and non-fat solids. The total coliform count did not differ between seasons. The values obtained for proteolytic psychotropic counts were higher in the summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the total coliform counts, the proteolytic psychotropic counts (r=0.73), the levels of protein (r=0.45), non-fat solids (r=0.45), and minerals (r=0.46). Also, the proteolytic psychotropic counts showed a positive correlation with the cryoscopic index. The milk components met the requirements of NI76. The quality of refrigerated raw milk in the municipality of Santa Helena, Western Paraná was not satisfactory for total coliforms, due to its high incidence, indicating the need for good practices in milking management. Proteolytic psychotropic bacteria presented low proliferation, thus not affecting milk quality.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a ocorrência de microrganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos e de coliformes totais em leite cru refrigerado além de avaliar a qualidade por meio da sua composição físico-química. As amostras foram coletadas em 10 propriedades leiteiras no município de Santa Helena ­ Oeste do Paraná. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma durante a primavera e outra no verão. As amostragens do leite cru refrigerado foram realizadas diretamente no tanque de resfriamento, de forma asséptica, acondicionado em frascos esterilizados e transportado sob condições isotérmicas (± 4ºC) ao laboratório onde foram determinadas a composição físico-química e as populações microbianas. Os teores de gordura tiveram grande amplitude entre as estações do ano, sendo superior no verão, enquanto que não houve variação para os teores de proteína, lactose, minerais e sólidos desengordurados. A contagem de coliformes totais não diferiu entre as estações. Os valores obtidos para contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos foram superiores no verão. Foi constatada correlação significativa positiva entre as contagens de coliformes totais com as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos (r=0,73) e os teores de proteína (r=0,45), sólidos desengordurados (r=0,45) e minerais (r=0,46). Além disto, as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos apresentaram correlação positiva com o índice crioscópico. Os componentes do leite atenderam as exigências da IN76. A qualidade do leite cru refrigerado no município de Santa Helena, Oeste do Paraná não foi satisfatória em relação aos coliformes totais, devido sua alta incidência, indicando a necessidade de boas práticas no manejo de ordenha. As bactérias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tiveram baixa proliferação, não afetando a qualidade do leite.(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la ocurrencia de microorganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos y de coliformes totales en leche cruda refrigerada, además de evaluar la calidad a través de su composición fisicoquímica. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en 10 granjas lecheras del municipio de Santa Helena ­ Oeste de Paraná. Se realizaron dos colecciones, una en primavera y otra en verano. Las muestras de leche cruda enfriada se realizaron directamente en el tanque de enfriamiento, de forma aséptica, se empacaron en botellas estériles y se transportaron en condiciones isotérmicas (± 4ºC) al laboratorio donde se determinó la composición fisicoquímica y las poblaciones microbianas. Los niveles de grasa tuvieron gran amplitud entre las estaciones, siendo más altos en verano, mientras que no hubo variación para los contenidos de proteínas, lactosa, minerales y sólidos desgrasados. El recuento total de coliformes no difirió entre temporadas. Los valores obtenidos para los recuentos de psicotrópicos proteolíticos fueron mayores en verano. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre los recuentos de coliformes totales y los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos (r=0.73) y los niveles de proteínas (r=0.45), sólidos desgrasados (r=0.45) y minerales (r=0.46). Además, los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos mostraron una correlación positiva con el índice crioscópico. Los componentes de la leche cumplieron con los requisitos de IN76. La calidad de la leche cruda refrigerada en el municipio de Santa Helena, Oeste de Paraná no fue satisfactoria en relación a los coliformes totales, debido a su alta incidencia, lo que indica la necesidad de buenas prácticas en el manejo del ordeño. Las bacterias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tuvieron baja proliferación, no afectando la calidad de la leche.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

We evaluated the effects of the inclusion of copaíba (Copaifera officinalis L.) essential oil at 0.05 and 0.1% as a possible replacement of synthetic additive butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in sheep burgers during 14 days of storage in a refrigerated display case (4°C). During the shelf life days, analyzes of antioxidant activity, lipid oxidation, pH, color, cooking loss, texture and consumer acceptability were carried out on refrigerated burgers. The addition of copaíba essential oil showed an antioxidant effect in sheep burgers (P > 0.05), reducing lipid oxidation. Copaiba essential oil added at 0.05% showed the highest antioxidant activity, decreased cooking losses and delaying discoloration (loss of redness) during storage; it further improved, the tenderness of sheep burgers (P < 0.05). The treatments had no effect (P > 0.05) on consumer acceptability. Copaiba essential oil is a promising natural antioxidant to increase the shelf life of meat products, as well as being a viable solution to replace synthetic antioxidant BHT, thereby promoting the fresh-like quality appeal of sheep burgers.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that enables animal evaluation and body condition classification of animals. Although it is not difficult to obtain an image, the analysis of this image can influence results quality. This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the technician trained in image interpretation obtained using different ultrasound frequencies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six lambs were used, ranging in weight from 15 to 40 kg. The images were captured using a linear probe of 13 cm, with a 3.5 megahertz (MHz) frequency and an acoustic couplant aid "standoff" or using a multifrequency transducer (6 and 8 MHz), on B mode, with a linear probe and 8.0 MHz frequency. All measurements were performed by the same technician, on the left side, between the 12th and 13th rib. Five different evaluators, at two different times, with aid of Image J software measured the loin eye area (LEA; only for images obtained with 3.5 MHz), Longissimus thoracis et lumborum depth (DLM), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), subcutaneous fat thickness plus skin (SFST), and skin thickness (ST). RESULTS: For LEA, DLM, SFT, SFST, and ST, variation was observed (p<0.01) between evaluators; however, there was no difference (p>0.05) between the 2 times of evaluation. Images measurements obtained with a frequency of 8.0 MHz had better repeatability indices and reproducibility indices. Accordingly, the identity test demonstrated that measurements performed on images obtained using 3.5 or 8.0 MHz were not equivalent. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound image measurements obtained using an 8.0 MHz frequency were more accurate and precise. It is important to use only one evaluator or providing the simultaneous training for all evaluators.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and aerobic stability of silage of Tifton 85 grass silage with two dry matter contents at different silos opening times. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a subdivided plots scheme, in which the silages constituted the plots and aerobic exposure times the subplots, with four replications. To verify the aerobic stability of the silages, the temperature and pH were analyzed at seven hours after the silos were opened (1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours). The pH reached adequate levels for conservation only after 90 days of fermentation for the silages with and without pre-drying in the sun. Ammoniacal nitrogen remained below the recommended limits in both silages. As for the silage temperature, no loss of aerobic stability was observed. However, the observed pH revealed a break instability after 72 hours when the silos were opened at 28 days, with no changes for the remaining silage periods. It is possible to obtain suitable silages from Tifton 85 with or without pre-warming in the sun, however, a minimum fermentation period of 90 days should be adopted. The studied silages presented high aerobic stability, but when kept silage for only 28 days, they should be consumed by the animals within 48 hours after the supply.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage time and temperature on the quality of quail eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plots, with two storage temperatures in the plots and six storage periods in the subplots. The variables analyzed were: egg weight; albumen and yolk weight, height and pH; Haugh units (HU); and yolk index and diameter. ̈The interaction between storage time and temperature was not significant (P>0.05) for egg weight, yolk weight and pH, but was significant (P<0.05) for albumen height, weight and pH, HU, and yolk diameter, height and index. The storage period had a quadratic effect in the two storage conditions for HU, albumen pH, yolk height and index, while for eggs stored at room temperature there was a quadratic effect on egg and albumen weight, albumen height, yolk weight, diameter and pH. In turn, for eggs kept under refrigeration, the effect of the storage period was linear for egg weight, albumen weight and height, yolk weight and pH. There was no effect in the regression analysis of the storage period for the yolk diameter of the eggs stored under refrigeration. The storage conditions influenced the egg weight and quality characteristics of the albumen and yolk, but had no effect on the yolk weight. Non-refrigerated eggs presented lower averages for all the characteristics except albumen pH, and yolk pH and diameter. During the entire storage period, the quality of the eggs without refrigeration remained lower than that of refrigerated eggs. Thus, to preserve quality, quail eggs should be stored under refrigeration.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do tempo de estocagem na qualidade de ovos de codorna. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida, sendo duas temperaturas de armazenamento nas parcelas e seis períodos de estocagem nas subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso do ovo, peso, altura, pH do albúmen e da gema, Unidades Haugh (UH), diâmetro e índice de gema. A interação entre período e temperatura de armazenamento não foi significativa (P>0,05) para o peso do ovo, pH e peso da gema. Contudo foi significativa (P<0,05) para altura do albúmen, peso, pH do albúmen, UH, diâmetro, altura e índice de gema. O período de estocagem teve efeito quadrático nas duas condições de estocagem para: UH, pH do albúmen, altura e índice de gema e para ovos armazenados em condições ambientes para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso, diâmetro e pH da gema. Para os ovos mantidos em refrigeração o efeito do período de estocagem foi linear para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso e pH da gema. Não houve regressão do período de estocagem para o diâmetro da gema dos ovos armazenados em refrigeração. As condições de estocagem influenciaram o peso do ovo e as características de qualidade do albúmen e da gema, porém não teve efeito sobre o peso da gema. Os ovos sem refrigeração apresentaram médias inferiores para a maioria das características exceto para o pH do albúmen, pH e diâmetro da gema. Durante todo o período de estocagem, a qualidade dos ovos sem refrigeração manteve inferior aos ovos refrigerados. Para preservar a qualidade, os ovos de codorna devem ser armazenados em refrigeração.(AU)

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RESUMO

The nutritional requirements can be met, and carcass quality can be achieved by using concentrate supplementation in the diets of grazing lambs. This study evaluated the effects of different concentrate supplementation rates (0 %, 1.5 %, and 3 % of body weight) and tropical pastures (Panicum maximum cv. `Aruana' and Brachiaria brizantha cv. `Marandu') on lamb carcass traits. Thirty-six male Suffolk lambs, with an initial body weight of 22.54  ±  2.72  kg , were evaluated in a 3  × â€¯2 factorial experimental design. The concentrate used consisted of milled soybean, maize, and oat grains. The pasture species affected empty body weight and commercial cuts. The use of concentrate supplementation affected carcass weight, yield, indexes, and commercial cuts. Also, the use of concentrate supplementation improved the weight of muscle and fat content. Based on discriminant analysis it is possible to identify the rearing systems, when all variables where used, or the level of concentrate supplementation when variables of weight were used. Carcasses of animals on grass-only diets were different and easier to discriminate. The use of concentrate supplementation on rearing lambs improves the quality of carcass traits. The period of finishing can be shorted with supplementation of 3 % of body weigh in Aruana and Marandu grass. The discriminant analysis can identify the differences between rearing systems based on all carcass traits. This analysis can be used to develop carcass traceability systems.

RESUMO

Pantaneiro cattle (Bos taurus taurus) is a breed locally adapted to the Brazilian Pantanal. Local breeds are essential for the quality production of organic systems based on planned grazing practices, because of their results in resilient and productive ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Pantaneira primiparous cows, and systems with reduced use of concentrate, simulating organic production conditions. Five animals, with an average body weight of 396.2 ± 43.5 kg, were kept in individual continuous grazing regimes and supplemented with different concentrate levels (1.2%, 0.9%, 0.6%, 0.3%, and 0.0% of body weight). The animals were allocated at random in a 5 × 5 Latin square design repeated twice during the study time. The cows had a low dry matter and nutrient intake with a reduction in concentrate level, with improvement in neutral detergent fiber digestibility and a reduction in total nutrient digestibility. No changes were observed in plasma glucose levels or urea excretion, but the plasma urea nitrogen decreased with reductions in concentrate levels. There was a reduction in milk yield, but the energy-corrected milk was not affected by the reduction in concentrate levels; furthermore, the milk yield efficiency was not affected. The milk fat content improved with the reduction in concentrate levels. The Pantaneira breed has the genetic potential for the maintenance of competitive production and quality in organic systems.

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage time and temperature on the quality of quail eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plots, with two storage temperatures in the plots and six storage periods in the subplots. The variables analyzed were: egg weight; albumen and yolk weight, height and pH; Haugh units (HU); and yolk index and diameter. ̈The interaction between storage time and temperature was not significant (P>0.05) for egg weight, yolk weight and pH, but was significant (P<0.05) for albumen height, weight and pH, HU, and yolk diameter, height and index. The storage period had a quadratic effect in the two storage conditions for HU, albumen pH, yolk height and index, while for eggs stored at room temperature there was a quadratic effect on egg and albumen weight, albumen height, yolk weight, diameter and pH. In turn, for eggs kept under refrigeration, the effect of the storage period was linear for egg weight, albumen weight and height, yolk weight and pH. There was no effect in the regression analysis of the storage period for the yolk diameter of the eggs stored under refrigeration. The storage conditions influenced the egg weight and quality characteristics of the albumen and yolk, but had no effect on the yolk weight. Non-refrigerated eggs presented lower averages for all the characteristics except albumen pH, and yolk pH and diameter. During the entire storage period, the quality of the eggs without refrigeration remained lower than that of refrigerated eggs. Thus, to preserve quality, quail eggs should be stored under refrigeration.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do tempo de estocagem na qualidade de ovos de codorna. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em parcela subdividida, sendo duas temperaturas de armazenamento nas parcelas e seis períodos de estocagem nas subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso do ovo, peso, altura, pH do albúmen e da gema, Unidades Haugh (UH), diâmetro e índice de gema. A interação entre período e temperatura de armazenamento não foi significativa (P>0,05) para o peso do ovo, pH e peso da gema. Contudo foi significativa (P<0,05) para altura do albúmen, peso, pH do albúmen, UH, diâmetro, altura e índice de gema. O período de estocagem teve efeito quadrático nas duas condições de estocagem para: UH, pH do albúmen, altura e índice de gema e para ovos armazenados em condições ambientes para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso, diâmetro e pH da gema. Para os ovos mantidos em refrigeração o efeito do período de estocagem foi linear para: peso do ovo e do albúmen, altura de albúmen, peso e pH da gema. Não houve regressão do período de estocagem para o diâmetro da gema dos ovos armazenados em refrigeração. As condições de estocagem influenciaram o peso do ovo e as características de qualidade do albúmen e da gema, porém não teve efeito sobre o peso da gema. Os ovos sem refrigeração apresentaram médias inferiores para a maioria das características exceto para o pH do albúmen, pH e diâmetro da gema. Durante todo o período de estocagem, a qualidade dos ovos sem refrigeração manteve inferior aos ovos refrigerados. Para preservar a qualidade, os ovos de codorna devem ser armazenados em refrigeração.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We aimed to evaluate the effects of crude glycerine purity and levels of glycerol on the fermentative profile, microorganisms counting, and nutritional value of Piatã grass silage. The experiment was carried out in a 3×3+1 completely randomized factorial design using three different types of crude glycerine [low purity (40% of glycerol), medium purity (60% glycerol), and high purity (80% glycerol)], three doses of glycerol (20, 40, and 60 g/kg DM), and a control (no crude glycerine added) as an additional treatment, which were stored for 80 days. Statistical differences were not observed on fermentative losses of the treatments tested. The increase of glycerol doses resulted in higher levels of non-fibrous carbohydrates and lower levels of fibre components. The addition of low-purity crude glycerine increased the levels of fat and in vitro digestibility of silages. The highest levels of lactic acid and acetic acid occurred in the treatments with 60 g/kg of glycerol when using crude glycerine with a low purity. The lowest lactic acid content was observed in the control treatment and in the lowest dose of glycerol. The highest glycerol dose (60 g/kg), associated with the lowest degree of crude glycerine purity (40%) resulted in the greatest nutritional value and provided the best silage conservation.(AU)

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RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Trichosporon species may colonize the skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract of human beings. The yeast is recognized as etiological agent of white piedra, a superficial mycosis. Nevertheless, immunocompromised hosts may develop invasive Trichosporonosis. Central nervous system trichosporonosis is a very rare clinical manifestation. In fact, only a few cases have been published in the literature and none of them was caused by Trichosporon inkin. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we report the first clinical case of meningoencephalitis due to this species in a female previously healthy patient under corticosteroids and antibiotics therapy for several months. She was submitted to an invasive procedure to remove a left sided acoustic neuroma and further developed a cerebrospinal fistula. After some days of the procedure, she presented a predominantly and intensive occipital holocranial headache, followed by vomiting, hyporexia, weight loss, asthenia, irritability, difficulty to concentrate and rotator vertigo. The patient further developed a cerebrospinal fistula in the occipital region and was submitted to a surgical correction. After several months of clinical interventions, she was diagnosed with CNS Trichosporonosis, after Magnetic Resonance Imaging and positive microbiological cultures obtained within two different occasions (2 weeks apart). Despite the antifungal therapy with Amphotericin B and Voriconazole, the patient did not survive. CONCLUSIONS: Despite CNS Fungal infections are mostly due to Cryptococcus spp., other emergent yeasts, such as T. inkin may be considered as a likely etiological agent. This is the first case report of CNS Trichosporonosis, where species identification was performed with rDNA sequencing.

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RESUMO

The supplementation of dairy cows with yeast culture may increase diet digestibility, plasma niacin concentration, heat dissipation, and lactation performance. Our objective was to evaluate the response of Holstein cows in late lactation (234 ± 131 d in milk) to dead yeast culture (YC, 15 g/d, Factor SC, GRASP, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during Brazilian summer (temperature-humidity index >68 for 92.2% of the time). Thirty-two cows were individually fed a standard total mixed ration for 14 d and control (CTL) or YC treatments for 35 d, in a covariate adjusted complete randomized block design. Response was evaluated in wk 5 or as repeated measures over time. Cows were milked 3 times per day and treatments (YC or placebo) were orally dosed to each cow before each milking. Plasma niacin was 1.50 for CTL and 1.66 µg/mL for YC. The YC reduced rectal temperature, respiration rate, and skin temperature, whereas it tended to increase sweating rate. The proportion of cows with rectal temperature ≥39.2°C on CTL and YC was, respectively, 8 and 0% at 0730 h, 52 and 25% at 1500 h, and 35 and 26% at 2200 h. Plasma glucose was increased by YC. The total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, plasma urea N concentration, molar proportion of ruminal VFA, and urinary allantoin excretion were not affected by YC. Cows fed YC were less selective against feed particles >19 mm in the morning, in the afternoon were more selective against long feed particles and in favor of particles <8 mm, and refused short particles at night. Milk yield was not different (30.5 kg/d for CTL and 30.2 kg/d for YC). Feeding YC reduced dry matter intake (20.3 vs. 19.4 kg/d) and the digestible organic matter intake (15.6 vs. 13.9 kg/d). The inclusion of YC increased the ratios of milk to dry matter intake (1.50 vs. 1.64) and energy-corrected milk to dry matter intake (1.81 vs. 1.98). The covariate adjusted body weight (648 kg) and body condition score (3.0) did not differ. Milk solids yields and concentrations, linear somatic cell count, and milk urea N were also similar. The supplementation of YC increased plasma niacin concentration, body heat loss, and feed efficiency of late lactation dairy cows by reducing intake at similar milk yield.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the laboratory and endometrial safety of topical testosterone versus topical estrogen for the treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 60 postmenopausal women aged 40 to 70 years at the Menopause Clinic of CAISM UNICAMP. Women were randomized into three vaginal treatment groups: estrogen, testosterone, or placebo. The treatment was applied 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Hormonal laboratory values of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, estrone, androstenedione, total testosterone, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex hormone-binding globulin were assessed at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks. Metabolic laboratory values of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were also assessed at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks. Endometrial safety was assessed using ultrasonography at baseline and at 12 weeks. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, there were no significant differences in hormonal or metabolic laboratory values among all three groups. Two participants in the estrogen group had increased serum estradiol after 12 weeks of treatment. No change in endometrial thickening was reported in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve weeks of treatment with topical testosterone or estrogen in postmenopausal women with symptoms of vaginal atrophy demonstrated laboratory and endometrial safety when compared with placebo.

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RESUMO

Apesar do volume de leite produzido, a qualidade da matéria-prima é um dos maiores entraves ao desenvolvimento tecnológico e à consolidação da indústria de laticínios no Brasil. Dentre os entraves, toma destaque a contagem de células somáticas do leite, que é o indicador mais usado em programas de controle e prevenção da mastite em todo o mundo. Com objetivo de identificar características no manejo de ordenha e quantificar fatores de risco que elevam a mastite subclínica e seus principais agentes causadores, realizou-se coleta de dados in loco em propriedades leiteiras na região Oeste do Paraná, coletas que consistiam na aplicação de dois questionários guia semi-estruturados, acompanhamento de uma ordenha e coleta de leite de três vacas que apresentassem o teste de CMT positivo. Com a utilização do método estatístico de análise de correspondência múltipla (ACM) chegou-se a um montante de 12 variáveis a serem estudadas e a formação das dimensões 1 e 2 com 28,54% e 21,06% da variância explicada respectivamente. Com a análise de classificação hierárquica ascendente permitiu reduzir o universo inicial de 112 vacas para quatro grupos homogêneos de produção (G1, G2, G3, G4). As características de manejo de ordenha: tipo de ordenha, secagem dos tetos antes da ordenha, tratamento para casos de mastite clínica, higiene das mãos do ordenhador e treinamento dos ordenadores foram identificados como fatores de risco para mastite subclínica com isolamento do agente Staphylococcus coagulase negativo, o qual foi o agente mais prevalente nos isolamentos microbiológicos das amostras de leite com mastite subclínica.(AU)

Despite the produced milk volume, its quality is one of the barriers for technological development and consolidation of the dairy industry in Brazil. Among the barriers is the milk somatic cell count, which is the indicator used in most control programs and prevention of mastitis. In order to identify characteristics in the management of milking and to quantify risk factors that increase subclinical mastitis and its main bacterial agents, data were collected in situ on dairy farms in western Paraná. The data collection consisted in the application of two questionnaires, in accompanying a milking procedure, and in collection of CMT positive milk samples from three cows. Using the statistical method of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) we came to a total of 12 variables to be studied, and to the formation of dimension 1 and 2 with respectively 28.54% and 21.06% of the explained variance. With the hierarchical ascending classification analysis it was possible to reduce the initial population of 112 cows to produce four homogeneous groups (G1, G2, G3, G4). The milking handling characteristics, as type of milking, drying teats before milking, treatment for cases of clinical mastitis, milker's hand hygiene and as training of officers, were identified as risk factors for subclinical mastitis with isolation of a coagulase negative Staphylococcus, which was the most prevalent agent in milk samples of subclinical mastitis.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Apesar do volume de leite produzido, a qualidade da matéria-prima é um dos maiores entraves ao desenvolvimento tecnológico e à consolidação da indústria de laticínios no Brasil. Dentre os entraves, toma destaque a contagem de células somáticas do leite, que é o indicador mais usado em programas de controle e prevenção da mastite em todo o mundo. Com objetivo de identificar características no manejo de ordenha e quantificar fatores de risco que elevam a mastite subclínica e seus principais agentes causadores, realizou-se coleta de dados in loco em propriedades leiteiras na região Oeste do Paraná, coletas que consistiam na aplicação de dois questionários guia semi-estruturados, acompanhamento de uma ordenha e coleta de leite de três vacas que apresentassem o teste de CMT positivo. Com a utilização do método estatístico de análise de correspondência múltipla (ACM) chegou-se a um montante de 12 variáveis a serem estudadas e a formação das dimensões 1 e 2 com 28,54% e 21,06% da variância explicada respectivamente. Com a análise de classificação hierárquica ascendente permitiu reduzir o universo inicial de 112 vacas para quatro grupos homogêneos de produção (G1, G2, G3, G4). As características de manejo de ordenha: tipo de ordenha, secagem dos tetos antes da ordenha, tratamento para casos de mastite clínica, higiene das mãos do ordenhador e treinamento dos ordenadores foram identificados como fatores de risco para mastite subclínica com isolamento do agente Staphylococcus coagulase negativo, o qual foi o agente mais prevalente nos isolamentos microbiológicos das amostras de leite com mastite subclínica.(AU)

Despite the produced milk volume, its quality is one of the barriers for technological development and consolidation of the dairy industry in Brazil. Among the barriers is the milk somatic cell count, which is the indicator used in most control programs and prevention of mastitis. In order to identify characteristics in the management of milking and to quantify risk factors that increase subclinical mastitis and its main bacterial agents, data were collected in situ on dairy farms in western Paraná. The data collection consisted in the application of two questionnaires, in accompanying a milking procedure, and in collection of CMT positive milk samples from three cows. Using the statistical method of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) we came to a total of 12 variables to be studied, and to the formation of dimension 1 and 2 with respectively 28.54% and 21.06% of the explained variance. With the hierarchical ascending classification analysis it was possible to reduce the initial population of 112 cows to produce four homogeneous groups (G1, G2, G3, G4). The milking handling characteristics, as type of milking, drying teats before milking, treatment for cases of clinical mastitis, milker's hand hygiene and as training of officers, were identified as risk factors for subclinical mastitis with isolation of a coagulase negative Staphylococcus, which was the most prevalent agent in milk samples of subclinical mastitis.(AU)

Assuntos